Deck 10: D: Lifespan Development

Question 1

Adjusting behaviour or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called _______.

A)schema
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)structure

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Piaget,the stage of cognitive development between two and seven years of age,in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe,remember,and reason about the world,though only in an egocentric fashion,is the __________ stage.

A)concrete operations
B)preoperational
C)sensorimotor
D)formal operations

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Piaget,children learn to retrace their thoughts,correct themselves,see more than one dimension to a problem,but cannot yet handle abstract concepts during the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 5

Harlow's studies with young monkeys showed

A)that monkeys prefer soft mothers over food.
B)that monkeys prefer the mother who provides food regardless of other factors.
C)that monkeys prefer a wire mother in stressful situations.
D)none of the above

Question 6

The description and explanation of behavioural changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called _________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the lifespan development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 7

The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is __________.

A)voice change
B)intellectual growth
C)puberty
D)emotional upheaval

Question 8

Tracy is nine months.She is growing and changing so quickly it is difficult for her parents to keep up with all the things she is learning.Her parents have lately noticed that Tracy is spending more and more time and energy trying to do things for herself.This is a sign she is beginning to develop ___________________.

A)self-recognition
B)self-attention
C)a sense of attachment
D)a sense of self-awareness

Question 9

From the second week until the third month after conception,the developing organism is called a(n)__________.

A)neonate
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)embryo

Question 10

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 11

The strange situation procedure,in which researchers unobtrusively watch an infant in the presence or absence of several combinations of the child,caretaker,and stranger,is used to study _________.

A)social smiling
B)attachment
C)identification
D)dependence and independence

Question 12

The emotional bond formed during the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caretakers is called __________.

A)attachment
B)intimacy
C)socialization
D)imprinting

Question 13

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________.

A)longitudinal method
B)correlational method
C)cross-sectional method
D)case study method

Question 14

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of milk,she poured it all into a smaller cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the __________ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 15

The tendency for young children to seek closeness to certain people is called ________.

A)caretaking
B)affiliation
C)social affinity
D)attachment

Question 16

The __________ roughly resembles a human being.

A)zygote
B)fetus
C)embryo
D)placenta

Question 17

A group of psychologists studies how adults change and grow,both psychologically and physiologically,as they age.These psychologists are most like ___________.

A)personality psychologists
B)social psychologists
C)organizational psychologists
D)developmental psychologists

Question 18

In Harlow's studies with young monkeys,the monkeys were exposed to a wire mother with a bottle and a cloth mother without a bottle.The young monkeys spent their non-feeding time

A)with the wire mother.
B)with both mothers equally.
C)with the cloth mother.
D)away from both mothers.

Question 19

The drug most abused by pregnant women is __________.

A)nicotine
B)marijuana
C)cocaine
D)alcohol

Question 20

According to Piaget,children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 21

The adage "Out of sight,out of mind" is most accurately applied to the early part of the _______ stage of development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 22

Which of the following theorists believe that people go through stages,each of which has a "crisis" associated with it?

A)Bandura
B)Kohlberg
C)Piaget
D)Erikson

Question 23

Which of the following states has as a main theme the ability to consider many possible solutions to a problem and the ability to systematically test those possibilities?

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 24

Jeff is 13 years old and he has recently noticed some remarkable changes in himself.Over the past few months his voice has started to change,growing deeper.He has begun to grow pubic hair,as well as the beginnings of a facial beard.He is also filling out,with his muscles developing rapidly.These changes in Jeff are probably due to the action of the _____________.

A)gonads
B)thyroid gland
C)pineal gland
D)adrenal gland

Question 25

The belief that one is the centre of the world is called by Piaget:

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)self-centring.
D)centrismic thinking.

Question 26

A characteristic that first shows up in the concrete operations stage is _______.

A)irreversibility
B)abstract thinking
C)egocentrism
D)logical thinking

Question 27

Based on Piagetian theory,which of the following relationships is NOT correct?

A)concrete operations-have attained conservation
B)preoperational-animism
C)formal operations-egocentrism
D)sensorimotor-developing object permanence

Question 28

According to Erikson,the last stage of development involves the crisis of

A)identity vs.role confusion
B)generativity vs.stagnation
C)autonomy vs.doubt
D)ego-integrity vs.despair

Question 29

How did Erikson identify the conflict experienced in old age?

