Deck 12: Sexual Orientation: an Integrative

Question 1

Gay men are less likely to be firstborns than heterosexual mean and to have more older brothers. These findings suggest that same-sex sexuality, in males, is genetic and transmitted at least partially through the

A) X chromosome.
B) Y chromosome.
C) Z chromosome.
D) genome.

Answer 1

X chromosome.

Question 2

A recent study in Italy found that

A) female relatives of gay men had more children than the aunts and uncles of heterosexual men.
B) female relatives of lesbian women had more children than the aunts and uncles of heterosexual women.
C) male relatives of gay men fathered more children than the uncles of heterosexual men.
D) male relatives of lesbian women fathered more children than the uncles of heterosexual women.

Answer 2

female relatives of gay men had more children than the aunts and uncles of heterosexual men.

Question 3

In summarizing the evidence of heritability for homosexual behavior, the textbook suggests that

A) there is evidence of a strong genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for men than women.
B) there is evidence of a strong genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for women than men.
C) there is evidence of a moderate genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for men than women.
D) there is evidence of a moderate genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for women than men.

Answer 3

there is evidence of a moderate genetic component to same-sex orientation, and the impact of genes seems to be stronger for men than women.

Question 4

With regard to the kin selection theory of same-sex sexuality from the evolutionary psychological perspective, the textbook concludes that there is

A) strong evidence from several studies to support this theory.
B) weak evidence from a few studies to support this theory.
C) no evidence to support this theory.
D) strong evidence that supports a conclusion that is the opposite of this theory.

Question 5

Researchers today define ____________ as the prevalence of erotic arousals, feelings, fantasies, and behaviors one has for males, females, or both.

A) sexual orientation
B) sexual attraction
C) sexual persuasion
D) eroticism

Question 6

Sexual __________ includes labels people associate with their sexuality whether personally selected or socially ascribed. These would include the basic labels of gay, lesbian, bi, and straight.

A) choice
B) attribution
C) description
D) identity

Question 7

A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of women aged 15 to 44 reported their sexual orientation as lesbian?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5

Question 8

The textbook presents a number of false statements or myths about Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals. Each of the following is one of those myths

A) Sexual orientation can be corrected with they proper intervention.
B) Gay men have a higher rate of HIV infection than heterosexual men.
C) Gay men are feminine.
D) Homosexuality doesn't exist in nature (other species.)

Question 9

Most, if not all, cultures view heterosexuality as the natural, correct, and normal way to be. The textbook's term for this is __________________.

A) homophobia
B) same sex bias
C) heterophilia
D) heteronormativity.

Question 10

Research suggests that ______ percentage of women define themselves as "heterosexual".

A) 55%
B) 75%
C) 90%
D) >95%

Question 11

With regard to the concept of a "gay gene," the textbook concludes that

A) there is strong evidence that a gene or small set of genes is responsible for a large percentage of the variance in the cause of same-sex sexual preference.
B) there is weak to moderate evidence that a gene or small set of genes is responsible for a large percentage of the variance in the cause of same-sex sexual preference.
C) any gene that is associated with sexual orientation will only confer a predisposition rather than definitively cause same-sex orientation.
D) there is currently no evidence to support the concept of genetic component to the cause of same -sex orientation.

Question 12

Bailey and colleagues found evidence that two aspects of same-sex sexuality also have a genetic component: childhood gender _______________ and adult masculinity-femininity.

A) association
B) conformity
C) nonconformity
D) ambiguity

Question 13

While there have only been a few studies of the brain structures of same and different sex-orientation, the most promising - and controversial - by LeVay have found differences in the ___________ that may be correlated with sexual orientation.

A) cerebral cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) pineal gland
D) cingulate

Question 14

With regard to an evolutionary explanation for female same-sex sexuality, evolutionary psychologists have

A) suggested a link to the X chromosome.
B) suggested a link to the Y chromosome.
C) formulated an epigenetic model.
D) not formulated a theory.

Question 15

Research suggests that ______ percent of men define their sexual identity as "heterosexual".

A) 55
B) 75
C) 85
D) >95

Question 16

The textbook uses the term _______ for sexual orientations that change over time.

A) ambidextrous.
B) fluid.
C) ambiguous.
D) bisexual.

