Deck 15: Cognitive Processes in Adolescents

Question 1

Which of the following is true of cognition in adolescents?

A)Adolescents' working memory capacity is much smaller than adults'.
B)Adolescents process information much more slowly than do adults.
C)Adolescents are not any better than children at choosing and monitoring memory strategies.
D)Adolescents' knowledge allows them to learn, understand, and remember more of their experiences.

Answer 1

Adolescents' knowledge allows them to learn, understand, and remember more of their experiences.

Question 2

When formal operational thinkers are faced with a problem such as figuring out what combination of clear liquids will produce a blue liquid, they will

A)haphazardly mix liquids to find the correct combination.
B)become confused and irritated.
C)systematically test hypotheses about different combinations of liquids.
D)concentrate on trying to pour the liquids without spilling them.

Answer 2

systematically test hypotheses about different combinations of liquids.

Question 3

How is the cognitive functioning of Bethany, a 16-year-old, likely to compare with that of Rachel, her 8-year-old sister?

A)Bethany will use more appropriate strategies for a task and monitor their effectiveness more than Rachel.
B)Bethany and Rachel will have the same amount of working memory.
C)Bethany's greater knowledge of the world will have no impact on her information processing.
D)Bethany will process information more slowly.

Answer 3

Bethany will use more appropriate strategies for a task and monitor their effectiveness more than Rachel.

Question 4

Michael decided that hugging his grandmother was a good thing to do because every time he did, she gave him a piece of candy. Michael is in Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning.

A)unconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 5

During Piaget's ________ stage, individuals become capable of abstract, hypothetical thought and deductive reasoning.

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 6

From childhood through adolescence, the rate at which information is processed

A)speeds up.
B)slows down.
C)cycles up and down.
D)does not change.

Question 7

In a research study, Dr. Howard has children respond to the Heinz dilemma. What is he studying?

A)metacognition
B)deductive reasoning
C)moral reasoning
D)personality type

Question 8

When adolescents are presented with information that is either consistent or inconsistent with their beliefs,

A)they accept the inconsistent information.
B)they find more flaws with the studies that led to the inconsistent information.
C)they find more flaws with the studies that led to the consistent information.
D)they find an equal number of flaws in the studies that led to both the consistent and inconsistent information.

Question 9

Greta has reached the formal operational level of reasoning. Which of the following statements about her cognition is most likely to be true?

A)Greta will sometimes revert to concrete operational thinking.
B)Greta will always reason at the formal operational level.
C)Greta will show more sophisticated reasoning when the problem is not relevant to her personally than when it is.
D)Greta will not use deductive reasoning.

Question 10

The formal operational child approaches problems by

A)systematically evaluating all possibilities.
B)trial and error.
C)relying on past experience.
D)using centration.

Question 11

According to Piaget, cognitive development is complete when the ________ period is reached.

A)concrete operational
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 12

A child who judges whether an act is good in terms of the personal, physical consequences of reward and punishment is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels?

A)preconventional level
B)conventional level
C)postconventional level
D)empathic level

Question 13

Information-processing theorists

A)describe major changes in thinking that occur during adolescence.
B)believe that only small changes in cognition occur during adolescence.
C)posit that no changes in metacognitive functioning occur during adolescence.
D)view adolescence as a qualitatively different stage of cognitive development than childhood.

Question 14

When concrete and formal operational thinkers are asked to combine a number of clear liquids to produce a blue liquid,

A)neither the concrete operational child nor the formal operational adolescent test the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
B)only the concrete operational child tests the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
C)only the formal operational child tests the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.
D)both the concrete operational child and the formal operational adolescent test the combinations of liquids in a systematic manner.

Question 15

Which of the following is characteristic of formal operational thought?

A)animism
B)centration
C)deductive reasoning
D)reasoning that is limited to the tangible and real

Question 16

Who is likely to be able to answer a hypothetical question such as, "What would happen if no one had to work anymore?"

A)preoperational thinkers only
B)formal operational thinkers only
C)concrete operational thinkers only
D)concrete operational and formal operational thinkers

Question 17

Adolescents are in Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 18

In contrast to concrete operational thinkers, formal operational thinkers

A)can reach counterfactual conclusions.
B)can use mental operations.
C)do not confuse appearances with reality.
D)are not centered in their thinking.

Question 19

During adolescence

A)working memory capacity is about the same as that of adults.
B)information-processing speed is slower than it will be during young adulthood.
C)increased knowledge interferes with information processing ability.
D)there is unlikely to be any monitoring of the effectiveness of strategies used for a task.

