Deck 13: Multiple Choice

Question 1

Which statement about aggression is TRUE?

A)Testosterone increases the probability that we will perceive threats from others.
B)Testosterone directly causes aggression.
C)Male aggressiveness is related to both socialization and the presence of testosterone.
D)Socialization is unrelated to aggression in males.

Answer 1

Male aggressiveness is related to both socialization and the presence of testosterone.

Question 2

The primary reason that Southern men are more aggressive than are Northern men is that:

A)Southern men have slightly higher baseline levels of testosterone than do Northern men.
B)Southern men are taught to react aggressively to acquire resources based on previous learning experiences.
C)Southern men are taught to react aggressively when they feel their status has been challenged.
D)it is hotter in the South than it is in the North.

Answer 2

Southern men are taught to react aggressively when they feel their status has been challenged.

Question 3

The term negative affect is a formal way of saying:

A)aggression.
B)anxiety.
C)feeling bad.
D)frustration.

Answer 3

feeling bad.

Question 4

Men who commit acts of aggression most often do so in response to perceived challenges or threats to their dominance and status;women's aggression is more likely to be focused on:

A)saving face.
B)satisfying basic survival motives.
C)attaining or protecting a resource.
D)guarding their self-esteem.

Question 5

Which man is MOST likely to be aggressive?

A)a younger man with very low self-esteem
B)a younger man with unrealistically high self-esteem
C)an older man with very low self-esteem
D)an older man with unrealistically high self-esteem

Question 6

Aggression is defined as behavior where the purpose is to:

A)use physical violence.
B)impulsively take something from another person.
C)harm another.
D)take premeditated action to achieve a goal.

Question 7

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality is called social:

A)influence.
B)psychology.
C)cognition.
D)behavior.

Question 8

Research on cooperation has often involved using:

A)role play.
B)the ultimatum game.
C)the prisoner's dilemma.
D)virtual reality.

Question 9

Social behavior has evolved primarily:

A)as a means to consolidate resources in the hands of the most genetically fit.
B)as a by-product of evolutionary increases in prefrontal cortex volume.
C)because it aids in survival and reproduction.
D)in species with language capacities.

Question 10

In the prisoner's dilemma,what strategy results in the LARGEST penalty?

A)confessing when the other player also confesses
B)confessing when the other player does not confess
C)not confessing when the other player confesses
D)not confessing when the other player also does not confess

Question 11

The rate of murder in the United States is _____ than it was a century ago.

A)slightly higher
B)much higher
C)slightly lower
D)much lower

Question 12

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,frustration induces _____,which then causes _____.

A)aggression;a negative affect
B)a negative affect;aggression
C)aggression;competition
D)competition;aggression

Question 13

Which statement about aggression by women is TRUE?

A)Women are more likely than are men to aggress by causing social harm.
B)Aggression by women tends to be more impulsive than it is premeditated.
C)Aggression by women is more likely to focus on protecting their status than on protecting a resource.
D)Women are more likely than are men to aggress by causing psychological injury.

Question 14

When people's goals are thwarted,they often harm others.This phenomenon is referred to as:

A)the targeted-aggression effect.
B)reciprocal aggression.
C)the projected-aggression principle.
D)the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Question 15

Which statement about the relationship between testosterone and aggression is NOT supported by psychological research?

A)Testosterone makes people feel more concerned about their social status.
B)Testosterone increases peoples' confidence that they will prevail in an altercation.
C)Testosterone increases people's sensitivity to threatening facial expressions.
D)Testosterone causes people to speak in a more forward and independent manner.

Question 16

Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit is called:

A)reciprocity.
B)altruism.
C)social exchange.
D)cooperation.

Question 17

The CEO of a major company defrauded shareholders and stole hundreds of millions of dollars.This CEO displayed what kind of behavior?

A)social loafing
B)deindividuation
C)aggression
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 18

Compared with men,women are _____ likely to aggress without provocation and are _____ likely to aggress in ways that cause physical injury.

A)more;more
B)more;less
C)less;more
D)less;less

Question 19

The single BEST predictor of aggression is:

A)biological sex.
B)age.
C)culture.
D)social class.

Question 20

In the prisoner's dilemma,what strategy will produce the GREATEST individual benefit?

A)confessing when the other player also confesses
B)confessing when the other player does not confess
C)not confessing when the other player confesses
D)not confessing when the other player also does not confess

Question 21

The trait that MOST people want those around them to have is:

A)intelligence.
B)attractiveness.
C)industriousness.
D)trustworthiness.

Question 22

Even when participants are assigned to completely meaningless groups,it is highly likely that they will exhibit:

A)group polarization within their own group.
B)negative deindividuation directed toward the other group.
C)preferential treatment to members of their own group.
D)reciprocal altruism within their own group.