Question 17

A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of men aged 15 to 44 reported having had any same-sex sexual contact ever in their lives?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 11

Question 18

A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of men aged 15 to 44 reported their sexual orientation as gay?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5

Question 19

The textbook defines sexual ___________ as thoughts, feelings, wants, or desires for sexual relations or to be in a loving relationship with another person but which do not include behavior.

A) arousal
B) orientation
C) attraction
D) interests

Question 20

A 2002 study reported in the textbook suggests that approximately what percentage of women aged 15 to 44 reported having had any same-sex sexual contact ever in their lives?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 11
D) 16

Question 21

The observation that there is a tendency for gay men to have a larger number of older brothers than nongay men is known as the _____________ effect.

A) LeVay
B) fraternal birth order
C) sibling
D) maternal auto-immune

Question 22

Researchers today define sexual _________ as the prevalence of erotic arousals, feelings, fantasies, and behaviors one has for males, females, or both.

Question 23

Studies have suggested that women who had high prenatal exposure to _______ were more likely to be classified as bisexual or lesbian.

A) androgen
B) estrogen
C) testosterone
D) thalidomide

Question 24

Based on evidence from animal research, ______________ during pregnancy may feminize and demasculinize male rat progeny because of a delay in the androgen surge necessary for proper sexual development.

A) fetal stress
B) maternal stress
C) maternal consumption of tranquilizers
D) improper nutrition

Question 25

The third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH-3) is of interest in the study of sexual orientation as it is the center for a variety of sexual behaviors and experiences. LeVay's studies of the INAH-3 found all of the following

A) It is less than half as large in heterosexual women as heterosexual men.
B) It is indistinguishable from that of homosexual women in heterosexual men.
C) It was indistinguishable from that of heterosexual women in gay men.
D) It was half the size of that of heterosexual men in gay men.

Question 26

The maternal immune hypothesis suggest that a male child could be predisposed to homosexuality when

A) his H-Y antigens cause his mother to release too much estrogen, exposing his fetal brain to feminization.
B) his mother's antibodies attack his H-Y antigens, preventing the fetal brain from developing male-typical brain structures.
C) a fetus develops an immunity to the effects of maternal testosterone, preventing masculinization of his brain.
D) his mother is exposed to certain vaccines that increase her immune response, preventing certain fetal structures that are central to a masculine brain from developing.

Question 27

The textbook suggests all of the following

A) Experimentally regulated levels of male hormones appear to affect the strength, not the direction of the sex drive in men.
B) Studies of hormones and sexual orientation in women have been inconsistent or contain methodological problems.
C) There is no causal relationship between adult hormonal status and sexual orientation.
D) There is no causal relationship between exposure to hormones prenatally and later sexual orientation.

Question 28

All of the following are pieces of evidence that support the maternal immune hypothesis as a part of the cause of same-sex attraction in males

A) Anti-H-Y antibodies in utero have been shown to disrupt brain development, but not physical development.
B) H-Y antigens cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, thus increasing their concentration in the fetal brain.
C) Cytology research shows that the maternal immune response is greater to cells from male than female children.
D) Newborn boys with older brothers tend to have a lower birth weight than boys with older sisters.

Question 29

A robust finding in a variety of studies is that gay men tend to have __________ than nongay men.

A) a larger number of older brothers.
B) a larger number of older sisters
C) a smaller number of siblings.
D) a higher frequency of siblings who are mentally ill

Question 30

The conclusion the textbook draws regarding the gender inversion hypothesis is that

A) the evidence strongly supports it.
B) the evidence weakly supports it.
C) the evidence is inconclusive and research continues.
D) there is no evidence to support it.

Question 31

All of the following show consistently high correlations with sexual orientation

A) cross-gender behavior.
B) finger length ratio.
C) handedness.
D) balance ability.

Question 32

All of the following have been suggested as methodological flaws in LeVay's studies correlating the hypothalamus with homosexuality

A) AIDS is what altered the structure of the hypothalamus.
B) LeVay did not ascertain the sexual orientation of his population of straight men. Some of them could have been gay.
C) Perhaps being gay alters the structure of the hypothalamus; it is an effect rather than a cause.
D) LeVay's population of gay women, a control group, was larger than his population of gay men introducing statistical concerns.

Question 33

Early research on sexuality hypothesized that gays and lesbians had gender

A) inversion.
B) confusion.
C) choice.
D) hypo-activity

Question 34

The textbook uses the term _____________ to refer to the view that heterosexuality is the natural, correct, and normal way to be.

