Deck 10: Social Psychology

Question 1

Which of the following is a factor influencing conformity?

A)the individual
B)the group
C)the task
D)all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Behavior that occurs when we change our actions or attitudes because of real or imagined group pressures is called _____________.

A)cooperation
B)coercion
C)obedience
D)conformity

Answer 2

conformity

Question 3

Asch had subjects judge the length of straight lines after they heard "fake" subjects consistently give the same incorrect length judgment.Under this kind of social influence,the real subjects conformed to a distorted view of reality on about ________ of the judgment trials.

A)90%
B)1/3
C)50%
D)2/3

Answer 3

1/3

Question 4

Social influence in its most direct and powerful form is known as __________.

A)deindividuation
B)obedience
C)compliance
D)conformity

Question 5

Asch's studies showed that conformity to group pressure occurred about _______ of the time.

A)5%
B)35%
C)65%
D)95%

Question 6

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by _______.

A)Asch
B)Luchens
C)Milgram
D)Singer

Question 7

The major problem with the groupthink theory is which of the following?

A)There is no leadership during the decision-making process.
B)Group polarization occurs.
C)Risky shift occurs.
D)No critical evaluation occurs.

Question 8

In Asch's research study on conformity,he found that students conformed to group behavior:

A)only on difficult tasks.
B)at least one-third of the time.
C)only if they knew the individuals in the group.
D)over half of the time.

Question 9

Changing one's behavior in response to real or perceived social pressures is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)A policeman beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer.
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 11

A very cohesive group,insulated from outside opinion,with a respected leader must make a decision quickly.As they deliberate,this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called:

A)deindividuation.
B)social facilitation.
C)groupthink.
D)group polarization.

Question 12

Even though he thought the Army Reserve's short hair regulation was silly,Ted really wanted the extra money Reserve duty provided to him,so he kept his hair short.This is an example of:

A)conformity.
B)reactance.
C)private acceptance.
D)a role.

Question 13

The technique used for studying conformity was developed by:

A)Festinger.
B)Asch.
C)Lewin.
D)Thorndike.

Question 14

_______ is a response to pressure exerted by norms that are generally left unstated.

A)Conformity
B)Compliance
C)Obedience
D)Deindividualization

Question 15

Even though she thought it was silly,Emily wore pink and green ribbons in her hair as her friends did.This is an example of:

A)a group role.
B)a group norm.
C)conformity.
D)obedience.

Question 16

To conform is to yield to __________.

A)social norms
B)cognitive dissonance
C)secondary processes
D)response cues

Question 17

The major problem associated with groupthink is which of the following?

A)There is no leadership during the decision making process.
B)Group polarization occurs.
C)Risky shift occurs.
D)No critical evaluation occurs.

Question 18

Failure to critically evaluate ideas when concern is for reaching agreement is called _________.

A)group polarization
B)social comparison
C)groupthink
D)deindividuation

Question 19

Asch (1951)used __________ to study informational conformity.

A)the "autokinetic effect"
B)the latency of response
C)social loafing in a tug of war group
D)line lengths

Question 20

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until _______ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of obedience,as defined by social psychologists?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)People clean their own table in a restaurant that has a sign reading,"Help keep costs down and clean off your table."
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 22

Early studies indicated that women conformed more than men.Later research has shown that women's conforming behavior is motivated by their desire to ________.

A)be popular
B)avoid rejection
C)become the group leader
D)keep group conflict at a minimum

Question 23

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behavior and thoughts is called:

A)conformity.
B)compliance.
C)obedience.
D)persuasion.

Question 24

Guilt may play an important role in getting people to make a commitment using the __________ approach.

A)door-in-the-face
B)foot-in-the-door
C)sleeper effect
D)supersales

Question 25

The ___________ technique may work because,compared to the large first request,the second request seems reasonable.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)face-in-the-door
C)door-in-the-face
D)guilt by association

Question 26

According to the door-in-the-face technique,people will go along with a smaller request after they have refused a larger request because:

A)they feel guilty.
B)of the primacy effect.
C)they feel threatened.
D)they do not want to be cheated.

Question 27

Following the direct orders of someone in a position of higher authority is called:

A)compliance.
B)conformity.
C)obedience.
D)consent.

Question 28

In the famous Milgram experiment on obedience,who received a shock?