Question 23

One of the dangers of groupthink is the group's tendency to:

A)overthink all their possible options and delay the decision-making process.
B)come up with too many solutions to a problem in an effort to reflect the unique knowledge of each of its members.
C)be unable to come up with a solution due to the bystander effect.
D)sacrifice the soundness of a decision in order to achieve interpersonal harmony.

Question 24

When groups get together for discussions,their decisions tend to be more extreme than any decisions any one member would have made alone.This phenomenon is known as:

A)common knowledge effect.
B)group relativity.
C)group polarization.
D)diffusion of responsibility.

Question 25

Membership to groups minimizes the risks associated with:

A)deindividuation.
B)prejudice.
C)groupthink.
D)cooperation.

Question 26

People in a mob situation are more likely to stray from their own moral values,illustrating the phenomenon of:

A)prejudice.
B)diffusion of responsibility.
C)deindividuation.
D)conformity.

Question 27

Evaluating other people positively or negatively based on their group membership illustrates:

A)discrimination.
B)prejudice.
C)group polarization.
D)hypothesis-confirming bias.

Question 28

In the ultimatum game,a person who feels that she is being cheated by another player usually will:

A)forego her monetary prize to punish the other player.
B)punish the other player only if doing so does not jeopardize her monetary prize.
C)not punish the other player because doing so results in forfeiting her winnings.
D)not punish the other player but begin to cheat herself.

Question 29

Research using the _____ is MOST closely related to consequences of behaving unfairly.

A)foot-in-the-door technique
B)bystander intervention
C)prisoner's dilemma
D)ultimatum game

Question 30

Groups usually do NOT capitalize fully on the _____ of their members.

A)status
B)common knowledge
C)expertise
D)talkativeness

Question 31

A _____ is a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.

A)society
B)family
C)group
D)category

Question 32

Although Alexander is careful to treat all of his employees fairly,he secretly feels that those who graduated from his business school are more competent employees than are those who graduated from rival schools.This example illustrates:

A)conformity.
B)prejudice.
C)diffusion of responsibility.
D)deindividuation.

Question 33

Mark is in charge of dividing up the Halloween candy with his brother Jack.Mark divides the candy unfairly,which causes Jack to take all the candy and throw it into the trash.Jack's reaction MOST closely resembles results obtained in the:

A)bystander intervention.
B)Milgram obedience study.
C)prisoner's dilemma.
D)ultimatum game.

Question 34

In-group favoritism is an example of a:

A)positive prejudice.
B)negative prejudice.
C)risky consequence of cooperation.
D)consequence of conformity.

Question 35

Shannon is a shy,quiet college student.However,when she sits in the student section at university basketball games,she cheers and yells whenever her team scores.Shannon's behavior at the game BEST illustrates the phenomenon of:

A)group polarization.
B)deindividuation.
C)informational influence.
D)diffusion of responsibility.

Question 36

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share is known as:

A)the diffusion of responsibility.
B)the common knowledge effect.
C)groupthink.
D)deindividuation.

Question 37

In the ultimatum game,one player has to divide a monetary prize into two parts and offer one part to a second player.What happens if the second player rejects her portion of the prize?

A)She receives the other portion,and the first player has to accept the part originally offered to her.
B)She receives the other portion,and the first player receives nothing.
C)The game ends and both players receive nothing.
D)Both players receive the smaller of the two parts.

Question 38

The prisoner's dilemma is a metaphor for the:

A)potential costs and benefits of cooperation in everyday life.
B)potential consequences of behaving unfairly in everyday life.
C)groupthink that often results from in-group collaboration.
D)obedience to authority often observed in prison environments.

Question 39

The decision to pay your taxes and hope that everyone else does likewise in order to achieve a common benefit is MOST closely related to the:

A)foot-in-the-door technique.
B)heuristic persuasion technique.
C)prisoner's dilemma.
D)ultimatum game.

Question 40

People are MOST likely to show:

A)in-group favoritism.
B)out-group favoritism.
C)in-group negative prejudice.
D)out-group negative prejudice.

Question 41

Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future is called:

A)normative influence.
B)reciprocal altruism.
C)social exchange.
D)reverse altruism.

Question 42

Which action BEST illustrates reciprocal altruism?

A)donating a kidney to save a life
B)making a large donation to a charity in a deceased family member's name
C)paying back the person who loaned you money last week to avoid conflict
D)donating large sums of money to a political candidate in order to garner influence

Question 43

_____ is BEST described as cooperation extended over time.

A)Social cognition
B)Reciprocal altruism
C)Kin selection
D)Obedience

Question 44

The tendency for most people to expend less energy in a group,rather than alone,is termed:

A)the freeloading effect.
B)the bystander intervention effect.
C)social loafing.
D)division of labor.