Question 35

Sexual _____________ includes thoughts, feelings, wants, or desires for sexual relations or to be in a loving sexual relationship with another person. It does not include behavior.

Question 36

Sexual _________ includes labels people associate with their sexuality, whether personally selected or socially ascribed. Gary, lesbian, bisexual, and straight are examples of this.

Question 37

A meta-analysis of 41 retrospective studies found that adults with same-sex attractions recalled substantially more ___________ behavior in childhood than did heterosexual adults, and this was especially true for gay men.

A) same-sex-typed
B) cross-sex-typed
C) ambiguous-sex-typed
D) sexual

Question 38

All of the following are true about androgens

A) Testosterone and similar substances are called androgens.
B) High androgen exposure during critical periods of prenatal development is thought to be associated with heterosexuality in men.
C) Low androgen exposure is thought to be associated with same-sex sexuality in women.
D) High androgen exposure is thought to be associated with same-sex sexuality in women.

Question 39

In a recent study presented in the textbook, what country had the highest percentage of males describing their identity as homosexual?

Question 40

With regard to hormonal theories of sexual orientation, research found

A) that heterosexual men have higher levels of circulating male hormones than gay men.
B) that gay men have higher levels of circulating female hormones than heterosexual men.
C) that gay men have higher levels of circulating male hormones than heterosexual men.
D) no difference in circulating levels of male hormones between gay and heterosexual men.

Question 41

Gender ___________ in girls often takes the form of being a tomboy, the name given to girls who like traditional boy games and activities.

Question 42

Discuss the concept of sexual orientation as presented in the textbook.

Question 43

The ___________ model of love and desire is the most promising so far in explaining female sexual development.

Question 44

Discuss LeVay's theory of the cause of homosexual behavior and his evidence for this theory.

Question 45

LeVay has found evidence that the part of the brain called the __________ is different in gay men than in heterosexual men.

Question 46

One of the most robust findings is that gay men tend to have a larger number of older brothers than nongay men. This is called the __________ birth order effect.

Question 47

Bem's theory of an interaction between biological and environmental factors in sexual development is the ________ becomes __________ theory.

Question 48

Describe the basic methodological problems in answering the question, "How many people are gay, lesbian, straight, or bisexual?"

Question 49

One criticism of LeVay's first study is that all of one group's subjects were gay men who had ___________.

Question 50

According to the _______ __________ hypothesis of male same-sex sexuality, gay men adapt by shifting from investing in offspring to investing in next of kin, such as the children of their sisters and brothers.

Question 51

The biobehavioral model suggests that two systems are involved in sexual orientation; sexual desire and __________ ____________.

Question 52

Masculine hormones called ________ regulate sexual behavior, potential attraction to females, and the brain structures that support these behaviors.

Question 53

Maternal ________ during pregnancy may feminize and demasculinize male rat progeny because of a delay in the androgen surge needed for proper sexual development.

Question 54

Discuss some of the practical improvements in the lives of gay couples that occur when they are given the same legal rights and heterosexual couples

Question 55

Briefly discuss two of the methodological objections made with regard to LeVay's research on the relationship between the hypothalamus and male homosexuality, as well as the counter argument or fix offered by LeVay.

Question 56

Discuss the kin altruism hypothesis for male same-sex sexuality.

Question 57

Biologists distinguish between proceptivity, the motivation to initiate sexual activity, and receptivity (in the case of animals) or ___________ (in the case of humans) - the capacity to become aroused to sexual stimuli.

Question 58

A theory that suggests that H-Y antigens may be involved in the processes that induce same-sex interest in men is called the ________ ___________ hypothesis.

Question 59

High levels of the class of hormones known as __________ during a critical period of prenatal development are thought to be associated with heterosexuality in men and same-sex sexuality in women.

Question 60

Several studies have suggested that women who had prenatal exposure to high levels of the female hormone ___________ were more likely to be classified as bisexual or lesbian than women without such exposure.

Question 61

Discuss the maternal immune hypothesis.

Question 62

Discuss the evidence for, or against, hormonal theories of the cause of sexual orientation.

Question 63

Discuss the general concept of the fraternal birth order effect.

Question 64

Discuss Bem's exotic becomes erotic (EBE) theory of the development of sexual orientation.