Deck 4: Socialization: the Self and Social Identity

Question 1

Alycia was a member of the LGBT group in her high school.She joined to be with students who had similar sexuality and gender identity-based interests.She also was a member of the school's Talent Night committee.She organized a group of musically talented LGBT members to perform a mix of pop songs.According to the text,what aspect of herself was Alycia drawing from when she joined the LGBT group and then joined the school's Talent Night committee?

A) complex personality
B) self-concept
C) sexual identity
D) psycho-social identity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to the text,which description corresponds to a perspective known as radical behaviourism?

A) a school of thought that denies free will,emphasizes observable phenomena,and claims that all behaviour is learned from the environment
B) the belief that human behaviour is controlled by a blend of genetics and the environment (the nature-nurture debate)
C) the belief that human social behaviour is predicated upon the biological drive to procreation and survival
D) an emphasis placed on how learning is a function of the consequences that follow behaviour

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which statement best describes self-concept?

A) It is objective rather than subjective.
B) It lacks a social component.
C) It is based on actual similarities to and difference from others.
D) It is based on perceived similarities to and differences from others.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What did early studies of aggression (undertaken by social psychologist Albert Bandura)conclude?

A) Learning always takes place in the presence of immediate consequences.
B) Sociobiology is the best explanation of aggression.
C) Often learning takes place when people observe and imitate others.
D) Radical behaviourism is the best explanation of most forms of behaviour including aggression.

Question 5

Which term refers to a status characteristic that is essential to the way we view ourselves and the ways that others view us?

A) dominant status
B) auxiliary status
C) master status
D) essential status

Question 6

Which statement best describes behaviourism?

A) It adopts a free will philosophy.
B) It argues that behaviour is the product of biological factors.
C) It sees the causes of behaviour in factors internal to the individual.
D) It argues that all behaviour is a result of learning.

Question 7

Bill was reading the profiles of potential partners on an online dating site.He had children from his first relationship and wanted to meet someone who was also a parent.However,he was concerned about how other people approached parenthood.He considered himself a loving father while also being a fair but strict disciplinarian and wanted to meet someone whose parenting style complemented his own.According to the text,what is the term used to describe a particular personal quality in which Bill was concerned?

A) secondary status
B) auxiliary trait
C) ancillary status
D) a "deal breaker"

Question 8

According to the text,which of the following corresponds to a perspective known as behaviourism?

A) the theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction between individuals
B) a school of thought that denies free will,emphasizes observable phenomena,and claims that all behaviour is learned from the environment
C) the belief that human behaviour is controlled by a blend of genetics and the environment (the nature-nurture debate)
D) the belief that human social behaviour is predicated upon the biological drive to procreation and survival

Question 9

According to the authors,which term is used to describe the position which maintains that social behaviour evolved from the need to reproduce and survive?

A) sociogenetics
B) social Darwinism
C) sociobiology
D) biogenetics

Question 10

Which statement best describes the process of socialization?

A) It effectively ends in adolescence.
B) It continues throughout our lifetimes.
C) It rarely involves others.
D) It is determined by our personal identities.

Question 11

Which statement most accurately refers to our identities?

A) Our identities remain relatively consistent throughout our lived.
B) While the personal elements of our lives may change over the time the social rarely do.
C) Our personal identities become less important to us as we age.
D) Over the lifecycle,our identities are in constant flux.

Question 12

Which statement best describes the bio-ecological theory of human development?

A) It emphasizes the role of human agency.
B) It sees the relationship between environment and human development as reciprocal.
C) It sees individuals as active agents in their own socialization.
D) It argues that all behaviour is a result of learning.

Question 13

According to the text,what term do sociologists use to refer to an individual's sense of who he or she is based on perceived similarities to and differences from others?

A) individual personality
B) self-concept
C) social identity
D) psycho-social identity

Question 14

According to the text,which of the following best defines an individual's auxiliary traits?

A) the range of traits that are assigned to a person because of his or her ethnic appearance
B) stereotypical assumptions about an individual based on group characteristics
C) characteristics presumed to accompany a specific master status
D) a person's socioeconomic status,education,ethnic,gender,and age

Question 15

Which study appeared in the text as an example of sociobiological theories?

A) the Feral Child Study
B) the Human Genome Project
C) the Minnesota Twin Study
D) the Quebec-Ontario Genetic Multiple Birth Research Program

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the concept of sociobiology?

