Deck 13: Extrafamilial Influences Ii: Peers As Socialization Agents

Question 1

Harlow's "mother-only" monkeys who were denied contacts with peers

A) often avoided peers when later exposed to them
B) were likely to behave aggressively if they did approach a peer
C) developed strong mutual attachments to other monkeys who had been raised by their mothers and denied early contact with peers
D) often avoided peers when later exposed to them and were likely to behave aggressively if they did approach a peer
E) none of these

Answer 1

often avoided peers when later exposed to them and were likely to behave aggressively if they did approach a peer

Question 2

Taken together, studies of both monkeys and human beings suggest that

A) peer contact is the key to normal social development
B) individuals raised exclusively with peers are generally antisocial, even toward their peer companions
C) peers promote the development of competent and adaptive patterns of social behavior
D) good parenting can compensate for a child's (or a monkey's) lack of contact with peers

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Contact with peers is thought to be important because

A) it is primarily with others of the same age
B) it is typically more egalitarian than contacts among family members
C) peers never criticize each other
D) the child can play "make believe" with peers but not with familymembers

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Harlow's "peer-only" monkeys who were raised with peers (and without mothers)

A) were often aggressive as adults toward monkeys they did not know
B) formed strong attachments to their peer associates
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 5

Freud and Dann's (1951) human parallel to Harlow's "peer-only" monkeys revealed that these "peer-only" orphans

A) were strongly attached to each other
B) were initially indifferent or hostile to outsiders
C) suffered serious adjustment problems as adults
D) were strongly attached to each other and were initially indifferent or hostile to outsiders
E) were initially indifferent or hostile to outsiders and suffered serious adjustment problems as adults

Question 6

In the natural ecology, children's play groups consist primarily of

A) agemates of different sexes
B) agemates of the same sex
C) associates of different ages and different sexes
D) associates of different ages but the same sex

Question 7

The research of Harlow and others indicates that optimal social development depends on

A) interaction with a mother figure
B) peer interaction
C) both maternal and peer interaction
D) neither maternal nor peer interaction

Question 8

Developmentalists define a peer as

A) an agemate
B) a companion for leisure activities
C) someone who operates at a similar level of behavioral complexity
D) a playmate other than a friend

Question 9

Harlow's monkey research and Freud and Dann's observation of war orphans suggest that the major contribution that a parent makes to social development is _____ , and that peer contacts _____ .

A) to promote the development of adaptive social behaviors; provide a sense of security
B) to provide a sense of security; promote the development of adaptive social behaviors
C) ensuring that infants survive; promote the development of adaptive social behaviors
D) to provide security and promote adaptive social behaviors; foster role-taking skills and long-lasting friendships

Question 10

Within their gender-segregated world of playmates

A) boys tend to form "packs" and girls tend to form "pairs"
B) girls tend to form cliques and boys tend to prefer a single playmate
C) both boys and girls prefer cooperative relationships with a preferred playmate
D) both boys and girls prefer group interactions to those with a single playmate

Question 11

Seven-year-old Sharon and four-year-old Sue often play together, with Sharon adjusting her play to Sue's capabilities. According to developmental researchers, Sharon and Sue would

A) be considered peers because they are operating as social equals
B) be considered peers because they are the same sex
C) not be considered peers because of their 3-year age difference
D) not be considered peers because they are not playing in a group

Question 12

Mixed-age peer interactions may be particularly important experiences for _____ , who would otherwise miss out on some of the benefits of mixed-age contacts at home.

A) the first-born (oldest) child in a family
B) the last-born (youngest) child in a family
C) only children
D) all of these
E) none of the above; mixed-age interactions typically foster more undesirable than desirable attributes and should be minimized

Question 13

As early as the _____ , children are spending more time with other children than with adults, and most of these child contacts are between _____ .

