Question 1

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;Lazarus and Folkman (1984)proposed a three-step model of coping.People first make primary appraisals to determine if stimuli are stressful or not.If a stimulus is determined to be a stressor,people make secondary appraisals to determine if they can be successfully handled.The cognitive-behavioral strategies used to actually deal with stressors are termed coping styles.While coping styles can be classified in different ways,they usually involve either approaching (rational coping)or avoiding or repressing (repressive coping)the stressful stimulus.Rational coping has both problem-focused and emotional components and typically involves an acceptance of,exposure to,and understanding of the stressor.In addition to repressive and rational coping,a coping style based on reframing involves changing the way one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat.&#10;(Scenario II)In a classic study in cognitive psychology,participants told not to think of white bears actually reported more thoughts about white bears than did controls exposed to pictures of white bears but not given the instruction.These results,when extrapolated to coping style,suggest that:&#10;A)people may find it difficult to successfully cope using repressive strategies.&#10;B)exposure-based coping is more effective than is reframing.&#10;C)secondary appraisal modulates the effectiveness of exposure-based coping.&#10;D)people are more likely to utilize repressive coping than they are rational coping.

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that trying to repress or avoid thoughts of a stressor may actually increase its salience and make coping more difficult, supporting the idea that repressive coping may not be effective.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;Lazarus and Folkman (1984)proposed a three-step model of coping.People first make primary appraisals to determine if stimuli are stressful or not.If a stimulus is determined to be a stressor,people make secondary appraisals to determine if they can be successfully handled.The cognitive-behavioral strategies used to actually deal with stressors are termed coping styles.While coping styles can be classified in different ways,they usually involve either approaching (rational coping)or avoiding or repressing (repressive coping)the stressful stimulus.Rational coping has both problem-focused and emotional components and typically involves an acceptance of,exposure to,and understanding of the stressor.In addition to repressive and rational coping,a coping style based on reframing involves changing the way one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat.&#10;(Scenario II)Which example BEST illustrates secondary appraisal?&#10;A)a user of hallucinogenic drugs determining whether the snake he sees crawling up the wall is real&#10;B)a job applicant conceptualizing the process as an opportunity to interview prospective employers&#10;C)a person determining if the spot on his shirt is coffee or blood&#10;D)a student determining if a bad grade can be overcome or is likely to result in course failure

Accepted Answer

Secondary appraisal involves determining if a stressor can be successfully handled. In this example, the student is determining whether a bad grade can be overcome or is likely to result in course failure, which is an example of secondary appraisal. The other options are examples of primary appraisal, determining if a stimulus is stressful or not.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Ever since Walter Cannon's original research on the flight-or-fight response,researchers have investigated the brain and bodily processes,constituting what is termed the HPA axis,involved in this response to a variety of threatening stimuli.In his seminal research on general adaptation syndrome (GAS),Hans Selye described how these physiological responses change with prolonged exposure to stress and thereby affect overall health.GAS consists of three phases.The alarm phase begins with exposure to an intense stressor and itself consists of two brief subphases: the shock phase in which the body momentarily cannot respond to the stressor and the antishock phase in which the body rapidly mobilizes resources to overcome it.If the stressor persists,the second phase of GAS termed the resistance phase begins.Here,the body adapts to heightened arousal levels and attempts to deal with the stressor by allocating increased energy to it at the expense of other physiological processes not pertinent to survival.The results of these physiological processes can lead to one of two end stages: Either the stressor is eliminated and the body recovers (the recovery stage)or the body's resistance collapses (the exhaustion phase).&#10;(Scenario I).The final two stages of GAS pertain only to stressors that are:&#10;A)real and not imagined.&#10;B)universal.&#10;C)species-specific.&#10;D)chronic.

Accepted Answer

The final two stages of GAS pertain to stressors that are chronic, meaning they persist over a prolonged period of time. This is mentioned in the passage where it states "If the stressor persists, the second phase of GAS termed the resistance phase begins. Here, the body adapts to heightened arousal levels and attempts to deal with the stressor by allocating increased energy to it at the expense of other physiological processes not pertinent to survival. The results of these physiological processes can lead to one of two end stages: Either the stressor is eliminated and the body recovers (the recovery stage) or the body's resistance collapses (the exhaustion phase)."

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Ever since Walter Cannon's original research on the flight-or-fight response,researchers have investigated the brain and bodily processes,constituting what is termed the HPA axis,involved in this response to a variety of threatening stimuli.In his seminal research on general adaptation syndrome (GAS),Hans Selye described how these physiological responses change with prolonged exposure to stress and thereby affect overall health.GAS consists of three phases.The alarm phase begins with exposure to an intense stressor and itself consists of two brief subphases: the shock phase in which the body momentarily cannot respond to the stressor and the antishock phase in which the body rapidly mobilizes resources to overcome it.If the stressor persists,the second phase of GAS termed the resistance phase begins.Here,the body adapts to heightened arousal levels and attempts to deal with the stressor by allocating increased energy to it at the expense of other physiological processes not pertinent to survival.The results of these physiological processes can lead to one of two end stages: Either the stressor is eliminated and the body recovers (the recovery stage)or the body's resistance collapses (the exhaustion phase).&#10;(Scenario I)Which statement regarding the flight-or-fight response is TRUE?&#10;A)It results from activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.&#10;B)It involves the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).&#10;C)It involves the inhibition of epinephrine and norepinephrine release.&#10;D)It results in a decrease in cortisol levels.