A) the belief that social behaviour evolved from the need to reproduce and survive
B) a theory that promotes the belief that socialization provides knowledge about normative sex roles necessary for procreation
C) the belief that human behaviour is predicated upon survival of the fittest and that biological advantages accrue to the strongest collection of genes
D) the belief that human behaviour is controlled by genetics

Question 17

What does recent research conclude about the roles of nature and nurture?

A) It suggests that genetics may be much more important that social factors in the study of human socialization.
B) It has been able to show that as predicted by earlier theorists,a person's genes are largely irrelevant to their behaviour.
C) Environmental factors do not help us understand human development in the individual.
D) The traditional line between nature and nurture is much blurrier than we had previously thought.

Question 18

According to the text,which description corresponds to the bio-ecological theory of human development?

A) a theory of human development that reveals human behaviour to be an enduring process of adaptation,interpretation,and interaction with observable phenomena
B) the theory that human behaviour is organized around the integration of genetic factors and environmental forces
C) the theory that promotes the belief that human social behaviour emerged from a distinct need to reproduce,survive,adapt,and thrive
D) a theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction in which individuals also play an important role in shaping their environment

Question 19

What do we learn from Ng Chhaidy's experience?

A) Stories of feral children are really just local legends.
B) Conventional socialization does not occur under conditions of extreme isolation.
C) After receiving professional help,Ng Chhaidy made a complete recovery.
D) The story was a hoax created by a local media outlet.

Question 20

Which term would be associated with personal-social identity?

A) ascribed characteristics
B) social structural characteristics
C) emergent characteristics
D) divergent characteristics

Question 21

How do others influence our personal and group identities?

A) Significant others are likely to have less influence than the Generalized Other.
B) The influence of others likely depends on how important they are to us.
C) A person with more of a looking glass self-orientation is likely to be less dependent on others for his or her perception of self.
D) A stronger looking-glass self-orientation is associated with greater stability in one's identity.

Question 22

According to the text,which statement best describes Mead's play stage of childhood development?

A) Children learn to take on the role of others.
B) Children learn to imitate the behaviour of others through observation.
C) Children learn to take acknowledge and actuate several different roles simultaneously.
D) Children learn to differentiate between right,wrong,fairness,and following rules of etiquette and fairness at play.

Question 23

Melissa was shopping for new scrubs for her job as a registered nurse at an elderly care home.She normally would purchase pastel-coloured materials,usually with a subtle floral pattern.On a whim,she bought brightly coloured scrubs in a retro "hippy tie dyed" style. Which of the following best describes Melissa's behaviour?

A) her reflexive self
B) the "me"
C) her personal identity
D) the "I"

Question 24

Which statement is NOT one of the core components of Cooley's "looking-glass" concept"?

A) We imagine how we are judged by others.
B) We imagine how others judge that appearance.
C) We incorporate those judgments into our own sense of self.
D) We reconcile those perceptions with our own self-identities.

Question 25

Jocelyne was constantly re-evaluating her appearance and her status among various social groups in her workplace.She had a diagnosis of clinical depression and her prescriptions included anti-anxiety medication.According to the text,relative to Cooley's concept of the social self,which statement best describes Jocelyne's self-perception?

A) She has a weak social identity.
B) She has a strong "looking-glass self-orientation."
C) She has a pervasive sense of "anomie."
D) She is unable to reintegrate her perceptions of the "looking-glass self" into a functional social self-identity.

Question 26

According to the text,which statement best describes Mead's game stage of childhood development?

A) Children learn to take on the role of others.
B) Children learn to imitate the behaviour of others through observation.
C) Children learn to take acknowledge and actuate several different roles simultaneously.
D) Children learn to differentiate between right,wrong,fairness,and following rules of etiquette and fairness at play.

Question 27

Using the terminology introduced by Mead,which term refers to the uninhibited part of the self?

A) the I
B) the Me
C) the Id
D) the Ego

Question 28

Which statement best exemplifies the theory of the looking glass self?

A) If parents perceive children as weak and vulnerable then the children are likely to act in ways intended to overturn that image.
B) If parents perceive children in terms of a master status,it will likely negate related auxiliary traits.
C) If children incorrectly perceive their parents as thinking the children are weak and vulnerable,the children are unlikely to see themselves as weak and vulnerable.
D) If parents perceive children as weak and vulnerable then the children are likely to act in ways consistent with that image.

