Question 1

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;It is challenging to conclusively demonstrate the effectiveness of treatments for psychological disorders.Although treatments may appear to work,their apparent effectiveness could be due to a number of other factors,termed treatment illusions.Treatments may appear effective due to natural improvement unrelated to the treatment,placebo effects in which the apparent effectiveness of a treatment is due to the expectancy of its effectiveness,and reconstructive memory in which persons remember their symptoms prior to treatment as more severe than they were.&#10;(Scenario II)The treatment illusion of reconstructive memory is MOST related to which &#34;sin&#34; of memory?&#10;A)transience&#10;B)persistence&#10;C)change bias&#10;D)memory misattribution

Accepted Answer

Reconstructive memory, where individuals remember their symptoms as more severe than they actually were before treatment, is most closely related to change bias. This bias involves the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past, which aligns with the concept of reconstructively remembering symptoms as worse than they were.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;It is challenging to conclusively demonstrate the effectiveness of treatments for psychological disorders.Although treatments may appear to work,their apparent effectiveness could be due to a number of other factors,termed treatment illusions.Treatments may appear effective due to natural improvement unrelated to the treatment,placebo effects in which the apparent effectiveness of a treatment is due to the expectancy of its effectiveness,and reconstructive memory in which persons remember their symptoms prior to treatment as more severe than they were.&#10;(Scenario II)An introductory psychology student accepts the facts that medications can improve the symptoms of some psychological disorders but thinks that most forms of psychotherapy are effective only because &#34;it's all in the patient's head.&#34; In defense of the effectiveness of psychotherapy,a clinical psychologist would NOT make the point that:&#10;A)psychotherapy has been shown to produce clinical improvements that are greater than placebo levels.&#10;B)for a number of disorders,psychotherapy has been shown to be more effective than is pharmacotherapy.&#10;C)effective psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for a particular disorder activate similar brain regions.&#10;D)psychotherapies are carefully administered such that placebo effects are minimal.

Accepted Answer

The clinical psychologist would not make the point that psychotherapies are carefully administered such that placebo effects are minimal. While this may be true, it does not directly refute the introductory psychology student's belief that psychotherapy is only effective because it is "all in the patient's head." Choices A, B, and C suggest that psychotherapy is effective for treating psychological disorders and provide evidence to support this claim.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Some common psychotherapies are psychoanalysis,person-centered therapy,behavioral therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Through techniques such as free-association,analysis of dreams and slips,interpretation,and analysis of resistance,psychoanalysts attempt to bring the unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into the consciousness where it can be effectively resolved.At the core of person-centered therapies is the belief that all individuals have an innate tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist.Treatment is usually nondirective,as therapists believe individuals themselves are best qualified to set their own treatment goals.Behavior therapies,on the other hand,can be highly structured and assume that a learning component contributes to many psychological disorders.Principles of classical conditioning,such as extinction,can be used to eliminate unwanted emotional responses to specific objects or situations.Principles of operant conditioning,such as positive reinforcement,can be used to establish more desirable behaviors.Cognitive therapies also are structured and systematically examine and correct the distorted thinking that gives rise to many psychological disorders.Finally,cognitive behaviorial therapy (CBT)is a problem-focused combination of cognitive and behavior therapies that has shown to be effective at treating a wide range of psychological disorders.&#10;(Scenario I)Which distinction between CBT and traditional psychoanalysis is NOT correct?&#10;A)CBT is more problem focused than is psychoanalysis.&#10;B)CBT requires a longer time commitment than does psychoanalysis.&#10;C)CBT is more transparent than is psychoanalysis.&#10;D)CBT requires that clients do things outside of the therapy session.

Accepted Answer

The distinction that CBT requires a longer time commitment than psychoanalysis is not correct. In fact, traditional psychoanalysis typically requires a much longer time commitment than CBT.