Accepted Answer

The flight-or-fight response involves the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Ever since Walter Cannon's original research on the flight-or-fight response,researchers have investigated the brain and bodily processes,constituting what is termed the HPA axis,involved in this response to a variety of threatening stimuli.In his seminal research on general adaptation syndrome (GAS),Hans Selye described how these physiological responses change with prolonged exposure to stress and thereby affect overall health.GAS consists of three phases.The alarm phase begins with exposure to an intense stressor and itself consists of two brief subphases: the shock phase in which the body momentarily cannot respond to the stressor and the antishock phase in which the body rapidly mobilizes resources to overcome it.If the stressor persists,the second phase of GAS termed the resistance phase begins.Here,the body adapts to heightened arousal levels and attempts to deal with the stressor by allocating increased energy to it at the expense of other physiological processes not pertinent to survival.The results of these physiological processes can lead to one of two end stages: Either the stressor is eliminated and the body recovers (the recovery stage)or the body's resistance collapses (the exhaustion phase).&#10;(Scenario I)Selye probably termed the adaptation syndrome general because:&#10;A)it reliably progresses through three consecutive phases.&#10;B)it may culminate in physical collapse,and even death in all species.&#10;C)the stressor is nonspecific.&#10;D)it is reliably observed in members of all cultures.

Accepted Answer

Selye termed the adaptation syndrome general because the stressor is nonspecific, meaning the body's response is not specific to any one particular stressor but rather a general response to any stressful event.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Ever since Walter Cannon's original research on the flight-or-fight response,researchers have investigated the brain and bodily processes,constituting what is termed the HPA axis,involved in this response to a variety of threatening stimuli.In his seminal research on general adaptation syndrome (GAS),Hans Selye described how these physiological responses change with prolonged exposure to stress and thereby affect overall health.GAS consists of three phases.The alarm phase begins with exposure to an intense stressor and itself consists of two brief subphases: the shock phase in which the body momentarily cannot respond to the stressor and the antishock phase in which the body rapidly mobilizes resources to overcome it.If the stressor persists,the second phase of GAS termed the resistance phase begins.Here,the body adapts to heightened arousal levels and attempts to deal with the stressor by allocating increased energy to it at the expense of other physiological processes not pertinent to survival.The results of these physiological processes can lead to one of two end stages: Either the stressor is eliminated and the body recovers (the recovery stage)or the body's resistance collapses (the exhaustion phase).&#10;(Scenario I)HPA stands for:&#10;A)hypothalamic-prefrontal cortex-amygdala.&#10;B)hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical.&#10;C)hippocampus-prefrontal cortex-adrenocortical.&#10;D)hippocampus-pituitary-amygdala.

Accepted Answer

HPA stands for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical, as described in the passage.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;Lazarus and Folkman (1984)proposed a three-step model of coping.People first make primary appraisals to determine if stimuli are stressful or not.If a stimulus is determined to be a stressor,people make secondary appraisals to determine if they can be successfully handled.The cognitive-behavioral strategies used to actually deal with stressors are termed coping styles.While coping styles can be classified in different ways,they usually involve either approaching (rational coping)or avoiding or repressing (repressive coping)the stressful stimulus.Rational coping has both problem-focused and emotional components and typically involves an acceptance of,exposure to,and understanding of the stressor.In addition to repressive and rational coping,a coping style based on reframing involves changing the way one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat.&#10;(Scenario II)Which example BEST illustrates primary appraisal?&#10;A)a writer who must decide if she can meet her editor's deadline&#10;B)a rape survivor attempting to recall the attack in vivid detail&#10;C)a comedian determining if his joke surprised or offended his audience&#10;D)a homeowner determining if there is anything she can do to fix the noisy air conditioner

Accepted Answer

Primary appraisal involves evaluating if a stimulus is stressful or not, as in the case of a comedian assessing the audience's reaction to determine if it's a stressor.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;Lazarus and Folkman (1984)proposed a three-step model of coping.People first make primary appraisals to determine if stimuli are stressful or not.If a stimulus is determined to be a stressor,people make secondary appraisals to determine if they can be successfully handled.The cognitive-behavioral strategies used to actually deal with stressors are termed coping styles.While coping styles can be classified in different ways,they usually involve either approaching (rational coping)or avoiding or repressing (repressive coping)the stressful stimulus.Rational coping has both problem-focused and emotional components and typically involves an acceptance of,exposure to,and understanding of the stressor.In addition to repressive and rational coping,a coping style based on reframing involves changing the way one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat.&#10;(Scenario II)Changing one's perception of a stressor from a threat to a challenge involves _____ appraisal and also is a strategy commonly used in the _____ coping style.&#10;A)primary;reframing&#10;B)secondary;reframing&#10;C)primary;repressive&#10;D)secondary;repressive

