Question 1

Genetic testing reveals that a client has a heterozygous mutation in a gene related to cancer development.The client is 60 years old and has not developed cancer.How should the nurse interpret this situation?

A)The client will likely develop cancer if he or she lives long enough.
B)The mutation was not strong enough to increase cancer risk.
C)A second,random mutation has not occurred.
D)The client will likely remain cancer free.

Accepted Answer

The heterozygous mutation alone does not necessarily increase the risk of cancer development. A second, random mutation in the same gene or another gene related to cancer development would be necessary for the client to develop cancer. Therefore, the fact that the client has not developed cancer at 60 years old suggests that a second random mutation has not occurred yet. However, the client should continue to be monitored for cancer development and take appropriate measures to reduce their risk.

Question 2

A client is scheduled for genetic testing for the presence of oncogenes.Which client statement would the nurse interpret an indicating that more education is needed regarding this testing?&#10;A)&#34;Oncogenes support the development of proto-oncogenes that initiate tumor growth.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;The test is looking for a factor that could be causing my cancer to grow.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;The results of this test may help my health care team choose which medications I should take.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;This test may help my health care team find out why the medication I have been taking is not killing my cancer cells.&#34;

Accepted Answer

Oncogenes are actually mutated forms of proto-oncogenes, which are genes that normally help cells grow. When proto-oncogenes mutate into oncogenes, they can promote cancer cell growth rather than normal cell growth. The client's statement in choice A indicates a misunderstanding of the relationship between oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, suggesting more education is needed.

Question 3

Which assessment findings would the nurse interpret as suggesting a predisposition for inherited forms of cancer?&#10;A)A client was diagnosed with ovarian cancer at the age of 27.&#10;B)A client has malignant masses in both breasts.&#10;C)A client with colon cancer reports that his father and grandfather also had the disease.&#10;D)A client diagnosed with lung cancer reports never smoking cigarettes.&#10;E)A client diagnosed with laryngeal cancer reports that she is a member of an alcoholics' support group.

Accepted Answer

- A client diagnosed with ovarian cancer at a young age (27) suggests a possible genetic predisposition, as early onset of cancer is often linked to inherited genetic mutations.- A client with malignant masses in both breasts may indicate a hereditary breast cancer syndrome, such as mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.- A client with a family history of colon cancer, especially across multiple generations, suggests a hereditary condition like Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), which significantly increases the risk of developing colon cancer.

Question 4

The nurse would interpret which statement as accurately describing the relationship between the epigenetic state of a cell and its genome?&#10;A)The genome's environment directly impacts the strength of the epigenetic state.&#10;B)Environmental changes to the epigenome will influence genes.&#10;C)The genome protects the epigenome from influences of such things as nutrition,drugs,and diseases.&#10;D)Research has failed to distinguish a relationship between these two factors.

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic changes can be influenced by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins. These changes can then affect the expression of genes. While the genome provides the blueprint for an organism's genetic information, it can be modulated by epigenetic marks.

Question 5

A client has been prescribed nilotinib (Tasigna)for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.The nurse should give the client which instructions?&#10;A)&#34;Take this medication in the morning,on an empty stomach,with a glass of citrus juice such as orange juice or grapefruit juice.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;You will also be prescribed the antibiotic ciprofloxin,as nilotinib increases your risk for developing respiratory infections.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;You should return to the clinic in 7 days for an ECG.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;You can take this drug without concern as to whether or what you have eaten.&#34;

Accepted Answer

Nilotinib has been associated with QT prolongation, which can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. An ECG is recommended to monitor for this potential side effect.

Question 6

A 35-year-old client is diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).He says,"My mom died from colon cancer and I don't want to have the same thing happen to me." What should the nurse consider in formulating a response to this statement?

A)The client's lifetime risk for colorectal cancer exceeds 75%.
B)Testing to identify if the disease is genetic or environmental will be done before a prognosis is made.
C)Because the client is still young,cancer is likely years in the future.
D)Clients with FAP are treated primarily with chemotherapeutic drugs even if cancer is not noted.

Accepted Answer

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that results in the formation of hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum. If left untreated, individuals with FAP have a lifetime risk of colorectal cancer that exceeds 75%. Therefore, the nurse should consider this information when responding to the client's statement. Testing to identify if the disease is genetic or environmental may be done, but the client has already mentioned that their mother had colon cancer, indicating a possible genetic component. Assuming that cancer is years in the future because the client is still young is not an appropriate response, as FAP is a high-risk condition that requires close monitoring and interventions. Treatment for clients with FAP varies and may include surgery, surveillance colonoscopies, and chemopreventive agents, but there is no evidence to support chemotherapeutic drugs as the primary treatment for clients with FAP.