Question 45

People do nice things for others all of the time.The reason why most of these actions are NOT considered altruistic is that:

A)the persons involved are biologically related.
B)the persons involved are not biologically related.
C)there are hidden benefits for those behaving nicely.
D)behaving nicely at a cost to oneself is rarely intentional.

Question 46

The bird who gives an "alarm call" upon seeing a predator and thereby puts itself at a greater risk of being eaten is engaging in:

A)altruism.
B)reciprocal altruism.
C)kin selection.
D)conformity.

Question 47

Researchers asked groups of European,Latino,and Asian American students if they would be more irritated if they had to give up their parking card to another student for a week or if the entire parking lot was closed for a week.The researchers found that:

A)all groups of students reported that giving up their parking card was more irritating.
B)all groups of students reported that the parking lot closing was more irritating.
C)European Americans reported that the parking lot closing was more irritating.
D)Latino and Asian Americans reported that the parking lot closing was more irritating.

Question 48

People tip less when part of a group than when they are alone,illustrating the phenomenon of:

A)deindividuation.
B)the bystander intervention effect.
C)social loafing.
D)group polarization.

Question 49

As the ratio of mob members to victims _____,the level of atrocity directed at the victims _____.

A)increases;increases
B)increases;decreases
C)decreases;increases
D)decreases;does not change

Question 50

Jumping onto subway tracks to save a stranger's life is an example of:

A)altruism.
B)reciprocal altruism.
C)deindividuation.
D)normative influence.

Question 51

Intentional behavior that benefits another at a cost to oneself is termed:

A)companionate love.
B)reciprocal altruism.
C)cooperation.
D)altruism.

Question 52

People clap more loudly when they are part of a small audience than when they are part of a large audience,illustrating the phenomenon of:

A)social loafing.
B)the bystander intervention effect.
C)the common knowledge effect.
D)groupthink.

Question 53

A person is more likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when she is the only one there to provide help,relative to a situation where others also could potentially render aid.This bystander intervention effect is due to a more general phenomenon termed:

A)altruism.
B)diffusion of responsibility.
C)cooperation.
D)groupthink.

Question 54

Which action BEST illustrates altruism?

A)donating a kidney to save your brother's life
B)making an anonymous donation to a charity
C)paying back the person who loaned you money last week
D)buying your significant other an expensive gift

Question 55

On September 11,2001,in the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center,everyday people headed toward Ground Zero to provide assistance to victims whom they did not know.This is an example of:

A)altruism.
B)reciprocal altruism.
C)deindividuation.
D)normative influence.

Question 56

Social loafing is due to a more general phenomenon termed:

A)the bystander intervention effect.
B)conformity.
C)cooperation.
D)diffusion of responsibility.

Question 57

Researchers asked groups of European,Latino,and Asian American students if they would be more irritated if they had to give up their parking card to another student for a week or if the entire parking lot was closed for a week.The researchers found that:

A)all groups of students reported that giving up their parking card was more irritating.
B)all groups of students reported that the parking lot closing was more irritating.
C)Latino and Asian Americans reported that giving up their parking card was more irritating.
D)European Americans reported that giving up their parking card was more irritating.

Question 58

A person is more likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when she is the only one there to provide help,relative to a situation where others also could potentially render aid.This phenomenon is termed:

A)deindividuation.
B)the bystander intervention effect.
C)altruism.
D)the common knowledge effect.

Question 59

After a big win,sports fans overturned cars and set fires in the street.A few people were apprehended,and they did not feel responsible for their behavior because many others also participated.The thought process of the people arrested illustrates the phenomenon of:

A)heuristic persuasion.
B)deindividuation.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)diffusion of responsibility.

Question 60

Recent research suggests that helping others at a cost to oneself is MOST likely among people who:

A)are happy and satisfied with their lives.
B)are bereaving the loss of a significant other.
C)live below the poverty line.
D)just won the lottery.

Question 61

A "mating error" would be MOST costly to whom?

A)Evan,a 22-year-old male
B)Gerald,a 40-year-old male
C)Renee,a 22-year-old female
D)Evan and Renee,but not Gerald

Question 62

Dutton and Aron's (1974)suspension bridge study demonstrated that men may misinterpret _____ for _____.

A)passionate love;companionate love
B)mere exposure;physical attraction
C)physiological arousal;physical attraction
D)physical attraction;companionate love

Question 63

Research that manipulated which gender made the first move in a speed-dating environment found that _____ were more likely to give out their phone numbers.