Accepted Answer

Changing one's perception of a stressor involves secondary appraisal, where one evaluates their ability to handle the stressor. Reframing, which involves changing how one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat, aligns with this process.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Ever since Walter Cannon's original research on the flight-or-fight response,researchers have investigated the brain and bodily processes,constituting what is termed the HPA axis,involved in this response to a variety of threatening stimuli.In his seminal research on general adaptation syndrome (GAS),Hans Selye described how these physiological responses change with prolonged exposure to stress and thereby affect overall health.GAS consists of three phases.The alarm phase begins with exposure to an intense stressor and itself consists of two brief subphases: the shock phase in which the body momentarily cannot respond to the stressor and the antishock phase in which the body rapidly mobilizes resources to overcome it.If the stressor persists,the second phase of GAS termed the resistance phase begins.Here,the body adapts to heightened arousal levels and attempts to deal with the stressor by allocating increased energy to it at the expense of other physiological processes not pertinent to survival.The results of these physiological processes can lead to one of two end stages: Either the stressor is eliminated and the body recovers (the recovery stage)or the body's resistance collapses (the exhaustion phase).&#10;(Scenario I)A gazelle flees at the sight of an approaching lion.This flight-or-fight response MOST closely corresponds to which stage of GAS?&#10;A)recovery&#10;B)shock&#10;C)antishock&#10;D)resistance

Accepted Answer

The flight-or-fight response, as described in the scenario where a gazelle flees at the sight of an approaching lion, most closely corresponds to the antishock phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). This phase is characterized by the body rapidly mobilizing resources to overcome a stressor, which aligns with the immediate, active response of fleeing in the face of danger.

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;Lazarus and Folkman (1984)proposed a three-step model of coping.People first make primary appraisals to determine if stimuli are stressful or not.If a stimulus is determined to be a stressor,people make secondary appraisals to determine if they can be successfully handled.The cognitive-behavioral strategies used to actually deal with stressors are termed coping styles.While coping styles can be classified in different ways,they usually involve either approaching (rational coping)or avoiding or repressing (repressive coping)the stressful stimulus.Rational coping has both problem-focused and emotional components and typically involves an acceptance of,exposure to,and understanding of the stressor.In addition to repressive and rational coping,a coping style based on reframing involves changing the way one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat.&#10;(Scenario II)A war veteran receiving systematic desensitization therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder is shown graphic depictions of war violence in virtual reality.This example describes a coping strategy involving:&#10;A)reframing.&#10;B)reappraising.&#10;C)exposure.&#10;D)acceptance.

Accepted Answer

The coping strategy described in the scenario involves exposure, which is a type of rational coping that involves facing and understanding the stressor. Systematic desensitization therapy is a type of exposure therapy used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder by gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus in a controlled and safe environment.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario II&#10;Lazarus and Folkman (1984)proposed a three-step model of coping.People first make primary appraisals to determine if stimuli are stressful or not.If a stimulus is determined to be a stressor,people make secondary appraisals to determine if they can be successfully handled.The cognitive-behavioral strategies used to actually deal with stressors are termed coping styles.While coping styles can be classified in different ways,they usually involve either approaching (rational coping)or avoiding or repressing (repressive coping)the stressful stimulus.Rational coping has both problem-focused and emotional components and typically involves an acceptance of,exposure to,and understanding of the stressor.In addition to repressive and rational coping,a coping style based on reframing involves changing the way one thinks about a stressor to reduce its threat.&#10;(Scenario II)After being suspended by his sport for an entire season as a result of violating its substance abuse policy,a high-profile athlete will not discuss his drug use with the press,projects an obviously false positive outlook,and focuses on continuing his career after his suspension is served.The athlete is demonstrating a(n)_____ coping style.&#10;A)repressive&#10;B)problem-based rational&#10;C)emotion-based rational&#10;D)reframing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario...

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario I&#10;Ever since Walter Cannon's original research on the flight-or-fight response,researchers have investigated the brain and bodily processes,constituting what is termed the HPA axis,involved in this response to a variety of threatening stimuli.In his seminal research on general adaptation syndrome (GAS),Hans Selye described how these physiological responses change with prolonged exposure to stress and thereby affect overall health.GAS consists of three phases.The alarm phase begins with exposure to an intense stressor and itself consists of two brief subphases: the shock phase in which the body momentarily cannot respond to the stressor and the antishock phase in which the body rapidly mobilizes resources to overcome it.If the stressor persists,the second phase of GAS termed the resistance phase begins.Here,the body adapts to heightened arousal levels and attempts to deal with the stressor by allocating increased energy to it at the expense of other physiological processes not pertinent to survival.The results of these physiological processes can lead to one of two end stages: Either the stressor is eliminated and the body recovers (the recovery stage)or the body's resistance collapses (the exhaustion phase).&#10;(Scenario I)When training for ultralong distances,a marathon runner's menstrual cycle stops,illustrating which stage of GAS?&#10;A)resistance&#10;B)shock&#10;C)antishock&#10;D)exhaustion

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions &#10;Scenario...

Deck 14: Scenarios