Question 29

According to the text,what is the basic premise that underlines interactionist theories relative to the development of the self?

A) The manner in which children learn to differentiate between right,wrong,and following rules of etiquette and fairness at play will depend in the range of significant others in his or her social world.
B) The way that people identify and label a person can affect that person's self-perception.
C) Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings the things have for them.
D) Human development is a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction between individuals.

Question 30

Which statement best summarizes one of Mead's key beliefs?

A) Acting and reacting to others on the basis of shared meaning is not a uniquely human ability.
B) The reflexive self is incapable of taking itself into account in relation to others.
C) All individuals are born with a sense of self.
D) Children's games provide a vivid illustration of how the self develops in and through interaction.

Question 31

What does Charles Horton Cooley's use of the term "looking glass self" suggest?

A) Our sense of self is based on our assessment of how others see us and judge us.
B) In many cases,our sense of self is so transparent that others see right through us.
C) Just as a looking glass allows us to see what is going on behind us,our sense of self allows us to continually reinterpret the past.
D) Just as a looking glass can allow us to see around corners,our sense of self is the basis for our predictions of the future.

Question 32

What happens in the play stage?

A) Children do little more than imitate others.
B) Children have no sense of temporal order.
C) Children can only focus on one role or perspective at a time.
D) Children expand on lessons learned in the game age.

Question 33

Which of the following expressions is in direct contradiction to the concept of the "looking glass self"?

A) "I'm rubber and you're glue whatever you say bounces off of me and sticks to you."
B) "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
C) "Sticks and stones may break my bones but names will never hurt me."
D) "I know you are,but what am I?"

Question 34

According to the text,which statement summarizes the key aspect of Cooley's "looking-glass self"?

A) The perceived judgments of others are significant to our self-esteem and identities as we may misinterpret others' judgments.
B) It is not so much a matter of how a person perceives others' judgments as it is a matter of adapting to those judgments within normative social expectations.
C) A person may incorrectly interpret others' judgments and act without considering the consequences of an inappropriate social response.
D) It is difficult to assess whether others are judging our master statuses or our auxiliary statues.

Question 35

Mead's theory of the social self includes three stages of development.Which of the following is NOT one those stages?

A) preparatory stage
B) transitional stage
C) play stage
D) game stage

Question 36

Jonathon,a registered nurse,was shopping for scrubs for his new job at an elderly care home.He normally would purchase brightly coloured scrubs with vivid eye-catching patterns but he purchased scrubs according to the dress code at the home,such that employees were to wear subtly patterned pastel-hued fabrics.Which of the following best describes Jonathon's behaviour?

A) Mead's concept of the "I"
B) Charmaz's concept of social identity
C) Watson's theory of behaviourism
D) Mead's concept of the "me"

Question 37

According the text,which of the following best describes the concept of the "looking-glass self"?

A) an individual's sense of who he or she is based on perceived similarities to and differences from others
B) the portion of a person's identity and sense of self that renders him or her unique and distinct from the generalized other
C) the sense of ourselves that we developed based on perceptions of how others view us
D) an individual's sense of self developed through socialization and interactions with primary caregivers

Question 38

What did Mead use the analogy of a baseball game to illustrate?

A) the importance of life goals
B) how in the game stage one comes to understand multiple roles
C) how rules control behaviour
D) the importance of play at the game stage

Question 39

Alex,a bass player in a rock band,had for years worn his hair long.One day he changed the style to a much shorter look.When he arrived at the club for the band's next engagement,the other band members did not say anything but he thought that their silence was in fact a statement of disapproval.From that time on until his hair had once more grown long,he wore a hat to cover his short hair.According to the text,which theory of self might explain Alex's response to his band mates' perceived disapproval?

A) Mead's "reflexive I-to-me self"
B) Cooley's "looking-glass self"
C) Mills "sociological imagination"
D) Watsons notions of "personal identity"

Question 40

According to the text,which description corresponds to Mead's theory of the development of the social self?