Question 20

Which of the following is not characteristic of formal operational thinking?

A)abstract thinking
B)hypothetical reasoning
C)deductive reasoning
D)centration

Question 21

Adolescents and adults believe that they should act according to others' expectations when they are in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A)instrumental orientation
B)social contract orientation
C)social system morality
D)interpersonal norms

Question 22

Longitudinal studies measuring individuals' level of moral reasoning over time found that

A)many individuals skipped at least one of Kohlberg's stages.
B)it was common for individuals to revert to lower levels of reasoning.
C)most individuals progress to the highest levels of reasoning.
D)higher levels of moral reasoning were more common in older adolescents and adults.

Question 23

Lilly believes that preservation of life takes precedence over all other rights. Lilly is in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A)social contract orientation
B)universal ethical principles
C)social system morality
D)instrumental orientation

Question 24

Research on Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning suggests that

A)his theory describes people in all cultures equally well.
B)moral reasoning is related to moral behaviour.
C)many individuals skip stages in his theory.
D)moral reasoning does not change with age.

Question 25

A controversial element of Kohlberg's theory is

A)the cultural biases of the theory.
B)that his theory is an outgrowth of Piagetian principles.
C)that the stages of his theory are differentiated by the reasoning that underlies the decision.
D)that moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated with development.

Question 26

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have noted that not all cultures have the same emphasis on ________ that is found in Western cultures and in Kohlberg's theory.

A)individual rights and justice
B)duty and responsibility to others
C)care-based morality
D)the Hindu religion

Question 27

Rebecca responded to the Heinz dilemma by saying "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because stealing is against the law and our society has to outlaw theft in order to be a good place to live." Rebecca is in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A)interpersonal norms
B)universal ethical principles
C)social system morality
D)instrumental orientation

Question 28

Individuals who believe that laws become invalid when they no longer benefit individuals have a(n) ________ orientation according to Kohlberg.

A)social contract
B)obedience
C)instrumental
D)interpersonal norms

Question 29

Individuals who are reared with traditional Hindu beliefs

A)base their moral reasoning on principles of individual rights and justice.
B)do not differ in their moral reasoning from those who are reared with Judeo-Christian beliefs.
C)base their moral reasoning on principles of caring for others.
D)support Kohlberg's claim that the bases of moral reasoning are universal.

Question 30

At Kohlberg's postconventional level, moral reasoning is based on

A)social norms.
B)obedience to authority.
C)personal moral principles.
D)rewards and punishments.

Question 31

Hans's mother told him that it is wrong to lie, so Hans thinks people shouldn't lie so they won't get punished. Hans is in Kohlberg's stage called

A)interpersonal norms.
B)instrumental orientation.
C)obedience orientation.
D)social contract orientation.

Question 32

Which comment would you expect to hear from Gina, who is in Kohlberg's instrumental orientation stage?

A)"I'm going to give money to the poor because that's what good people do."
B)"Sometimes I really hate not being able to run in the hallway, but I know it's important for everyone's safety that students obey school rules."
C)"If you let me play with your toy, I'll let you play with my toy."
D)"Even though you're supposed to be at school by 8:00, sometimes being late to school is justified like when you're late because you stopped to help a friend who got hurt on the way to school."

Question 33

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for

A)having stages of moral reasoning.
B)applying more to men than to women.
C)claiming that moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated with age.
D)overemphasizing the role of care-based moral reasoning.

Question 34

Carol Gilligan has argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning puts too much emphasis on ________ and not enough emphasis on ________.

A)justice; caring
B)caring; justice
C)cognition; behaviour
D)behaviour; cognition

Question 35

Who is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

A)Juanita, whose moral reasoning is based on a personal moral code
B)Kelly, whose moral reasoning is based on looking out for her own needs
C)Ivan, whose moral reasoning is based on avoidance of punishment
D)Linda, whose moral reasoning is based on the approval of other people

Question 36

Which of the following does Carol Gilligan believe forms the basis of moral reasoning in women?

A)justice
B)concern for others
C)the need to find rewards and avoid guilt
D)the need to mature

Question 37

Moral decision-making based on social norms is characteristic of which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?

A)preconventional level
B)conventional level
C)postconventional level
D)empathic level

Question 38

Which of the following statements concerning Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is true?

A)The stages occur in an invariant sequence.
B)Higher levels of moral reasoning are commonly found among individuals of all ages.
C)Most adults' moral reasoning is at the postconventional level.
D)The level of moral reasoning is unrelated to the level of cognitive development.

Question 39

At which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is reasoning governed by personal moral principles?