A)the "learner"
B)no one
C)the confederate
D)the subject

Question 29

A new self-image makes it more difficult to refuse later requests with the ___________ technique.

A)door-in-the-face
B)effort justification
C)foot-in-the-door
D)face-in-the-door

Question 30

Following direct and explicit orders of a person in authority is called:

A)group think.
B)obedience.
C)prejudice.
D)deindividualization.

Question 31

Car salesmen often encourage a test drive.Perhaps they know about ___________.

A)the door-in-the-face approach
B)Leon Festinger
C)the foot-in-the-door approach
D)making large requests first

Question 32

Groupthink can be avoided by:

A)having a strong leader.
B)inviting outsiders to give their opinions.
C)striving for a consensus among members.
D)having bright,well-informed members.

Question 33

What did Milgram study?

A)the authoritarian personality
B)bystander apathy
C)the effects of watching violence on television
D)obedience to authority

Question 34

Following orders is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 35

Which of the following conditions is conducive to creating a groupthink effect?

A)the illusion of disagreement
B)a weak leader
C)failing to critically evaluate ideas
D)members who do not like each other

Question 36

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the _______ was a confederate of the experimenter.

A)subject
B)female subject
C)learner
D)normal person

Question 37

Which of the following conditions is NOT conducive to groupthink?

A)critical evaluation of ideas
B)a strong leader
C)individuals who are proud to be members of the group
D)a close-knit group

Question 38

The factor most likely to determine whether groupthink becomes a problem for a group is group _______.

A)size
B)status
C)intellect
D)cohesiveness

Question 39

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors.Once the customer has agreed to buy the car,the terms of the sale are shifted,by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment.Now the car costs well above the current market rate.This is an example of the __________ procedure.

A)primacy
B)lowball
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 40

When a group exerts such strong pressure to conform that it prevents people from expressing critical ideas,the group is suffering from __________.

A)groupthink
B)polarization
C)risky shift
D)deindividuation

Question 41

Factors that determine the effect of a communicator include:

A)credibility.
B)similarity.
C)trustworthiness.
D)all of the above

Question 42

The media is a powerful influence on our attitudes because it is frequently _____________.

A)rejecting
B)our only source of information about certain things
C)with us from birth
D)entertaining

Question 43

Even though Jane thought it was wrong to take from others,she didn't want to be rejected by her peers,so she began shoplifting along with them.Jane probably experienced _______ when she stole.

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)reactance
C)central route change
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 44

The person who conducted the most well-known research on obedience is _______.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Kelley

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT one of the four categories of factors that can influence the effectiveness of attempts to change people's attitudes?

A)the communicator
B)the audience
C)the motive
D)the message itself

Question 46

Learned,relatively enduring feelings about objects,events,or issues are called ___________.

A)norms
B)opinions
C)attitudes
D)emotions

Question 47

Bill thinks that drug use is bad,but he has friends who use illicit drugs and he sometimes gets high himself.Socializing with drug users and using drugs himself illustrate which component of attitude?

A)evaluation
B)action
C)belief
D)moral

Question 48

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the dependent variable was the:

A)learner's incorrect responses.
B)intensity of shock delivered.
C)learner's screams of pain.
D)number of mistakes made by the learner.

Question 49

Whenever a person has two contradictory cognitions at the same time,a state of _______ exists.

A)cognitive congruence
B)nonreciprocity
C)cognitive dissonance
D)identity diffusion

Question 50

In Milgram's studies about _______ percent of his subjects administered the entire range of electric shocks.

A)25
B)45
C)65
D)85

Question 51

To relieve dissonance,people will try to change _______,so that attitudes,beliefs,and behavior will once again support one another.

A)the subject
B)their cognitions
C)their values
D)their actions

Question 52

The Milgram obedience study has been criticized on the basis of:

A)validity.
B)ethics.
C)reliability.
D)applicability.

Question 53

A relatively stable organization of beliefs,feelings,and behavior tendencies toward something or someone else is a(n)__________.

A)affect
B)cognition
C)archetype
D)attitude

Question 54

Milgram's study on obedience has been criticized on the basis of _____________.

A)methodological weaknesses
B)inability to replicate it
C)lack of real-life application
D)ethics

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a positive outcome of the Milgram obedience study?