A) a theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction in which individuals also play an important role in shaping their social environment
B) the development of one's social skills relative to specific ethnic values and beliefs that help people know how act in small and large social situations
C) humans have a unique capacity to act and react to others on the basis of shared meanings
D) the sense of ourselves that we develop based on our perceptions of how others view us

Question 41

Families are supposed to fulfill specific purposes and be responsible for particular guidance to young children in order to guide them into becoming productive adults and citizens.According to the text,from what theoretical perspective does this notion of the family emerge?

A) symbolic interactionism
B) feminist perspective
C) functionalist perspective
D) postmodern perspective

Question 42

Which term refers to the earliest form of socialization,which begins the moment an individual is born into a culture and experiences socialization for the first time?

A) initial socialization
B) infantilized socialization
C) primary socialization
D) youth-oriented socialization

Question 43

According to the text,what is the outcome of dysfunctional parenting?

A) insecure attachment and maladjustment
B) inadequate socialization and insecure attachment
C) resentment and a legacy of inadequate parenting skills
D) inadequate socialization and inadequate parenting skills

Question 44

Which statement best describes the role of the family as a unit of socialization?

A) The socialization process involving parents and children is bidirectional.
B) Female children are expected to become the secondary caregivers.
C) Siblings do not make a significant contribution to the socialization process.
D) Sibling conflict is normal and has not been shown to be related to developmental outcomes.

Question 45

According to sociologists,which term describes the framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which social interactions take place?

A) social structure
B) social continuum
C) sociological perspective
D) sociological imagination

Question 46

What is a status?

A) a social position that has a degree of prestige attached to it
B) a social position that exists in relation to others
C) usually lacking a behavioural component
D) a social position that is largely dependent on the person who occupies it

Question 47

Steve is in a drug treatment program.His counsellor constantly expresses the view that Steve does not have the strength of character to proceed in the program.According to research discussed in the book,which statement best applies to Steve?

A) Steve is likely to view the counsellor's attitude as a challenge which must be met.
B) The counsellor's attitude may affect Steve's probability of reoffending.
C) Steve may try to forge a looking-glass self.
D) Steve may reject his Master Status.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT an ascribed status?

A) sex
B) age
C) criminal
D) brother

Question 49

According to Duff and Pearce (2013),what are two significant attitudes that children learn from primary caregivers and parents?

A) self-reflection and self-esteem
B) compassion and kindness
C) interpersonal trust and forgiveness
D) self-esteem and interpersonal trust

Question 50

Which description corresponds to the concept of social status?

A) the behavioural feature of the combined effects of a person's socioeconomic position,level of education,sex,gender,age,and ethnicity
B) a social position that is assigned to a person through compliance with social norms,values,beliefs,and social location
C) a recognized social position that exists independently of any given individual who may occupy it
D) an acknowledged social position conferred upon an individual at birth,but influenced by variables such as socioeconomic station,level of education,sex,gender,age,and merit

Question 51

Which of the following best describes the concept of ascribed status?

A) a social position obtained through personal actions
B) a social position conferred at birth or acquired involuntarily
C) a social position that exists independently of any given individual who may occupy it
D) a social position acquired through mastery of social skills relative to specific ethnic values and beliefs that help people know how act in small and large social situations

Question 52

According to Duff and Pearce (2013),what is one of the possible outcomes for children who do not learn healthy self-esteem and who have low interpersonal trust?

A) inability to develop and maintain secure attachments
B) low educational achievement
C) depressive and anxious personality disorders
D) inability to maintain stable social networks

Question 53

Phillip is a graduate student who behaves as though he is already a professor.What is Phillip engaging in?

A) pre-role behaviour
B) anticipatory socialization
C) role violation
D) status anticipation

Question 54

What is one reason why it can be said that schools reproduce existing patterns of inequality?

A) Most teachers have never studies sociology.
B) Many textbooks are out of date and have not been replaced.
C) Schools reinforce existing structures,processes,and practices in society.
D) Most schools do not allow much in the way of parental involvement.

Question 55

What is most likely to be found in an "unhealthy family"?

A) children with low self-esteem
B) the infant's development of interpersonal trust
C) child attachment
D) communications with individual family members

Question 56

Which statement best describes the virtual self?

A) It refers to the kinds of avatars gamers use.
B) It assumes an absence of human agency.
C) It includes the self-tracking that results in digital records of ourselves.
D) It does not include postings that describe daily moods.

Question 57

According to the text,which term describes the process by which individuals acquire knowledge about the roles accompanying a specific social position before taking on that social position?

