Deck 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Question 1

You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 8Your best guess is that this person is

A) in stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.
B) dreaming.
C) in stage 1 of slow-wave sleep.
D) making the transition from wakefulness to sleep.
E) awake.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a key characteristic of non-REM sleep?

A) dreaming in color
B) muscle paralysis
C) genital changes associated with arousal
D) various forms of slow-wave brain activity
E) rapid eye movements

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves.

A) beta
B) alpha
C) theta
D) sleep spindles
E) delta

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of

A) 1-3 Hz.
B) 12-14 Hz.
C) 13-30 Hz.
D) less than 3.5 Hz.
E) 3.5-7.5 Hz.

Question 5

Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?

A) A person in this stage is easily roused by meaningful stimuli.
B) A person who awakes from stage 4 is groggy and confused.
C) A person who awakes from this stage is alert and attentive.
D) Only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 4 sleep.
E) The majority of sleep is spent in stage 4 slow-wave sleep.

Question 6

________ will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record.

A) Paradoxical sleep
B) Slow-wave sleep
C) Slow breathing
D) Motor movements
E) Gastric distress

Question 7

In the opening vignette of the chapter on sleep, Michael suffered from

A) narcolepsy.
B) anxiety disorder.
C) gastric distension.
D) a disorder of slow-wave sleep.
E) insomnia.

Question 8

A key aspect of slow-wave sleep is the presence of ________ Hz oscillations comprised of a down state followed by an up state.

A) 1.0
B) 2.0
C) 7
D) 12
E) 30

Question 9

Which of the following is true of sleep?

A) Movements are suppressed accompany sleep.
B) Sleep is followed by a strong feeling of drowsiness.
C) Humans spend about a third of their life asleep.
D) Sleep is a state of unconsciousness.
E) Humans do not require sleep for adequate function.

Question 10

Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep?

A) alternating delta and beta EEG activities
B) the presence of delta wave EEG activity
C) rapid eye movements
D) alpha wave brain activity
E) tossing and turning in bed

Question 11

Another name for sleep stages 3 and 4 is ________ sleep.

A) paradoxical
B) high-frequency
C) slow-wave
D) REM
E) rhythmic

Question 12

Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ________, whereas stages 3-4 are referred to as ________.

A) REM sleep; non-REM sleep
B) non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep
C) slow-wave sleep; non-REM sleep
D) paradoxical sleep; REM sleep
E) arythmic sleep; paradoxical sleep

Question 13

A single cycle of non-REM and REM sleep lasts about

A) 10 minutes.
B) 30-40 minutes.
C) 90 minutes.
D) 360 minutes.
E) 8 hours.

Question 14

An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure

A) blood pressure.
B) skin conductance.
C) heart rate.
D) electrical potentials within the brain.
E) eye movements.

Question 15

During the ________ state of the slow-wave sleep record, the neurons of the cortex are ________.

A) up; hyperpolarized
B) down; silent
C) up; silent
D) down; depolarized
E) delta; overexcited

Question 16

The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by

A) visible changes in respiration.
B) changes in motor movements involving speech..
C) changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
D) changes in consciousness.
E) the quality and quantity of dreams.

Question 17

The observation that a person's brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because

A) this pattern is seen in children but not adults.
B) this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.
C) this wave form waxes and wanes during the day.
D) it can be induced by certain drugs such as alcohol.
E) drugs can elicit this brain wave pattern.

Question 18

The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record.

A) alpha
B) delta
C) gamma
D) theta
E) beta

Question 19

Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving

A) the inability to fall asleep.
B) an attack of sleep during the day.
C) anxiety and fear during sleep.
D) rapid movements of the eyes.
E) uncontrollable brain seizures.

Question 20

The ________ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep.

A) myelogram
B) electroencephalogram
C) physiograph
D) electromyogram
E) retinogram

Question 21

A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from

A) REM without atonia.
B) somnambulism.
C) a sleep attack.
D) situational insomnia.
E) an episode of cataplexy.

Question 22

Which of the following is true of sleeping medications?

A) Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers.
B) Sleeping pills directly alter the cause of insomnia.
C) Insomnia is a disease that can be treated by a pill.
D) Unlike other drugs, persistent use of sleeping pills does not lead to tolerance.
E) Sleeping pills are more effective when combined with alcohol.

Question 23

A common cause that elicits an episode of cataplexy is

A) abuse of amphetamines.
B) staying awake for long periods of time.
C) the presence of high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
D) damage to neurons that initiate REM sleep.
E) strong emotions or physical exertion.

Question 24

During REM sleep, there is a high level of activity within the

A) visual association cortex.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.
E) temporal cortex.

Question 25

A person who does not feel rested after sleeping 15 hours a night

A) is probably sleeping at his or her desk during the day.
B) probably does not need more sleep.
C) has pseudoinsomnia.
D) is underestimating the amount of sleep time he or she needs.
E) is likely to develop a serious form of insomnia.

Question 26

The key feature of narcolepsy is

A) nightmares while awake.
B) sleep attacks.
C) nocturnal enuresis.
D) hypnagogic hallucinations.
E) feeling refreshed after an episode of sleep attack.

Question 27

________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis.

A) Apnea
B) Hypnagogic hallucination
C) Cataplexy
D) Night terror
E) Somnambulism

Question 28

Nightmares that are particularly terrifying occur during ________ sleep.

A) stage 1 of slow-wave
B) high-frequency
C) stage 4 of slow-wave
D) paradoxical
E) REM

Question 29

Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to

A) blocked airways.
B) obesity and diabetes.
C) psychosis.
D) mood disorder.
E) bipolar disorder.

Question 30

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as

A) iatrogenic.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) situational insomnia.
E) cataplexy.

Question 31

A key symptom of human narcolepsy relates to

A) impulsive drug-taking.
B) abnormal slow-wave sleep.
C) recurring nightmares.
D) sleeping during the day.
E) dreaming while awake.

Question 32

It may be inappropriate to use a sleeping medication to treat insomnia because

A) medication withdrawal symptoms can result in more insomnia.
B) tolerance to sleeping medication leads to withdrawal symptoms.
C) the use of a sleeping medication may cause daytime grogginess.
D) insomniacs underestimate the amount of time they actually sleep.
E) alcohol renders sleeping pills ineffective.

Question 33

Which of the following terms belong together?

A) awake state; EEG synchrony
B) REM sleep; slow-wave EEG pattern
C) slow-wave sleep; marked genital arousal
D) REM sleep; lack of genital activity
E) slow-wave sleep; moderate muscle tonus

Question 34

A common treatment for sleep apnea is

A) surgical modification of the throat airways.
B) the administration of sleeping medication.
C) maintaining the person in bright light for 20 hours per day.
D) the administration of L-DOPA.
E) electroconvulsive shock therapy.

Question 35

The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.

A) non-REM sleep; narcolepsy
B) the day hours; hypertension
C) REM sleep; impotence
D) slow-wave sleep; cardiac failure
E) the day hours; cocaine abuse

Question 36

Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep?

A) Cortical blood flow is reduced during REM sleep as blood is shunted to the genitals.
B) Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary visual cortex.
C) Cerebral blood flow is very low during color dreaming.
D) Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex.
E) Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary auditory cortex.

Question 37

Which of the following represents a mental state that accompanies slow-wave sleep?

A) nightmares
B) lyrical dreams
C) elevated sexual arousal (i.e., lust)
D) a deficit in the capacity to plan
E) narrative and story-like dreams

Question 38

Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?

A) Sleep cycles are random across the night.
B) Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep.
C) As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.
D) Stages 3 and 4 of slow-wave sleep mostly occur in the early morning hours.
E) Each non-REM/REM cycle lasts about 45 minutes.

Question 39

About ________ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem while ________ percent experiences this on occasion.

A) 1; 3
B) 15; 52
C) 27; 45
D) 7; 19
E) 9; 25

Question 40

Insomnia is defined

A) as the inability to fall asleep within 5 minutes of going to bed.
B) as awakening four or more times during the night.
C) as a problem in rapidly reaching REM sleep.
D) in relation to a person's particular sleep needs.
E) as a relative lack of slow-wave sleep compared to REM sleep.