A)industry vs.inferiority
B)intimacy vs.isolation
C)generativity vs.stagnation
D)integrity vs.despair

Question 30

Piaget's stage theory assumes that

A)all children pass through certain stages at a specified age.
B)all children pass through a series of 6 stages.
C)all children pass through stages in the same order.
D)children often skip some of the stages.

Question 31

In which stage of cognitive development does the conservation concept first appear?

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 32

According to Piaget,what are the ages for the formal operational stage?

A)birth to age two
B)age two to seven
C)age seven to eleven
D)beyond age eleven or twelve

Question 33

Suppose that you show a small boy two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size,shape,and weight).You ask him if the two bars are the same,and he says,"Yes." You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches.You are surprised when he now asks if he can have the cut up fudge because it has more candy than the intact bar.This episode illustrates that the youngster

A)probably is retarded.
B)lacks the concept of object permanence.
C)is in the preoperational stage.
D)is in the concrete operational stage.

Question 34

Most ten- and eleven-year-olds are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as __________.

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operational

Question 35

The major turning point in most adults' lives is __________.

A)getting their first job
B)buying their first house
C)dealing with aging parents
D)having and raising children

Question 36

If a child can tell you what Y is equal to when you give her the equation X = Y + 10,then she is in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 37

_______ is most famous for his theory that all children go through a series of sequential intellectual stages.

A)Ainsworth
B)Bowlby
C)Gesell
D)Piaget

Question 38

Piaget attributed cognitive development to the interaction of what two processes?

A)assimilation and accommodation
B)assimilation and egocentric thinking
C)egocentric thinking and conservation
D)conservation and accommodation

Question 39

Erik Erikson found that each stage in personality development has a particular _______.

A)crisis
B)conflict
C)identity
D)anxiety

Question 40

What event marks the end of the Piagetian stage of sensorimotor development?

A)the ability to do abstract thinking
B)the ability to do reversible thinking
C)the development of conservation
D)the development of object permanence

Question 41

A child thinks that the day turns to night just so that he can go to sleep at bedtime.Which term best characterizes this behaviour?

A)egocentrism
B)conservation
C)deferred imitation
D)assimilation

Question 42

The period of life when a person is transformed from a child to an adult is __________.

A)puberty
B)menarche
C)maturation
D)adolescence

Question 43

Older people who were often labelled as "senile" in the past were most likely suffering from __________.

A)normal aging
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 44

Three-year-old Nick agrees to trade his dime for a nickel because the nickel is bigger.Which stage of cognitive development is being characterized?

A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 45

A child learns that his father is called "Daddy." The next day,he calls his uncle "Daddy." Which term best captures this behaviour?

A)assimilation
B)accommodation
C)equilibration
D)egocentrism

Question 46

As children approach their teen years,contact with _______ becomes more important in their development.

A)peers
B)parents
C)teachers
D)adults

Question 47

A developmental psychologist is interested in the trait of neuroticism and wants to study how the trait develops over a particular person's lifespan.Which term best characterizes this type of study?

A)longitudinal
B)developmental
C)cross-developmental
D)cross-sectional

Question 48

A child talks to herself as she draws a picture.How would Vygotsky most likely interpret this behaviour?

A)as a sign that she is an auditory learner
B)as an indication that she has an imaginary friend
C)as evidence of egocentrism
D)as a sign of her cognitive developmental process

Question 49

A child and her mother are walking through an aquarium.The child knows there are such things as fish,but has never seen a starfish before.Upon seeing one,she says "See the fishie."Which term best explains the child's comment?

A)assimilation
B)accommodation
C)egocentrism
D)equilibration

Question 50

Research indicates that onset of puberty _______________.

A)has remained relatively unchanged for several centuries
B)is occurring at later ages than ever before in developed countries
C)is occurring at earlier ages than ever before in developed countries
D)is less important to teenagers today than it has been historically

Question 51

A developmental psychologist presents the conservation-of-liquid task to groups of three-,five-,and seven-year-olds to measure the children's grasp of the concept of conservation.Which type of study is being described?

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)case
D)naturalistic

Question 52

Generativity or stagnation are two feelings that may dominate a person's life during

A)middle adulthood.
B)young adulthood.
C)late adulthood.
D)the period after he is told that he has a terminal illness.

Question 53

A gradual and inevitable decline in the life processes begins in __________.