A) anticipatory socialization
B) ancillary specialization
C) adaptive socialization
D) anticipatory specialization

Question 58

According to the text,what is recidivism?

A) committing crimes while under a probationary sentence
B) committing further crimes as an adult after committing crimes as a young offender
C) committing further crimes as an adult while on parole
D) committing further crimes after having been convicted of a crime

Question 59

In contemporary sociology,how are families assessed?

A) in terms of their degree of conformity to the nuclear ideal
B) in terms of normal versus abnormal structures
C) in terms of how well families function and communicate
D) in terms of micro and macro dimensions

Question 60

What has research found with respect to bullying?

A) Bullies tend to lose status if peer groups witness the bullying.
B) Electronic bullying is more common among younger youth than older youth.
C) Girls are slightly more likely than boys to fall prey to electronic bullying.
D) Bullying produced negative outcomes for both the bully and the bullied.

Question 61

If I become a deviant because others treat me like one,we might see this as evidence of Mead's notion of the "I."

Question 62

The approach known as behaviourism may be criticized because it is biologically deterministic.

Question 63

Nora Young's cultural concept of "self-tracking" includes creating digital records of various aspects of our life.

Question 64

The "reflexive self" can acknowledge "itself" objectively,subjectively in relation to other social actors,and the broader macro level views of society.

Question 65

While you have a strong urge to scream at someone who cut you off in traffic,you refrain from doing so.We could say this shows a victory for the "me" over the "I."

Question 66

According to Mead,in the play stage children are able to take on more than one role simultaneously.

Question 67

According to Max Weber,how would an ideal type of bureaucracy be described?

A) It would not be a formal organization.
B) It would have a very flexible chain of authority.
C) It would be an analytical construct that does not exist in reality.
D) It would have an informal division of labour.

Question 68

In the "looking-glass self" concept,the influence of others on our personal and group identity
is both direct and certain.

Question 69

Elliot is a third-year law student,a single father of two young children,and a part-time employee at the law library on campus.He has an evening shift scheduled at the library at the same time as an evening class final exam.His children's caregiver is also studying for exams and cannot look after his children that evening.His final exam in his legal ethics class is the day after this shift.According to the text,which two terms describe the role challenges Elliot faces as he attempts to manage all of these commitments?

A) role confusion and role tension
B) role identity conflict and role strain
C) role strain and parenting role conflict
D) role strain and role conflict

Question 70

Canada and other nations are struggling to understand and deal with citizens who become "radicalized." One aspect of the issue is to try to identify such citizens before the issue becomes critical to national,local,and personal safety.Which term best describes one possible process for attempting to reverse the effects of radicalization?

A) reconformation
B) social facilitation
C) resocialization
D) social reintegration

Question 71

The theory of bio-ecological human development includes the notion that micro and macro levels of influence and reciprocating interaction affect individuals who are also active social agents.

Question 72

In the contemporary period,males and females are expected to share equally in primary caregiving.

Question 73

Chanel is starring in the musical production at her university;however,rehearsals are held at the same time as her biology class.What is Chanel most likely to experience?

A) role inconsistency
B) role strain
C) master and auxiliary status conflict
D) role conflict

Question 74

Socialization is a concept that reflects the transmission of stable sociocultural norms,values,beliefs,and language over an individual's life course.

Question 75

The "me" of Mead's (1934)theory of self reflects the spontaneous and unrestrained personal and social reactions.

Question 76

It is accurate to say all humans are born with a sense of self

Question 77

The bio-ecological approach to human development may be criticized because it neglects human agency.

Question 78

Jennifer has to give a speech at a conference which will be attended by several hundred people.She has tried to practice her speech in her room by herself but has had little opportunity to do so.Moreover,the speech deals with some complicated material that she is not all that familiar with.She knows that her performance is being evaluated by the conference organizers.What is likely to be the outcome?

A) The large crowd will likely have minimal effect on her performance.
B) She is very likely to make some errors.
C) She is very likely to rise to the occasion and give a flawless performance.
D) Her performance will be enhanced knowing that she is being assessed.

Question 79

According to the interactionist perspective,children are less likely to have influence over their parents due to struggles between human agency (a child's desire to be independent)and the unidirectional of socialization (normative expectations of parental discipline and control).

Question 80

The bio-ecological theory of human development understands human development as a reciprocal process.