Question 41

The symptom known as ________ is an abnormality of REM sleep.

A) insomnia
B) theta reversal
C) cataplexy
D) night terror
E) enuresis

Question 42

Sleep deprivation in humans results in

A) psychosis.
B) impaired physical exercise.
C) perceptual distortions.
D) secretion of stress hormones.
E) depression.

Question 43

The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are opposite to those noted in

A) cataplexy.
B) situational insomnia.
C) somnambulism.
D) nocturnal enuresis.
E) manic-depression.

Question 44

An effective treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder is the administration of

A) antidepressant drugs.
B) the drug clonazepam.
C) drugs that block serotonin receptors.
D) drugs that facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity.
E) drugs that block hypocretin 2 receptors.

Question 45

The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that

A) mania commonly occurs with narcolepsy.
B) narcoleptics show no problems in staying asleep.
C) narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.
D) slow-wave sleep intrudes into the awake state in narcoleptics.
E) narcoleptics show problems in eye-tracking similar to those noted in alcoholism.

Question 46

A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be

A) releasing urine during sleep.
B) dreaming while awake.
C) sleepwalking.
D) having a sleep attack.
E) experiencing night terrors.

Question 47

The disorder known as ________ shares common attributes (symptoms as well as treatments) with those of narcolepsy.

A) anxiety disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) mania
D) panic attack
E) depression

Question 48

A key symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder is

A) attacks of catalepsy.
B) a depressed mood upon awakening.
C) the occurrence of motor movements during slow-wave sleep.
D) a lack of paralysis during REM sleep.
E) the loss of dreams during REM sleep.

Question 49

Weight gain is a common outcome for a person suffering from

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) somnabulimia.
C) sleep-related eating disorder.
D) hyperbulimia.
E) REM sleep behavior disorder.

Question 50

A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in

A) intrusion of slow-wave sleep during the awake period.
B) symptoms of narcolepsy.
C) undereating and weight loss.
D) prolonged sleeping.
E) overeating.

Question 51

Human narcolepsy

A) can be treated using sleep-inducing drugs.
B) involves an absence of orexin from CSF in most narcoleptics.
C) involves the intrusion of slow-wave sleep components into the awake state.
D) is a psychological disorder.
E) is treated using lithium salts.

Question 52

Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that

A) block serotonin receptors.
B) impair the release of hypocretins in brain.
C) act as catecholamine agonists.
D) facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity.
E) block hypocretin 2 receptors.

Question 53

The sleep pattern of the dolphin is unique in that

A) slow-wave sleep is absent from its sleep pattern.
B) sleep and waking occur independently in the two hemispheres.
C) no eye movements occur in the dolphin during sleep.
D) blindness has eliminated the need of the dolphin for sleep.
E) this animal does not exhibit slow-wave sleep.

Question 54

Sleep-related eating disorder can be triggered by

A) stress.
B) alcohol abuse.
C) the sleeping pill zolpidem.
D) weight loss.
E) eating.

Question 55

In the narcolepsy example given in the text, the dog developed cataplexy while

A) playing with a toy ball.
B) sniffing food.
C) drinking.
D) engaging in reproductive behavior.
E) trying to escape from the lab.

Question 56

The occurrence of sleep attacks in narcolepsy can be alleviated by drugs that

A) impair the release of hypocretins in the brain.
B) facilitate brain serotonin synaptic activity.
C) act as catecholamine agonists.
D) facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine brain activity.
E) block hypocretin 2 receptors in the hypothalamus.

Question 57

The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are exaggerated by administration of

A) antidepressant drugs.
B) the drug clonazepam.
C) drugs that block serotonin receptors.
D) drugs that block hypocretin 2 receptors.
E) drugs that are GABA agonists.

Question 58

Somnambulism is synonymous with

A) sleep attack.
B) dreaming while awake.
C) sleepwalking.
D) cataplexy.
E) night terrors.

Question 59

Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in

A) impaired ability to perform physical labor.
B) psychosis.
C) some perceptual distortions.
D) subsequent rebound recovery of lost slow-wave sleep.
E) a mild form of bipolar disorder.