Question 7

What information should the nurse provide to the client who asks about the use of a genetic test advertised on the Internet?&#10;A)&#34;Genetic testing is not available to the public,so those ads must be a hoax.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;There are concerns about how reliable these tests are and about the validity of the results.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;Genetic testing should include counseling or guidance about the results.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;These tests will be cost prohibitive for many years into the future.&#34;&#10;E)&#34;The test results are not very helpful if they aren't discussed in the context of your health history and other findings.&#34;

Accepted Answer

B) There are legitimate concerns about the reliability and validity of direct-to-consumer genetic tests. C) Genetic testing should ideally include professional counseling to help interpret the results and understand their implications. E) Discussing test results in the context of an individual's overall health history and other medical findings is crucial for meaningful interpretation.

Question 8

A client has been prescribed a regimen with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azacitidine (Vidaza).How should the nurse best explain the action of this drug?&#10;A)&#34;This drug will kill cancer cells.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;This drug is designed to boost your immunity,thereby helping you to fight off the cancer cells more effectively.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;This drug will help to restore your body's natural ability to suppress cancer cells.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;This drug acts to tighten histones.&#34;

Accepted Answer

Azacitidine works as a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor which interrupts the methylation process of DNA, to reactivate the tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, this drug will help to restore the patient's body's natural ability to suppress cancer cells.

Question 9

An RN who holds a bachelor's degree in nursing would like to become a genetic clinical nurse.Which activities should the nurse pursue?&#10;A)Enroll in an education program leading to a master's degree in nursing.&#10;B)Apply to the Genetic Nursing Credentialing Commission.&#10;C)Seek employment in a setting where work is focused on genetics.&#10;D)Document extensive case experience.&#10;E)Apply for membership in the Oncology Nursing Society.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An RN who holds a bachelor's degree...

Question 10

The nurse is presenting information related to the hallmark capabilities of cancer to a group of new nurses on an oncology unit.What information should the nurse present?&#10;A)Cancer cells do not follow the same growth patterns as normal cells.&#10;B)Cancer cells can live much longer than normal cells.&#10;C)Cancer cells can cause new blood vessels to grow.&#10;D)The change of a normal cell to a cancerous cell follows a simple and predictable model.&#10;E)Normal immune surveillance can be ineffective against cancer cells.

Accepted Answer

The hallmark capabilities of cancer include abnormal growth patterns, increased longevity, angiogenesis (the creation of new blood vessels), and ability to evade immune surveillance. Choice D is incorrect because the change from a normal cell to a cancerous cell is complex and not fully understood.

Question 11

A client states,&#34;I have been told that my cancer started because of cell mutation.I've also been told that everyone has cell mutations that occur every day.Why doesn't everyone develop cancer?&#34; What should the nurse include in a response to this question?&#10;A)&#34;Some people have stronger immune systems than others.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;Some mutations also occur in genes that prevent the development of cancer.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;Some genes work to keep damaged cells from reproducing.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;Some genes work to repair any DNA changes that occur.&#34;&#10;E)&#34;Some genes control the environment in which cells are found.&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A client states,&#34;I have been told that...

Question 12

Genetic testing reveals that a client has a heterozygous mutation in a gene related to cancer development.The client is 60 years old and has not developed cancer.How should the nurse interpret this situation?

A)The client will likely develop cancer if he or she lives long enough.
B)The mutation was not strong enough to increase cancer risk.
C)A second,random mutation has not occurred.
D)The client will likely remain cancer free.

A second,random mutation has not occurred.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genetic testing reveals that a client has...

Question 13

A client has been prescribed a drug that specifically targets her cancer's proteins and pathways.How should the nurse explain the benefits of this drug?&#10;A)&#34;This drug will be much safer to take than drugs that do not specifically target your cancer.&#34;&#10;B)&#34;There will be fewer adverse effects from this drug.&#34;&#10;C)&#34;This drug is designed to kill only abnormal cells.&#34;&#10;D)&#34;This drug is less expensive than other chemotherapeutic drugs.&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A client has been prescribed a drug...

Question 14

A nurse researcher is interested in the theory that stem cells are related to cancer development.Which factors would the researcher consider when planning a study?&#10;A)The role of stem cells would be novel research in the field of cancer development.&#10;B)Cancer stem cells are short-lived and therefore expensive to study.&#10;C)The effects of cancer stem cells are likely limited to initiation of tumor growth.&#10;D)Current research includes methods of differentiating cancer stem cells from normal stem cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A nurse researcher is interested in the...

Deck 16: Cancer Genetics