A)preconventional level
B)conventional level
C)postconventional level
D)empathic level

Question 40

A child who reasons at the preconventional level would help another person because

A)she might get a reward for helping.
B)she is afraid that others would disapprove of her if she didn't help.
C)helping is a good behaviour that is valued by society.
D)she has a moral principle of responsibility for others.

Question 41

During Super's ________ phase of career development, individuals limit their career possibilities by learning more about specific lines of work and starting to obtain the training required for a job.

A)implementation
B)specification
C)achievement
D)crystallization

Question 42

Joe drives a truck and likes it. He enjoys physical labour, working with his hands, and solving concrete problems. Joe fits best in Holland's _______ personality type.

A)enterprising
B)realistic
C)conventional
D)investigative

Question 43

According to Holland, people find work most fulfilling when

A)they are highly compensated financially.
B)the job requirements fit the worker's personality.
C)they are in the implementation phase of career development.
D)they have a realistic personality type.

Question 44

Thirteen-year-old Jade is thinking about becoming a nurse because she likes to take care of people and isn't at all squeamish about blood or sick people. Jade best fits in Super's ________ phase of career development.

A)crystallization
B)specification
C)implementation
D)achievement

Question 45

Katrina is often concerned about other people, particularly children. She is in ________ stage of moral development.

A)Kohlberg's preconventional
B)Kohlberg's conventional
C)Gilligan's first
D)Gilligan's second

Question 46

In Super's theory of career choice, adolescents are in a process of ________, during which they begin to narrow career possibilities based on their perceptions of their own abilities and interests.

A)crystallization
B)consolidation
C)implementation
D)specification

Question 47

How can parents best help their children develop higher forms of moral reasoning?

A)through open discussion
B)by discouraging disagreement with the parents on moral issues
C)by using physical punishment
D)by using time out

Question 48

According to Donald Super's theory of vocational choice, ________ plays a major role in an adolescent's choice of a career.

A)personality
B)identity
C)adolescent egocentrism
D)theory of mind

Question 49

According to Holland's theory

A)personality and job satisfaction are not related.
B)career development progresses through five different stages.
C)measures of vocational interest are useless in helping a person choose a career.
D)six prototypic personalities are important when people select a career.

Question 50

Karen has an investigative personality type. What careers would fit well with her personality type?

A)bank teller, payroll clerk
B)business executive, real estate agent
C)scientist, technical writer
D)poet, musician

Question 51

Lindsey, age 20, recently started working at her first full-time job as a graphic designer. She has had some problems getting along with her coworkers and has found that the reality of the job is not exactly what she expected it to be. Lindsey appears to be in Super's ________ phase of career development.

A)moratorium
B)specification
C)crystallization
D)implementation

Question 52

Like Kohlberg, Gilligan believes that moral reasoning

A)is the same for men and women.
B)is based on justice and individual rights.
C)includes preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels.
D)becomes qualitatively more sophisticated as individuals develop.

Question 53

Maxine likes to work in an environment that is structured and in which she has a supervisor who assigns her tasks. She used to be a payroll clerk, but now she enjoys her job as a bank teller. According to Holland, Maxine has a(n) ________ personality.

A)investigative
B)artistic
C)conventional
D)realistic

Question 54

Kohlberg suggested that people develop more advanced forms of moral reasoning

A)through biological maturation.
B)as a result of rewards and punishments.
C)through discussion about moral issues with people who are at a higher level of moral reasoning.
D)when they are exposed to people with lower levels of moral reasoning than their own.

Question 55

Entering the workforce and learning first-hand about a job is called

A)crystallization.
B)consolidation
C)implementation.
D)specification.

Question 56

Dominic has been volunteering at a local veterinary clinic to learn more about what's involved in being a veterinarian, and has also applied to colleges with veterinary medicine programs in order to get the necessary training. Dominic appears to be in Super's ________ phase of career development.

A)crystallization
B)achievement
C)implementation
D)specification

Question 57

The highest stage of Gilligan's developmental progression of moral reasoning emphasizes

A)personal moral principles.
B)caring in all personal relationships by denouncing exploitation and violence between people.
C)being preoccupied with one's own needs.
D)caring for others.

Question 58

Limiting career possibilities by learning more about specific lines of work and starting to obtain the required training for a job is called ________ by Super.

A)consolidation
B)crystallization
C)implementation
D)specification

Question 59

According to Carol Gilligan, individuals in the first stage of moral reasoning are

A)concerned with the self and their own needs.
B)concerned with caring for others.
C)motivated by a desire to conform to the existing social order.
D)concerned with justice.

