Deck 5: Self and Identity

Question 1

The textbook suggests that for infants under one year old, their self is a(an) _________ self.

A) almost fully developed
B) narcissistic
C) oral
D) physical

Answer 1

physical

Question 2

When Gallup painted a red dot on chimps' foreheads and then had them view themselves in a mirror, what percentage recognized that they were looking at themselves and touched in the region of the dot?

A) 0
B) 10
C) 25
D) 70

Answer 2

25

Question 3

Gallup's procedure is generally know as the

A) chimp intelligence test.
B) red dot test.
C) self-concept procedure.
D) mirror test.

Answer 3

mirror test.

Question 4

One classic study of self concept is the ___________ Statements Test.

A) Five
B) Ten
C) Twenty
D) Fifty

Question 5

By 21 to 25 months, roughly _____% of infants are able to recognize themselves in a mirror.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75

Question 6

All of the following are characteristics of adolescent self-concepts

A) They are more concrete.
B) They incorporate beliefs.
C) They include personality characteristics.
D) They provide motivations.

Question 7

Using procedures similar to Gallup's mirror test self-recognition has been demonstrated in all of the following

A) elephants.
B) dolphins.
C) gibbons.
D) magpies.

Question 8

In Gallup's study of chimpanzee behavior, how did the chimps' behavior change from day 1 to day 3 when a mirror was placed in their line of sight?

A) On both days they showed no interest in the mirror at all.
B) From the start they treated the mirror much as a human would by occasionally grooming themselves.
C) At first they behaved as if they were looking at a different chimp (bobbing, threatening, etc.), and then started to respond with self-directed responses such as grooming.
D) At first they behaved with self-directed behaviors such as grooming, but gradually started to behave as if a second chimp was present and became aggressive.

Question 9

One key factor in Gallup's study that seems to be necessary for a chimp to demonstrate self-awareness in his experiment is

A) intelligence.
B) being raised by humans.
C) prior experience with mirrors.
D) having seen an adult chimp go through the procedure.

Question 10

By the age of _________, children begin to describe other children using personality attributes in addition to social comparison: "She is the hardest worker."

A) 2-3
B) 3-4
C) 5-6
D) 7-8

Question 11

It has been show that chimps who are/were _______________are unable to recognize themselves in the mirror test even after much practice.

A) raised by humans
B) taken from their mothers and raised in isolation
C) deficient in language development
D) raised in zoos

Question 12

The outcome of the process in which adolescents internalize the evaluations of others to partially form their self-concept is termed the ___________________ by Charles Cooley, an American sociologist.

A) objective self
B) acquired self
C) reflected self
D) looking glass self

Question 13

Gallup and others saw chimps' self-directed behaviors in this mirror test as evidence of chimpanzee

A) self-recognition.
B) vanity.
C) intelligence.
D) language potential.

Question 14

In humans, mirror recognition generally develops

A) a few days after birth.
B) at about six months.
C) between one and two years.
D) at about three years.

Question 15

The set of ideas and inferences that you hold about yourself, including your traits, social roles, schemas, and relationships, is what psychologists call your ______________.

A) ego identity
B) self-concept
C) identity
D) mask

Question 16

Adolescents begin to build their self-concept, in part, by internalizing the evaluations of them by others in a process known as

A) reflected appraisal.
B) identification.
C) internalization of other.
D) mirroring.

Question 17

Which of the following show signs of self-recognition?

A) rhesus monkeys
B) orangutans
C) mandrills
D) baboons

Question 18

1.The program that you design to foster their development of self will likely center on

A) a quiet, relaxing environment.
B) daily mirror practice.
C) improved diet.
D) increased social interaction.

Question 19

A psychologist conducted a series of experiments on chimpanzees involving a mirror to investigate the biological limits of

A) chimpanzee eye sight.
B) self-recognition.
C) primate memory.
D) human-chimp social interaction.

Question 20

Adolescents begin to see themselves as the object of others' attention in a process known as

A) reflective self-awareness.
B) projection.
C) objective self-awareness.
D) reflection of other.

Question 21

This variable is known as

A) self-esteem stability.
B) self-esteem constancy.
C) low Self-Variance.
D) self determinacy.

Question 22

Erik Erikson suggested that almost all adolescents experience

A) an identity crisis.
B) some form of hallucinations.
C) desire for an identity similar to one or both of their parents.
D) Oedipal identification.