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;It is challenging to conclusively demonstrate the effectiveness of treatments for psychological disorders.Although treatments may appear to work,their apparent effectiveness could be due to a number of other factors,termed treatment illusions.Treatments may appear effective due to natural improvement unrelated to the treatment,placebo effects in which the apparent effectiveness of a treatment is due to the expectancy of its effectiveness,and reconstructive memory in which persons remember their symptoms prior to treatment as more severe than they were.&#10;(Scenario II)Treatment for which of these psychological disorders is MOST susceptible to the treatment illusion of natural improvement?&#10;A)major depressive disorder&#10;B)schizophrenia&#10;C)obsessive-compulsive disorder&#10;D)autism spectrum disorder

Accepted Answer

Natural improvement, unrelated to treatment, is common in major depressive disorder, making it the most susceptible to the treatment illusion of natural improvement.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Some common psychotherapies are psychoanalysis,person-centered therapy,behavioral therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Through techniques such as free-association,analysis of dreams and slips,interpretation,and analysis of resistance,psychoanalysts attempt to bring the unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into the consciousness where it can be effectively resolved.At the core of person-centered therapies is the belief that all individuals have an innate tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist.Treatment is usually nondirective,as therapists believe individuals themselves are best qualified to set their own treatment goals.Behavior therapies,on the other hand,can be highly structured and assume that a learning component contributes to many psychological disorders.Principles of classical conditioning,such as extinction,can be used to eliminate unwanted emotional responses to specific objects or situations.Principles of operant conditioning,such as positive reinforcement,can be used to establish more desirable behaviors.Cognitive therapies also are structured and systematically examine and correct the distorted thinking that gives rise to many psychological disorders.Finally,cognitive behaviorial therapy (CBT)is a problem-focused combination of cognitive and behavior therapies that has shown to be effective at treating a wide range of psychological disorders.&#10;(Scenario I)The goal of _____ is to _____.&#10;A)CBT;restructure the mind&#10;B)psychoanalysis;foster self-actualization&#10;C)psychoanalysis;develop insight&#10;D)person-centered therapy;solve specific problems

Accepted Answer

The goal of psychoanalysis is to develop insight, which involves bringing unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into consciousness where they can be resolved effectively.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Some common psychotherapies are psychoanalysis,person-centered therapy,behavioral therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Through techniques such as free-association,analysis of dreams and slips,interpretation,and analysis of resistance,psychoanalysts attempt to bring the unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into the consciousness where it can be effectively resolved.At the core of person-centered therapies is the belief that all individuals have an innate tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist.Treatment is usually nondirective,as therapists believe individuals themselves are best qualified to set their own treatment goals.Behavior therapies,on the other hand,can be highly structured and assume that a learning component contributes to many psychological disorders.Principles of classical conditioning,such as extinction,can be used to eliminate unwanted emotional responses to specific objects or situations.Principles of operant conditioning,such as positive reinforcement,can be used to establish more desirable behaviors.Cognitive therapies also are structured and systematically examine and correct the distorted thinking that gives rise to many psychological disorders.Finally,cognitive behaviorial therapy (CBT)is a problem-focused combination of cognitive and behavior therapies that has shown to be effective at treating a wide range of psychological disorders.&#10;(Scenario I)A man in therapy for depression reveals that he feels worthless and inadequate in the presence of women.A behavioral psychologist might:&#10;A)accept that feeling in an emphatic way and gently ask what kind of feelings he would like to experience around women.&#10;B)ask an open question about his relationships with women in his childhood.&#10;C)assign the client homework in which he must attend a singles event and initiate conversation with at least three women.&#10;D)challenge the statement by pointing out that,simply by probability,there must be many single women who would find him attractive and interesting.

Accepted Answer

A behavioral psychologist would likely use a structured approach to address the client's specific behavior related to feeling worthless and inadequate around women. Assigning homework to attend a singles event and initiate conversation with women would be an example of a behavior therapy technique aimed at changing the client's behavior in a specific situation. The other choices - accepting the feeling, asking about childhood relationships with women, or challenging the statement - may be more appropriate for other types of therapy, but would not address the specific behavioral aspect of the client's problem.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Some common psychotherapies are psychoanalysis,person-centered therapy,behavioral therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Through techniques such as free-association,analysis of dreams and slips,interpretation,and analysis of resistance,psychoanalysts attempt to bring the unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into the consciousness where it can be effectively resolved.At the core of person-centered therapies is the belief that all individuals have an innate tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist.Treatment is usually nondirective,as therapists believe individuals themselves are best qualified to set their own treatment goals.Behavior therapies,on the other hand,can be highly structured and assume that a learning component contributes to many psychological disorders.Principles of classical conditioning,such as extinction,can be used to eliminate unwanted emotional responses to specific objects or situations.Principles of operant conditioning,such as positive reinforcement,can be used to establish more desirable behaviors.Cognitive therapies also are structured and systematically examine and correct the distorted thinking that gives rise to many psychological disorders.Finally,cognitive behaviorial therapy (CBT)is a problem-focused combination of cognitive and behavior therapies that has shown to be effective at treating a wide range of psychological disorders.&#10;(Scenario I)Person-centered therapies are associated with which school of psychology?&#10;A)evolutionary&#10;B)humanistic&#10;C)functionalism&#10;D)psychodynamic

