Deck 14: Multiple Choice

Question 1

In which scenario would perceived control over events be the LOWEST?

A)a college student during finals week
B)a person on an extremely crowded 2-hour subway commute
C)a person deciding on whether or not to go on a second date
D)an executive about to deliver a report to the board of directors

Answer 1

a person on an extremely crowded 2-hour subway commute

Question 2

Sarah is interested in psychology as a career choice.In particular,she is interested in the area of psychology concerned with ways in which psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health.MOST likely,Sarah would select _____ as a career choice.

A)stress psychology
B)health psychology
C)biobehavioral medicine
D)biopsychology

Answer 2

health psychology

Question 3

Research on the effects of discrimination on stress shows that being rejected by a member of the same race tends NOT to produce:

A)avoidance.
B)increased cortisol levels.
C)vigilance for danger.
D)shame.

Answer 3

vigilance for danger.

Question 4

Events are perceived as the MOST stressful when:

A)there is associated sympathetic nervous system activation.
B)they are acute and most be dealt with in the moment.
C)they are related to social relationships.
D)no effective action against the stressors can be taken.

Question 5

Stress is to a _____ as a stressor is to a _____.

A)chronic situation;specific event
B)psychological response;physiological response
C)response;stimulus
D)physiological response;psychological response

Question 6

Research on the effects of discrimination on stress shows that being rejected by a member of a different race tends NOT to produce:

A)avoidance.
B)anger.
C)vigilance for danger.
D)higher risk taking.

Question 7

_____ are defined as specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten a person's well-being.

A)Stressors
B)Fight-or-flight stimuli
C)Stresses
D)Anxieties

Question 8

Elements of city life,such as noise,traffic,and pollution,produce:

A)chronic stress.
B)acute stress.
C)biological stressors.
D)psychosomatic illness.

Question 9

_____ conducted research on the relationship between experiencing multiple stressors and the incidence of illness.

A)Cannon and Selye
B)Glass and Singer
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Friedman and Rosenman

Question 10

_____ is defined as the physical and psychological response to internal and external stressors.

A)A psychosomatic disorder
B)A fight-or-flight stimulus
C)Stress
D)Social anxiety

Question 11

Perceived control refers to our ability to _____ stressors.

A)take action against
B)cope with inescapable
C)predict and identify
D)cope with chronic

Question 12

For people in their late 20s,many chronic stressors are linked to:

A)social relationships.
B)getting married.
C)buying a first home.
D)quitting or losing a job.

Question 13

When faced with a stressor,people report that the level of stress is _____ when they perceive that _____.

A)lowest;they cannot control stressful events
B)greatest;they can control stressful events
C)lowest;the stressor is chronic and not acute
D)greatest;they cannot control stressful events

Question 14

For college students,many chronic stressors are linked to:

A)failing an exam.
B)having two exams in the same day.
C)social relationships.
D)concerns about being pregnant.

Question 15

Which stressor would MOST likely cause the greatest damage to your health?

A)seeing a dentist or doctor
B)getting a speeding ticket
C)having two exams on the same day
D)living in a crowded,noisy city

Question 16

One commonality among different types of stressors is that they challenge you to:

A)initiate escape-related behaviors.
B)experience stress.
C)take action to eliminate or overcome it.
D)seek out social support mechanisms.

Question 17

Who is MOST likely to develop an illness in the near future,according to the College Undergraduate Stress Scale?

A)a person whose close friend has died
B)a person arrested for drunk driving
C)a person going on a first date
D)a person falling asleep in class

Question 18

Melanie is studying the effects of urban crowding on the prevalence of anxiety disorders.It is MOST likely that Melanie is a(n)_____ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)environmental
C)social
D)humanistic

Question 19

Who is LEAST likely to develop an illness in the near future,according to the College Undergraduate Stress Scale?

A)a person accused of rape
B)a person who just got married
C)a person going on a first date
D)a person getting into a physical fight

Question 20

In which scenario would perceived control over events be the LOWEST?

A)a young child living in an abusive household
B)a person struggling with the decision to end or continue a romantic relationship
C)a quarterback at the beginning of a championship game
D)a college student who just received a subpar grade on her midterm examination

Question 21

The adrenal glands do NOT release the hormone:

A)cortisol.
B)epinephrine.
C)norepinephrine.
D)ACTH.