Question 23

In the study comparing American with Japanese students on the TST, Japanese students responded much more in the __________ category than American students.

A) Attributive self-description
B) Physical qualities
C) Group cohesion
D) Social self-descriptions

Question 24

They combine various views and come to internalize the view of Margaret Mead called the _______________.

A) societal self
B) generalized other
C) collective other
D) many

Question 25

The textbook suggests that social repressiveness in the Victorian England in the middle and late 19^th century forced Victorians to do all of the following

A) hide their true selves.
B) fear that their true selves could be revealed inadvertently.
C) use the family for the expression of true feelings and thoughts.
D) become more self-conscious.

Question 26

When members of an identifiable group are made aware of cultural stereotypes about that group they are sometimes unable to perform up to their potential as a result of a phenomenon known as

A) prejudice.
B) social facilitation.
C) in-group out-group.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 27

All of the following are true of individuals with high self-esteem

A) They are better at coping with failure.
B) They are more easily persuaded by social influence.
C) They are more physically healthy
D) They are less conflicted between desire for success and desire for approval.

Question 28

Harry Triandis has suggested that cultures can be classified as predominantly ______________ or_________________.

A) Individualistic; Collectivistic
B) Individualistic; Cooperative
C) Self oriented; Collectivistic
D) Self oriented; Cooperative

Question 29

As self-esteem is defined in the textbook, it is

A) objective.
B) accurate.
C) a perception or opinion.
D) a theory.

Question 30

The textbook suggests that which of the following creates the greater problems for an individual.

A) Stable and high self-esteem
B) Unstable and high self-esteem
C) Stable and low self-esteem
D) Unstable and low self-esteem

Question 31

As conceptualized by Erikson, _________ is central to the concept of identity crisis.

A) acceptance
B) neurosis
C) questioning
D) Openness

Question 32

In a study comparing American college students with Japanese college students on the Twenty Statements Test (TST), it was found that

A) American students fell into the Attributive self-description more than the Japanese.
B) Japanese students fell into the Attributive self-description more than the Americans.
C) Both groups were equal on the Attributive self-description scale.
D) There is no Attributive self-description scale on the TST.

Question 33

You can get some idea of your own level of self-esteem by taking the ____________ Self-Esteem Scale.

A) Eysenck
B) Rosenberg
C) Baumeister
D) Cheung

Question 34

All of the following are suggested as possible factors in the creation of individualism in a society

A) geography.
B) urbanization.
C) centralized government.
D) affluence.

Question 35

What will your program focus on?

A) Improving the overall grade point average for the school
B) Breaking down assumptions that teachers and students make about identifiable groups
C) Counseling programs for troubled students
D) Developing and anti-bullying program

Question 36

The textbook defines the value that people place on themselves as ________________.

A) self-valuing
B) self-esteem
C) identity
D) identity value

Question 37

Triandis suggests that about _________% of the world's population live in collectivistic cultures.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 60
D) 80

Question 38

Images of our ___________ selves help us choose our aspirations, maintain motivation, and provide continuity in our self-concepts over time.

A) dominant
B) collectivistic
C) possible
D) identified

Question 39

One study suggests that the "possible selves" of delinquent teenagers are

A) actually somewhat more positive than those of nondelinquent teenagers.
B) about the same as those of nondelinquent teenagers.
C) more likely to include criminal than having a job.
D) impossible to study due a high rate of refusal to participate in such studies.

Question 40

_________ has/have been shown to reduce the impact of the stereotype effect.

A) Encounter groups
B) Encouraging self-fulfilling prophecies
C) Cathartic counseling
D) Writing about things that are important

Question 41

______________ analysis involves judging, categorizing, and analyzing the content of essays, stories, etc.

A) Content
B) Theme
C) Self
D) Narrative

Question 42

How well people know - or think they know - themselves is defined in the textbook as

A) Knosos.
B) Insight.
C) Self-knowledge.
D) Self-concept clarity.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using open-ended questions in qualitative research?

A) They allow for freedom of expression on the part of the subject.
B) Open-ended questions are more reliable than, for example, forced choice questionnaires.
C) Asking open-ended questions may be the only way to capture the true feelings of subjects.
D) If the experimenter has left out an important concept in the study design, open-ended questions allow subjects to introduce it.

Question 44

Which of the following DOES NOT accurately complete the following statement? Qualitative is to quantitative as _________ is/are to __________.