Accepted Answer

Person-centered therapies are associated with the humanistic school of psychology, which emphasizes the individual's subjective experience, free will, and self-actualization.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Some common psychotherapies are psychoanalysis,person-centered therapy,behavioral therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Through techniques such as free-association,analysis of dreams and slips,interpretation,and analysis of resistance,psychoanalysts attempt to bring the unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into the consciousness where it can be effectively resolved.At the core of person-centered therapies is the belief that all individuals have an innate tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist.Treatment is usually nondirective,as therapists believe individuals themselves are best qualified to set their own treatment goals.Behavior therapies,on the other hand,can be highly structured and assume that a learning component contributes to many psychological disorders.Principles of classical conditioning,such as extinction,can be used to eliminate unwanted emotional responses to specific objects or situations.Principles of operant conditioning,such as positive reinforcement,can be used to establish more desirable behaviors.Cognitive therapies also are structured and systematically examine and correct the distorted thinking that gives rise to many psychological disorders.Finally,cognitive behaviorial therapy (CBT)is a problem-focused combination of cognitive and behavior therapies that has shown to be effective at treating a wide range of psychological disorders.&#10;(Scenario I)A man in therapy for depression reveals that he feels worthless and inadequate in the presence of women.A cognitive psychologist might:&#10;A)accept that feeling in an emphatic way and gently ask what kind of feelings he would like to experience around women.&#10;B)ask an open question about his relationships with women in his childhood.&#10;C)assign the client homework in which he must attend a singles event and initiate conversation with at least three women.&#10;D)challenge the statement by pointing out that,simply by probability,there must be many single women who would find him attractive and interesting.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive psychologist would challenge the negative and distorted thinking by pointing out that the client's belief is not based on evidence or probability. The therapist would also work on correcting the client's thinking patterns through cognitive therapy techniques. Option A is more aligned with person-centered therapy, option B is more aligned with psychoanalysis, and option C is more aligned with behavioral therapy.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Some common psychotherapies are psychoanalysis,person-centered therapy,behavioral therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Through techniques such as free-association,analysis of dreams and slips,interpretation,and analysis of resistance,psychoanalysts attempt to bring the unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into the consciousness where it can be effectively resolved.At the core of person-centered therapies is the belief that all individuals have an innate tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist.Treatment is usually nondirective,as therapists believe individuals themselves are best qualified to set their own treatment goals.Behavior therapies,on the other hand,can be highly structured and assume that a learning component contributes to many psychological disorders.Principles of classical conditioning,such as extinction,can be used to eliminate unwanted emotional responses to specific objects or situations.Principles of operant conditioning,such as positive reinforcement,can be used to establish more desirable behaviors.Cognitive therapies also are structured and systematically examine and correct the distorted thinking that gives rise to many psychological disorders.Finally,cognitive behaviorial therapy (CBT)is a problem-focused combination of cognitive and behavior therapies that has shown to be effective at treating a wide range of psychological disorders.&#10;(Scenario I)Which technique underlies the others in psychoanalysis?&#10;A)interpretation&#10;B)free association&#10;C)dream analysis&#10;D)analysis of resistance

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario...