Question 22

Which function is NOT one associated with catecholamines?

A)increasing sympathetic nervous system activity
B)increasing parasympathetic nervous system activity
C)increasing heart rate
D)increasing respiration

Question 23

Rats studied by Hans Selye were subjected to various prolonged stressors.A common response in the rats involved:

A)excessive weight gain.
B)an enlarged adrenal cortex.
C)enlarged thymus glands.
D)shrinkage of the stomach.

Question 24

The fight-or-flight syndrome was named by:

A)David Glass.
B)Walter Cannon.
C)Meyer Friedman.
D)Hans Selye.

Question 25

The physiological response profile outlined in the general adaptation syndrome:

A)occurs to acute stressors but not to repeated stressors.
B)is modifiable in type based on the type of stressor encountered.
C)is nonspecific to the type of stressor.
D)is specific to the type of stressor.

Question 26

Robert hears footsteps behind him while walking down a dark street at night.He is fearful and feels his heart pounding.This response is due to the release of _____,which _____ during stressful situations.

A)catecholamines;activate the pituitary gland
B)cortisol;lower blood glucose levels
C)cortisol;induce the release of ACTH from the pineal gland
D)catecholamines;activate the sympathetic nervous system

Question 27

The _____ are the three key organs involved in the HPA axis response to stress.

A)hippocampus,pineal gland,and amygdala
B)hippocampus,parietal lobe,and anterior cingulate gyrus
C)hypothalamus,pituitary gland,and adrenal glands
D)hypothalamus,pineal gland,and amygdala

Question 28

Glass and Singer (1972)exposed participants to bursts of loud noise while they solved puzzles.Some participants were told that they could turn off the noise by pressing a button.Others were not given this option.Glass and Singer found that:

A)loud noise produced dramatic decreases in task performance in both groups.
B)loud noise increased task performance in the group with the escape option.
C)simply having an escape option reduced the disruptiveness of the loud noise.
D)loud noise increased task performance,but only in the group that actively turned it off.

Question 29

Brain activation in response to a threat begins in the:

A)thalamus.
B)hippocampus.
C)cerebellum.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 30

When we encounter a stressor,the adrenal glands release _____ and _____.

A)serotonin;norepinephrine
B)epinephrine;glucose
C)epinephrine;norepinephrine
D)adrenocorticotropic hormone;epinephrine

Question 31

The _____ refers to an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action.

A)Type A behavior pattern
B)general adaptation syndrome
C)fight-or-flight response
D)parasympathetic response

Question 32

Which hormone is NOT considered a stress hormone in the HPA axis?

A)leptin
B)cortisol
C)epinephrine
D)ACTH

Question 33

Which compounds are catecholamines?

A)endorphins and cortisol
B)glutamate and GABA
C)epinephrine and norepinephrine
D)acetylcholine and serotonin

Question 34

Which person is MOST likely to react most strongly to stressful situations?

A)a person with an overactive parasympathetic nervous system
B)a person prone to the placebo effect
C)a person who cannot escape from the situation
D)a person who is a pessimist

Question 35

In response to threat,the hormone _____ is secreted from the _____ gland.

A)leptin;pineal
B)cortisol;pineal
C)insulin;adrenal
D)ACTH;pituitary

Question 36

_____ coined the term general adaptation syndrome.

A)Jerome Singer
B)Walter Cannon
C)Ray Rosenman
D)Hans Selye

Question 37

Rats studied by Hans Selye were subjected to various prolonged stressors.A physiological response that was NOT observed in the rats is:

A)stomach ulcers.
B)an enlarged adrenal cortex.
C)enlarged thymus glands.
D)shrinkage of the lymph glands.

Question 38

The key function of cortisol is to:

A)increase blood glucose levels for use by the muscles.
B)induce the release of ACTH from the pineal gland.
C)decrease the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
D)increase blood lipid levels for use by the muscles.

Question 39

Research published in 2008 found that,compared with those living over 200 miles away,people living within 1.5 miles of the World Trade Center on September 11,2001,had less gray matter in their:

A)amygdala.
B)pons.
C)visual cortex.
D)temporal lobe.