A) broad themes; numerical data
B) characteristics of responses; measures
C) check list; verbal responses
D) content analysis; statistical analysis

Question 45

Adolescents experience __________ self-awareness as they start to see themselves as the object of other's attentions.

Question 46

Triandis divided cultures into two styles, individualistic and ____________.

Question 47

The regulation of public self-presentation is called __________.

A) self-aggrandizement
B) impression regulation
C) self-regulation
D) impression management

Question 48

Acting, speaking, or dressing in a certain way to convey a specific image of ourselves is defined in the textbook as ______________.

A) self-presentation
B) self-definition
C) self-portrayal
D) self-augmentation

Question 49

A classic instrument used for looking at self-concept is the _________ Statements Test.

Question 50

Each of the following is a self-presentational tactic presented in the textbook

A) iconization
B) ingratiation
C) self-promotion
D) supplication

Question 51

In a study of self-descriptions, Japanese students tend to use more ________ self-descriptions that American students.

Question 52

Gallup invented the __________ test to investigate self-recognition.

Question 53

All the following are false

A) Too many people suffer from low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem score higher on I.Q. tests.
C) Job success is correlated with high self-esteem.
D) Programs designed to improve self-esteem are generally unsuccessful.

Question 54

__________________ is a personality trait that describes the extent to which people are aware of and mange their self-presentations, expressive behaviors, and nonverbal displays of emotion to control the images and impressions others form of them.

A) Image-projection
B) Self-awareness
C) Self-monitoring
D) Image-management

Question 55

Research suggests that students who do not keep up with readings, make little effort and fail a class

A) feel quite bad about it.
B) experience reduced self-esteem.
C) tend to work extra hard when given a second chance.
D) don't feel diminished self-esteem as a result.

Question 56

__________________ is a process of purposely holding oneself back in order to have a ready-made excuse for failure other than lack of skill or ability.

A) Personal sabotage
B) Failure avoidance
C) Self-handicapping
D) Self-protection

Question 57

Often, adolescents use the views of significant others as a social mirror to form the basis of their own self-views in a process termed _________ appraisal.

Question 58

The textbook suggests that about ___ % of the world's population lives in a collectivistic culture.

Question 59

All of the following are accurate

A) Both high and low self-esteem cause problems in relationships.
B) The correlation between being a bully and self-esteem is low.
C) People with low self-esteem do not tend to use alcohol and drugs at a higher rate.
D) There is a correlation between low self-esteem and the likelihood to engage in early sexual activity.

Question 60

Presenting oneself in a manufactured image for some ulterior motive is termed _______________ self-presentation.

A) ulterior
B) enhanced
C) deceptive
D) strategic

Question 61

2.6This process is termed self-_________________.

Question 62

3.7Describe the methodology used in the study discussed in the textbook

Question 63

Describe the forces that may encourage a culture to become collectivistic.

Question 64

Discuss two myths associated with low self-esteem in the textbook.

Question 65

In personality research, the regulation of public self-presentations is called ______________ management.

Question 66

Personality research that uses ____________ techniques is based on broad themes and open-ended questions.

Question 67

Define self-monitoring and discuss two differences between high and low self-monitors.

Question 68

Discuss the concept of self-handicapping, the evidence that supports it, and it possible aim.

Question 69

The textbook suggests that we are likely to engage in self-_________; acting, speaking ,or dressing in a certain way to convey a specific image of ourselves to others.

Question 70

Briefly describe the major developmental milestones in the emergence of a sense of self in humans from birth to age 4.

Question 71

There are many different kinds of self-presentation. The textbook lists the "classic quintet," which includes intimidation, self-promotion, exemplification, and ____________.

Question 72

______________ is a personality trait that describes the extent to which people are aware of and managing their self-presentations, expressive behaviors, and nonverbal displays of emotion to control the images others form of them.

Question 73

The process by which researchers try to figure out ways of judging, categorizing, and analyzing qualitative data is known as ___________ analysis.

Question 74

Explain how Gallup's research findings suggest that chimpanzees have the cognitive capability for self-recognition.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the methods used in qualitative research vs. quantitative research.

Question 76

Discuss the methods that many people use to manage and control self-presentation as presented in the textbook.

Question 77

Describe the concept of "looking glass self" that Cooley applied to adolescent development.

Question 78

The opposite of a hoped-for self is called a _________ self.

Question 79

Self-concept ___________ refers to how well people know, or think they know, themselves.

Question 80

The textbook draws a distinction between independent selves and __________ selves.