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Some common psychotherapies are psychoanalysis,person-centered therapy,behavioral therapy,and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Through techniques such as free-association,analysis of dreams and slips,interpretation,and analysis of resistance,psychoanalysts attempt to bring the unconscious forces responsible for the disorder into the consciousness where it can be effectively resolved.At the core of person-centered therapies is the belief that all individuals have an innate tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist.Treatment is usually nondirective,as therapists believe individuals themselves are best qualified to set their own treatment goals.Behavior therapies,on the other hand,can be highly structured and assume that a learning component contributes to many psychological disorders.Principles of classical conditioning,such as extinction,can be used to eliminate unwanted emotional responses to specific objects or situations.Principles of operant conditioning,such as positive reinforcement,can be used to establish more desirable behaviors.Cognitive therapies also are structured and systematically examine and correct the distorted thinking that gives rise to many psychological disorders.Finally,cognitive behaviorial therapy (CBT)is a problem-focused combination of cognitive and behavior therapies that has shown to be effective at treating a wide range of psychological disorders.&#10;(Scenario I)A woman in therapy for substance abuse disorder for alcohol reveals that she drinks 5 to six 6 a week and consumes over a bottle of wine per drinking day.After establishing that the client was not physically dependent on alcohol and thus in need of immediate medical attention,a person-centered psychologist might:&#10;A)ask the client to talk about her childhood insecurities.&#10;B)express concern about her drinking,emphasize that she has taken a courageous first step,and ask her how much of a decrease in alcohol consumption would be right for her.&#10;C)inquire about the reasons for her drinking and then systematically challenge the validity of those reasons.&#10;D)require the client give a trusted friend a thousand dollars that she can earn back $20 at a time with random Breathalyzer checks that detect no alcohol.

Accepted Answer

Person-centered psychologists believe in facilitating growth through acceptance and genuine reactions by the therapist. Therefore, in this scenario, the psychologist might show concern about the client's drinking, acknowledge her courage in seeking help, and ask her how much of a decrease in alcohol consumption would be right for her. This approach would be nondirective and allow the client to set her own treatment goals. Option A focuses on childhood insecurities, which may not be relevant to the current issue at hand. Option C involves challenging the validity of the reasons for drinking, which is more in line with cognitive therapy. Option D involves a behavioral technique where the client is given a consequence for not meeting a specific goal, but this may not be appropriate in this scenario as it is not a common technique used in person-centered therapy.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;It is challenging to conclusively demonstrate the effectiveness of treatments for psychological disorders.Although treatments may appear to work,their apparent effectiveness could be due to a number of other factors,termed treatment illusions.Treatments may appear effective due to natural improvement unrelated to the treatment,placebo effects in which the apparent effectiveness of a treatment is due to the expectancy of its effectiveness,and reconstructive memory in which persons remember their symptoms prior to treatment as more severe than they were.&#10;(Scenario II)A research psychiatrist is studying the effectiveness of a new drug to treat insomnia.Patients with the disorder are studied in a sleep laboratory for 1 week before the study begins,and the time to fall asleep and the amount of time in each stage of sleep is recorded.Then they are given the experimental drug each evening and studied in the sleep laboratory for another week.At the end of the study,symptoms of insomnia lessened considerably.The results would show that the apparent effectiveness of the treatment could NOT be due to:&#10;A)natural improvement.&#10;B)effects of reconstructive memory.&#10;C)placebo effects.&#10;D)the treatment was effective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario...

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;It is challenging to conclusively demonstrate the effectiveness of treatments for psychological disorders.Although treatments may appear to work,their apparent effectiveness could be due to a number of other factors,termed treatment illusions.Treatments may appear effective due to natural improvement unrelated to the treatment,placebo effects in which the apparent effectiveness of a treatment is due to the expectancy of its effectiveness,and reconstructive memory in which persons remember their symptoms prior to treatment as more severe than they were.&#10;(Scenario II)A research psychiatrist is studying the effectiveness of a new drug to treat insomnia.Patients with the disorder are studied in a sleep laboratory for one week before the study begins,and the time to fall asleep and the amount of time in each stage of sleep is recorded.Then they are randomly assigned to either the treatment group (which receives a drug)or the placebo group (which receives a placebo pill)and studied in the sleep laboratory for another week.At the end of the study,objective measures improved in both groups but more so in the group that received the treatment.The researcher concludes that the drug is effective at treating insomnia,but a skeptic might wonder if the results are due to natural improvement.The researcher would respond that:&#10;A)insomnia rarely goes away on its own.&#10;B)the study is indeed fatally flawed and a second control group that receives absolutely nothing but is studied over the course of the entire 2 weeks is needed.&#10;C)the meticulous sleep logs kept pre- and post-treatment rule out this possibility.&#10;D)if the treatment effect was due entirely to natural improvement,there would not be an observed difference between the treatment and placebo groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario...

Deck 16: Scenarios