Question 40

ACTH travels from the pituitary gland to the adrenal glands via the:

A)bloodstream.
B)sympathetic nervous system.
C)somatic nervous system.
D)efferent nerves.

Question 41

Each time a cell divides,the telomeres:

A)lengthen.
B)shorten.
C)lose receptors on their dendrites.
D)gain receptors on their dendrites.

Question 42

Chris Rock's joke that "rich 50 is like poor 35":

A)greatly exaggerates the effects of money on health and aging.
B)is completely false.
C)appears to be true for women but not for men according to recent research.
D)is consistent with the results of recent research.

Question 43

The enzyme that repairs the caps at the ends of each chromosome is termed:

A)telomerase.
B)peptin.
C)telomeres.
D)transferase.

Question 44

Recent research using U.S.tax records has shown that the wealthiest 1% of males in the United States live about _____ years longer than do the poorest 1% of males.

A)2
B)5
C)7
D)15

Question 45

Based on recent research,a person living below the poverty line who wants to offset the negative effects of poverty on health would probably NOT have the means to do so by:

A)exercising more.
B)moving out of an area with a high population density.
C)moving to a town with fewer immigrants or college graduates.
D)moving to a wealthier area.

Question 46

Caps at the ends of each chromosome that protect the ends of chromosomes and prevent them from sticking to each other are known as:

A)telomerase.
B)catecholamines.
C)telomeres.
D)nuclei.

Question 47

Recent research using U.S.tax records has shown that the wealthiest 1% of females in the United States live about _____ years longer than do the poorest 1% of females.

A)3
B)5
C)10
D)20

Question 48

Barrack recently obtained a stressful job in sales.He has trouble sleeping at night,has lost weight,and has no interest in sex due to his body no longer producing much testosterone.What phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Barrack experiencing?

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)collapse

Question 49

Recent research using U.S.tax records has shown that the life expectancy for the wealthiest 1% in the United States has risen _____ years,while increasing _____ year for the poorest 1% between 2001 and 2014.

A)2 to 3;only 1
B)2 to 3;less than half a
C)4 to 5;less than half a
D)4 to 5;only1

Question 50

The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which the body shuts down unnecessary processes such as digestion and sex drive is called:

A)resistance.
B)reaction.
C)alarm.
D)exhaustion.

Question 51

The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which the body experiences organ damage is called:

A)alarm.
B)exhaustion.
C)resistance.
D)collapse.

Question 52

Cynthia was recently promoted to an executive position in her company.The increased stress was enormous.After a few weeks,she began losing weight,lost interest in sex,and her menstrual cycle became irregular.Several months later,Cynthia suffered a physical breakdown when she acquired a dangerous viral infection and required hospitalization.What phase of the general adaptation syndrome left Cynthia susceptible to the viral infection?

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)collapse

Question 53

Laboratory studies have shown that _____ can _____ telomerase activity.

A)epinephrine;enhance
B)serotonin;reduce
C)ACTH;enhance
D)cortisol;reduce

Question 54

Yolanda runs marathons and recently has increased her training intensity.She now runs 3 to 4 hours a day.One side effect of this training is that she has stopped menstruating.What phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Yolanda experiencing?

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)collapse

Question 55

_____ stress _____ the aging process.

A)Acute;temporarily halts
B)Acute;accelerates
C)Chronic;temporally halts
D)Chronic;accelerates

Question 56

The _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is similar to the fight-or-flight syndrome proposed by Walter Cannon.

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)activation

Question 57

Based on recent research,a person living in poverty in _____ would have a higher life expectancy than would a person living in poverty in _____.

A)a rural area;a city
B)a poor country;a wealthier country
C)San Francisco;Detroit
D)New Orleans;Houston

Question 58

The general adaptation syndrome occurs in three stages,which are,in order:

A)resistance,alarm,and exhaustion.
B)reaction,alarm,and exhaustion.
C)alarm,resistance,and exhaustion.
D)reaction,alarm,and collapse.

Question 59

The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which the body uses energy to draw on its stores of fat and muscle is called:

A)reaction.
B)resistance.
C)exhaustion.
D)alarm.

Question 60

People exposed to chronic stress experience _____ telomere length and _____ telomerase activity.

A)shorter;higher
B)longer;lower
C)longer;higher
D)shorter;lower

Question 61

Which causal factor BEST predicts heart attacks in males?