A)The subjects learned that they would obey an order to hurt another.
B)The subjects were glad they had been in the study.
C)The results further our knowledge about human behavior.
D)The results further our knowledge about the power of orders.

Question 56

Milgram is known for his research in:

A)prejudice.
B)group think.
C)obedience.
D)deindividualization.

Question 57

_______ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people.

A)Solomon Asch
B)Kurt Lewin
C)Carolyn Sherif
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 58

The theory of _______ attempts to explain what happens when people behave in ways that are contrary to their beliefs or attitudes.

A)social comparison
B)cognitive dissonance
C)opponent processes
D)social exchange

Question 59

Research studying attitude change has focused on all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A)the communicator.
B)the message.
C)the context.
D)the audience.

Question 60

What percent of subjects in Milgram's experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series?

A)less than 1%
B)between 5% and 10%
C)about 65%
D)about 90%

Question 61

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called _______.

A)the primacy effect
B)defensive attribution
C)fundamental attribution error
D)the just world hypothesis

Question 62

Which of the following phenomena usually involves an excessively negative,overgeneralized assumption about a socially defined category of people?

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)confirmation bias
C)attitude
D)stereotype

Question 63

Over-simplified generalizations about the characteristics of a group are called:

A)prejudices.
B)stereotypes.
C)biases.
D)discrimination.

Question 64

The fundamental attribution error refers to:

A)people's tendencies to ignore situational causes of behavior and favor internal explanations.
B)people's tendencies to ignore internal causes of behavior and favor external explanations.
C)people's tendencies to deal with someone else's behavior without trying to figure out what made them behave that way.
D)people's tendencies to go along with the majority opinion in deciding what caused an event rather than reasoning it out for themselves.

Question 65

The theory that addresses the question of how people make judgments about the causes of behavior is __________ theory.

A)exchange
B)social learning
C)attribution
D)social influence

Question 66

Inferring characteristics of people based on their observable behavior is called ___________.

A)social psychology
B)attribution
C)attitudes
D)personality psychology

Question 67

The fundamental attribution error is based on the:

A)confirmatory bias.
B)need to believe that one can control one's fate.
C)basic distrust that we have of other humans.
D)need to accurately detect causes of behavior.

Question 68

_______ puts people into categories with each category having its own set of characteristics.

A)Stereotyping
B)Prejudice
C)Discrimination
D)Bias

Question 69

What is the process of explaining why certain events occurred or why a particular person acted in a certain manner?

A)attribution
B)causality analysis
C)ascribing
D)stereotyping

Question 70

The tendency to base attributions solely on behavior without considering the situation is called:

A)projection.
B)behavioral relevance.
C)fundamental attribution error.
D)hedonic relevance.

Question 71

Which of the following statements about prejudice and discrimination is NOT true?

A)Discrimination often leads to aggressive behavior.
B)They are formed from facts and personal experience.
C)They are practiced even if it hurts the person practicing them.
D)The targets of prejudice often take on prejudicial attitudes.

Question 72

The extent to which the first information we receive about someone influences our impression of that person more than later information is called _______.

A)the phi phenomenon.
B)the halo effect.
C)attribution theory.
D)the primacy effect.

Question 73

When others act,our attention is focused on __________.When we act,our attention is focused on ___________.

A)the environment;ourselves
B)them;the environment
C)their facial expressions;our feelings
D)their body language;our appearance

Question 74

In general,the first information we receive about a person has greater influence than later information.This is called:

A)first impressions.
B)recency effect.
C)hedonic decision.
D)the primacy effect.

Question 75

What theory was advanced by Festinger?

A)balance
B)cognitive heuristic
C)cognitive dissonance
D)confirmation bias

Question 76

In the realm of person perception,the phenomenon called ______ is most closely associated with "first impressions."

A)construct accessibility
B)the recency effect
C)the primacy effect
D)situationalism

Question 77

According to Festinger,the feeling of discomfort that results from the realization that our beliefs and our behaviors are discrepant is called:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 78

The cognitive process of deciding who or what caused an event is:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 79

The notion that "mental patients are dangerous" is an example of a(n):

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)confirmation bias
C)attitude
D)stereotype

Question 80

Assigning a trait to a person explains that person's behavior and _________________.

A)helps explain our own behavior
B)lowers our feelings of guilt
C)predicts future behavior
D)lowers that person's anxiety