A)adolescence
B)young adulthood
C)middle age
D)old age

Question 54

Linda adopted a 1-week-old baby named Ben.Over the course of a few years,Linda observed the following symptoms in Ben despite her attempts to provide him with a healthy environment: His physical growth was stunted,his eyes and mouth looked abnormal,and he had trouble keeping up intellectually with the other children in his kindergarten class.What substance was Ben likely exposed to in utero?

A)nicotine
B)cocaine
C)alcohol
D)tetracycline

Question 55

The cessation of menstruation is called __________.

A)menopause
B)endometriosis
C)menarche
D)the climacteric

Question 56

According to Erikson,a sense of producing and contributing to the world is called _______.

A)generativity
B)self-actualization
C)maturation
D)worthiness

Question 57

Which of the following reflexes are related to feeding?

A)rooting only
B)sucking and swallowing only
C)sucking and rooting only
D)sucking,rooting,and swallowing

Question 58

Before puberty,males do not produce sperm,even though their genitals are physically equivalent to a man's.This illustrates which of the following?

A)empiricism
B)behaviourism
C)humanism
D)maturation

Question 59

Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of __________ development.

A)cognitive
B)social
C)moral
D)emotional

Question 60

When Angela plays the game "peekaboo!" with her infant,Michael,he cries every time,thinking his mom has disappeared.Which concept has Michael yet to develop?

A)conservation
B)object permanence
C)symbolic thought
D)assimilation

Question 61

Which infant is most likely to have the fastest motor development?

A)an infant born in Peru
B)an infant born in Jamaica
C)an infant born in northern Canada to an Inuit family
D)an infant born in England

Question 62

Nathan is trying to build a castle out of building blocks.At his current stage of cognitive development,he is unable to successfully construct this himself,but is receptive to learning the skill with the assistance of others.Which term proposed by Vygotsky best captures Nathan's developmental stage?

A)scaffolding stage
B)concrete operations
C)formal operations
D)zone of proximal development

Question 63

What does research on the achievement of motor milestones in infants suggest?

A)Motor development is primarily biological and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures.
B)Motor development is dependent on physical maturation,which is guided by biological changes.
C)Motor development is largely an environmental process that is occasionally limited by physiological constraints.
D)Motor development is heavily influenced by parenting styles and culture.

Question 64

In which way do most contemporary theories of cognitive development differ from Piagetian theory?

A)Learning is constructivist in nature.
B)Learning is gradual rather than stagelike.
C)Learning is based on general domains.
D)Learning is a function of acquired knowledge.

Question 65

Researchers are testing three groups of children aged 2½,3½,and 4½ years of age.Which test should be administered to determine if these children have attained theory of mind?

A)conservation
B)object permanence
C)self-concept
D)false belief

Question 66

Five-year-old Tammy mistakenly believes that her short,wide glass contains less soda than her brother's tall,narrow glass.Actually,both glasses contain the same amount of soda.This illustrates that Tammy lacks the concept of

A)conservation.
B)egocentrism.
C)assimilation.
D)object permanence.

Question 67

The first time that four-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute,she thought it was simply a large whistle.Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of

A)assimilation.
B)egocentrism.
C)conservation.
D)accommodation.

Question 68

Three-year-old Zara calls all four-legged animals "kitties." Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of

A)conservation.
B)assimilation.
C)accommodation.
D)egocentrism.
E)attachment.

Question 69

What did Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys in the 1950s demonstrate about attachment?

A)It is associated with the sustenance supplied by mothers.
B)It is not determined by nourishment or comfort as monkeys did not bond to either surrogate.
C)It is dependent upon biological relations as the greatest bonding occurred in mother-infant pairs.
D)It is associated with contact comfort rather than with nourishment.

Question 70

Fred has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several times.Erikson would have suggested that Fred lacks

A)identity.
B)initiative.
C)trust.
D)competence.

Question 71

A mother leaves her baby with a babysitter.When the mother returns one hour later,the baby crawls to the mother crying,but then pushes her away when the mother tries to offer comfort.Which type of attachment is being characterized?

A)secure
B)resistant
C)avoidant
D)disoriented

Question 72

Which behaviour most clearly demonstrates the existence of emotional attachment?

A)delayed crawling
B)a mother feeding her child
C)egocentrism
D)stranger anxiety