A)hostility
B)smoking tobacco
C)high caloric intake
D)high LDL cholesterol levels

Question 62

Higher levels of stress do NOT cause:

A)arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.
B)elevated blood pressure.
C)damaged blood vessels that accumulate plaque.
D)increase in blood flow through the arteries.

Question 63

Men with a Type _____ behavior pattern are more likely to have a heart attack than are men with a Type _____ behavior pattern.

A)A;B
B)A;C
C)B;A
D)B;C

Question 64

The _____ system is a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria,viruses,and other foreign substances.

A)HPA axis
B)immune
C)endocrine
D)somatic

Question 65

The main cause of coronary heart disease is _____,a gradual narrowing of the arteries that occur due to plaque deposits.

A)osteosclerosis
B)atherosclerosis
C)multiple sclerosis
D)amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 66

_____ appraisal refers to the process by which people decide whether they can handle a stressful event.

A)Threat
B)Primary
C)Type A
D)Secondary

Question 67

Who introduced the concept of a Type A behavior pattern?

A)Cannon and Selye
B)Glass and Singer
C)Friedman and Rosenman
D)Holmes and Rahe

Question 68

Lymphocytes are _____ blood cells that _____ antibodies that fight infection.

A)red;destroy
B)red;produce
C)white;destroy
D)white;produce

Question 69

Those who react with _____ to stress are MOST likely to develop premature heart disease.

A)impatience
B)a sense of time urgency
C)anger and hostility
D)competitive tendencies

Question 70

_____ is the study of how the immune system responds to psychological variables,such as the presence of stressors.

A)Health psychology
B)Psychoneuroimmunology
C)Neuropsychology
D)Psychiatric immunology

Question 71

_____ appraisal refers to deciding whether or not a stimulus is stressful.

A)Threat
B)Primary
C)Type A
D)Secondary

Question 72

A key physiological event in the cascade of events that underlie the association between stress and cardiovascular disease is:

A)inducement of hunger by stress,which leads to the ingestion of fats that clog the arteries.
B)suppression of hunger by stress,which leads to breakdown of arterial wall material.
C)vasodilation produced by prolonged parasympathetic system activation,which damages blood vessels.
D)arousal of the sympathetic nervous system,which leads to high blood pressure and damage to blood vessels.

Question 73

Psychologists would identify which person as MOST at risk for developing premature heart disease?

A)James,who works a desk job and is overweight
B)Ralph,who is ambitious and seeks job promotions
C)Larry,who is the president of a large corporation and is extremely time-conscious
D)John,a manager who often exhibits anger and hostility toward his employees

Question 74

In one study,medical student volunteers received small wounds to the roof of the mouth.Researchers found that these wounds healed more slowly:

A)when they were learning about infection.
B)in the winter.
C)during examination week.
D)when they were asked to monitor the wound daily.

Question 75

Lymphocytes include:

A)telomeres and telomerase.
B)antibodies and antigens.
C)T cells and B cells.
D)red and white cells.

Question 76

_____ are especially prone to suffer from respiratory infections because their immune systems have been compromised by stress.

A)Teenagers in large high schools
B)People in low-status jobs
C)Elderly people who live with their families
D)People who work in international jobs

Question 77

Who won the Nobel prize for the discovery of the functions of telomeres and telomerase?

A)Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman
B)Linus Pauling
C)Hans Selye
D)Elizabeth Blackburn

Question 78

Stressors cause hormones known as _____ to flood the brain,wearing down the immune system.

A)adrenaline
B)c-FOS
C)glucocorticoids
D)monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 79

In one study,healthy volunteers who reported experiencing little stress,acute stress,or chronic stress were exposed to a cold virus by having it swabbed in their noses.Which statement accurately describes the results of this study?

A)Most volunteers caught the cold,regardless of stress levels.
B)Most volunteers who had experienced acute and chronic stress caught the cold.
C)More volunteers who had just experienced an acute stressor caught the cold than did volunteers who reported chronic stress.
D)Volunteers who reported chronic stress were most likely to catch the cold.

Question 80

The Type _____ behavior pattern is characterized by a tendency toward easily aroused anger,impatience,a sense of urgency,and competition.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D