Question 60

According to research, how does the moral reasoning of males and females compare?

A)Males think about moral issues in terms of justice, while females think about moral issues in terms of caring for others.
B)Males emphasize interpersonal relations when using moral reasoning, whereas females are more likely to consider justice.
C)Male moral reasoning tends to be more advanced than female moral reasoning.
D)Males and females do not differ in the bases of their moral reasoning.

Question 61

Children who are more spiritual tend to be

A)happier.
B)sadder.
C)more intelligent.
D)less intelligent.

Question 62

_______ has/have a paradoxical effect on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Positive reinforcement
C)Ritalin
D)Sugar and food additives

Question 63

What do most adolescents do with the money that they earn from part-time jobs?

A)They save it for a long-term goal such as college tuition.
B)They help pay family living expenses.
C)They spend it on themselves.
D)They use it to help others.

Question 64

In the Positive Youth Development Framework (PYDF), religion and spirituality are defined as aspects of individual and community life that

A)restrict children's ability to explore their own sexuality.
B)restrict children's ability to explore their own ethics and identities.
C)promote thriving.
D)promote compliance with adult values.

Question 65

The Positive Youth Development Framework (PYDF) focuses on

A)teaching children about the dangers of smoking.
B)teaching children about the dangers of unsafe sex.
C)teaching children about the benefits of education.
D)aspects of development that increase the opportunity for healthy outcomes in children's lives.

Question 66

Research on adolescents and part-time work has found that

A)teens who work more than 15 hours per week do better in school.
B)teens in Canada are competing with older or retired adults for part-time jobs.
C)most working teens set aside much of their income for future goals.
D)a very small percentage of high school seniors work part-time.

Question 67

The bases of moral reasoning are

A)universal.
B)local.
C)reflective of cultural and religious values.
D)impossible to study.

Question 68

The effects on teens who work more than 20 hours per week

A)include increased substance abuse.
B)are limited to poor academic performance.
C)include increased self-esteem.
D)include a greater sense of financial responsibility.

Question 69

When adolescents are employed over 20 hours per week during the school year, they

A)improve their organizational skills and get better grades in school.
B)are more likely to experience anxiety and depression.
C)save their money for long-term goals (e.g., a car, college tuition).
D)learn the value of money.

Question 70

Seth is a high school student who has recently begun working 30 hours per week. How is this experience likely to affect him?

A)His grades are likely to go up.
B)His self-esteem is likely to increase.
C)He will probably develop realistic money-management strategies.
D)He is more likely to use drugs.

Question 71

_______ refers to the ability to consider a broad range of information and outcomes in making a decision.

A)Working memory
B)Content knowledge
C)Metacognition
D)Reflective judgment

Question 72

Over _____ percent of Canadian teens reported that they often wondered about spiritual questions.

A)10
B)25
C)75
D)95

Question 73

Which of the following is not true of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A)There is no definitive connection between ADHD and diet.
B)Identical twins more often both have ADHD than fraternal twins.
C)Children with ADHD tend to have problems with peer relationships.
D)Individuals usually grow out of ADHD by young adulthood.

Question 74

School-age children classified as learning disabled

A)are usually suffering from other conditions (e.g., sensory impairment).
B)have normal intelligence.
C)must not be getting adequate academic instruction.
D)make up about 1 percent of all North American school-age children.

Question 75

Peter has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He is probably more likely than other children to

A)interrupt others who are speaking.
B)be unable to concentrate on schoolwork.
C)be fidgety.
D)all of the above

Question 76

In general, psychologists may have a _____ developmental issues of spirituality and religion.

A)disinterest in
B)lack of training or knowledge about
C)no awareness of
D)high degree of interest in.

Question 77

Three-year-old Sadie understands very well what people are saying to her but she is not always effective in conveying her thoughts to others. In other words, Sadie's _______ language ability exceeds her _______ language ability.

A)receptive; expressive
B)expressive; receptive
C)responsive; comprehensive
D)comprehensive; responsive

Question 78

Although he demonstrates below-average intelligence, Warren has the daily living skills needed to live, work, and play in the community. It can be said that Warren has a reasonably high level of

A)cognitive ability.
B)adaptive behaviour.
C)flexible behaviour.
D)intellectual skills.

Question 79

The lack of discussion in psychology textbooks about religious and spiritual development could be due to

A)a general lack of research on the topic.
B)professional disinterest.
C)the impossibility of studying the topic.
D)lack of interest in the public.

Question 80

Psychology textbooks _____ cover spiritual and religious development.

A)universally.
B)frequently.
C)commonly.
D)rarely.