Question 60

The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to

A) clear brain waste products produced by REM sleep.
B) promote dreaming.
C) rest the brain.
D) promote brain development.
E) facilitate learning.

Question 61

Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep.

A) hypothalamus
B) raphe nuclei
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala
E) ventral pons

Question 62

Working on a task that demands high levels of mental activity during the day will

A) mimic the effects of REM deprivation.
B) increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes.
C) reduce stage 4 sleep.
D) impair subsequent learning of complex materials.
E) facilitate protein synthesis.

Question 63

A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to

A) produce insomnia.
B) reduce the amplitude of delta activity in the frontal lobes.
C) increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
D) increase the need for REM sleep.
E) increase the amount of time spent dreaming.

Question 64

Most of the serotonin neurons in the brain are located within the

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) reticular formation.
C) raphe nuclei.
D) striatum.
E) locus coeruleus.

Question 65

Wakefulness is promoted by a(n)

A) histamine antagonist.
B) norepinephrine antagonist.
C) acetylcholine antagonist.
D) histamine agonist.
E) glycine agonist.

Question 66

Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and to enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record?

A) electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex
B) damage to the locus coeruleus
C) damage to the raphe nuclei
D) electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei
E) injection of high levels of GABA into the raphe nuclei

Question 67

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________.

A) adenosine; wakefulness
B) GABA; REM sleep
C) adenosine; slow-wave sleep
D) a benzodiazepine ligand; slow-wave sleep
E) GABA; slow-wave sleep

Question 68

Persons suffering from fatal familial insomnia resemble sleep-deprived rats in terms of

A) weight gain.
B) weight loss.
C) relaxation
D) mood disorder.
E) night-time overeating.

Question 69

Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory.

A) slow-wave; nondeclarative
B) REM; sensory
C) REM; declarative
D) slow-wave; sensory
E) REM; nondeclarative

Question 70

Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that

A) emotional well-being requires slow-wave sleep.
B) REM sleep functions to rest the brain.
C) there is a physiological need for stage 1 slow-wave sleep.
D) there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.
E) the brain does not regulate REM sleep.

Question 71

The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus

A) are suppressed by sleeping pills.
B) decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.
C) are unrelated to behavioral arousal.
D) in turn alter EEG cortical arousal.
E) are highest during REM sleep.

Question 72

The primary function of stage 4 of slow-wave sleep is to

A) redirect blood flow to the genitals.
B) facilitate memory.
C) inhibit motor movements during dreaming.
D) rest the brain.
E) promote beta activity in the forebrain.

Question 73

Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects.

A) decreased slow-wave sleep
B) decreased REM sleep
C) no change in sleep patterns
D) a significant reduction in total sleep time
E) signs of REM-sleep behavior disorder

Question 74

A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) hippocampus.
C) raphe nuclei.
D) striatum.
E) locus coeruleus.

Question 75

The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of

A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) dopamine.
E) GABA.

Question 76

An example of nondeclarative memory would be

A) recalling where you parked your car.
B) learning to drive a car.
C) memories you can speak about.
D) memories of past events.
E) memories of relationships between different stimuli.

Question 77

Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.

A) glycine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) acetylcholine
E) adenosine

Question 78

The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is

A) proven by studies of the dolphin sleep cycle.
B) unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times.
C) unlikely because REM and slow-wave sleep appear to involve independent mechanisms.
D) proven by the observation that naps reduce sleep time the following night.
E) unlikely given that blood chemistry does not change within the brain.

Question 79

The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that

A) newborn infants spend 70% of their sleep time in slow-wave sleep.
B) active phases of brain development are associated with low levels of REM sleep.
C) REM sleep increases in college students during exam time.
D) the elderly spend 85% of their sleep time in REM.
E) infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.

Question 80

Adenosine receptors are blocked by ________, which in turn promotes ________.

A) ethanol; euphoria
B) caffeine; wakefulness
C) nicotine; sleepiness
D) caffeine; sleepiness
E) glutamate; learning and memory