A)women,regardless of who made the first move
B)men,regardless of who made the first move
C)those making the first move
D)those not making the first move

Question 64

In one study,an attractive person approached opposite-sex strangers on a college campus and asked,"Would you go out with me on a date?" What was the outcome?

A)None of the women agreed to go out on the date.
B)Men were considerably more likely than were women to agree to a date.
C)Men and women were about equally likely to agree to a date.
D)Women were considerably more likely than were men to agree to a date.

Question 65

Among the BEST predictors of the number of responses a personal ad receives are a woman's _____ and a man's _____.

A)height;weight
B)weight;height
C)age;perceived wealth
D)perceived wealth;age

Question 66

Most people are likely to work HARDEST to like the new neighbors who:

A)moved into the least expensive house in the subdivision.
B)moved into the most expensive house in the subdivision.
C)moved in next door.
D)have lived the longest in the subdivision.

Question 67

Which statement accurately summarizes the literature on proximity and attraction?

A)Familiarity breeds contempt.
B)Familiarity breeds contempt among males but not females.
C)Familiarity breeds liking.
D)Familiarity breeds liking among males but not females.

Question 68

As the risks associated with sex increase:

A)women,but not men,become more selective in their partner selection.
B)men,but not women,become more selective in their partner selection.
C)women become more selective and men become less selective in their partner selection.
D)both sexes become more selective in their partner selection.

Question 69

In one study,an attractive person approached opposite-sex strangers on a college campus and asked,"Would you go to bed with me?" What was the outcome?

A)Every man said,"Yes."
B)Every woman said,"No."
C)About 40% of men said,"Yes."
D)About 25% of women said,"Yes."

Question 70

Anthony Philip's homeroom teacher seats her pupils in alphabetical order.By the end of the school year,Anthony's best friends had become Jake Parker and Aaron Porter.This is BEST explained by the phenomenon called:

A)perceptual confirmation.
B)actor-observer effect.
C)self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)mere-exposure effect.

Question 71

Samantha is a first-year college student living on the ninth floor of a residence hall.By the end of the year,she is MOST likely to be friends with:

A)Natalie,a stunning-looking student who lives on the second floor.
B)Melissa,an outgoing,popular student who lives in the next building.
C)Jenny,the captain of the softball team,who lives in a residence hall for athletes.
D)Michelle,an average student who lives in the room next to Samantha's.

Question 72

In choosing sexual and reproductive partners:

A)women are more selective than are men.
B)men are more selective than are women.
C)both sexes are equally selective.
D)culture largely determines which sex is more selective.

Question 73

Which statement about the biological determinants of mate selectivity is FALSE?

A)There are considerable physical costs associated with conception for both sexes.
B)Pregnancy puts a woman at a greater risk of illness and death.
C)For men,the ability to conceive a child tomorrow is not inhibited by conceiving one today.
D)Females have very few egg cells relative to males' sperm cells.

Question 74

Which factor is NOT a cost of mating for females?

A)increased risk of illness
B)increased risk of death
C)increased opportunities for reproductive partners
D)loss of an egg cell with each pregnancy

Question 75

In one study,an attractive person approached opposite-sex strangers on a college campus and asked,"Would you go to bed with me?" About _____% of the men agreed to this request.

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)90

Question 76

Research on the mere-exposure effect has shown that liking a person:

A)increases with increased exposure to him or her.
B)decreases with increased exposure to him or her.
C)is determined in the first encounter;mere exposure will not change this phenomenon.
D)is predicted primarily by gender;mere exposure will not change this phenomenon.

Question 77

Research that manipulated which gender made the first move in a speed-dating environment found that _____ were choosier in exchanging their phone numbers.

A)women,regardless of who made the first move
B)men,regardless of who made the first move
C)those making the first move
D)those not making the first move

Question 78

A couple has just started to date.In light of Dutton and Aron's (1974)suspension bridge study results,which activity might increase their attraction to each other?

A)traveling on an airplane
B)a picnic in the woods
C)playing a game of co-ed flag football
D)sunbathing on a beach at the ocean

Question 79

In choosing a long-term mate for a monogamous relationship:

A)women are more selective than are men.
B)men are more selective than are women.
C)both sexes are equally selective.
D)culture largely determines which sex is more selective.

Question 80

The first time Igor Stravinsky's innovative musical composition Rite of Spring was performed in 1913,the audience booed and nearly rioted.Almost 100 years later,this much-performed work has become a beloved staple of the classical repertoire.This change in attitude toward the composition is MOST likely due to:

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)the mere exposure effect.
C)perceptual confirmation.
D)the self-fulfilling prophecy.