A) the preschool period; mixed-age peers
B) the preschool period; same-age peers
C) the early elementary school grades; mixed-age peers
D) the early elementary school grades; same-age peers

Question 14

_____ seems to be particularly important to ensuring good developmental outcomes later in life.

A) having contact with peer associates
B) establishing satisfactory relations with peer associates
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 15

Mixed-age interactions

A) are typically equal-status contacts
B) foster the development of nurturant and prosocial responses in younger children
C) are thought to be of little benefit to the older members of mixed-age aggregations
D) none of these

Question 16

Equal-status contacts with peers may be of special developmental significance because they

A) show children that they can occasionally dominate someone, a lesson they can't learn at home
B) help children to understand and appreciate the perspectives of other people like themselves and thus contribute to social competencies that are difficult to acquire at home
C) occur so much more often than mixed-age interactions
D) all of these

Question 17

With respect to the character of peer interactions,

A) even infants and toddlers spend more time with same-sex than with other-sex peers
B) preschool children spend more time with adult associates than with child associates
C) mixed-age interactions are much less common than interactions among agemates
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 18

Most developmentalists view peer interactions as

A) important because they are more egalitarian than parent-child contacts
B) of little consequence except for only children who have no siblings
C) a source of pressure that often interferes with parental socialization
D) ultimately the most important source of influence on developing children and adolescents

Question 19

Compared to groups of same-age peers, mixed-age peer aggregations are more likely to

A) be a context that benefits both older and younger children
B) display antisocial behavior
C) be leaderless
D) none of these

Question 20

Interactions among children of different ages is developmentally

A) detrimental for younger children who are bullied and become too submissive
B) detrimental for older children who may become too domineering and aggressive
C) useful for teaching younger children how to seek assistance and older children how to lead
D) redundant for everyone other than only children

Question 21

Solitary play by preschoolers

A) need not be considered immature if it involves constructive activities such as drawing or completing puzzles
B) is positively correlated with measures of emotional adjustment among preschool girls but not preschool boys
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 22

One cognitive milestone that seems to underlie young children's ability to coordinate their actions to achieve a shared goal is

A) searching for a hidden object (object permanence)
B) recognizing oneself and others as autonomous agents (self/other differentiation)
C) ability to imitate the actions of an absent model (deferred imitation)
D) recognition that gender is a permanent attribute (conservation)

Question 23

Evidence for the proposition that 6- to 10-month-olds already have developed some simple playmate preferences comes from recent observations that they reliably choose to play with

A) same-sex rather than opposite-sex playmates
B) helpful rather than hurtful playmates
C) older rather than younger playmates
D) same-race rather than different-race peers

Question 24

One social factor that has been found to contribute in a positive way to early social skills is

A) a secure attachment to a caregiver
B) having older sisters as siblings
C) having older brothers as siblings
D) having had little contact with socially unsophisticated playmates in day care

Question 25

Compared to pretend play activities of American children in which players _____ , children from collectivist societies more often pursue play themes that _____.

A) assert their identities as individuals; promote group harmony
B) promote group harmony; assert their identities as individuals
C) cooperate; compete
D) focus on family roles; involve superheroes

Question 26

Critics of Harris's theory of socializing influences would argue that _____ reveals that her view of peer socializing influences is overstated.

A) sensitivity of parenting received largely determines whether adoptive children become securely or insecurely attached to their adoptive parents
B) parenting practices influence the kinds of peers with whom their children will associate
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 27

Judith Harris's recent theory of socialization implies that _____ .

A) parents are less important as agents of socialization than peers are
B) the positive associations between particular parenting styles (e.g., authoritative parenting) and adaptive child outcomes reflect hidden genetic influences
C) children and adolescents gravitate to and are influenced most by peer cultures that are most compatible with their own genetic predispositions
D) parents are less important as agents of socialization than peers are and the positive associations between particular parenting styles (e.g., authoritative parenting) and adaptive child outcomes reflect hidden genetic influences
E) all of these

Question 28

Chenghuan is a 5-year-old who spends most of his free time at nursery school bouncing a ball against the wall and catching it. He may spend hours on end doing this. Based on what we know about preschool play activities, we might conclude that Chenghuan

A) is engaged in constructive solitary play and is really quite socially skilled.
B) is engaged in functional solitary play and is really quite socially skilled.
C) is engaged in constructive solitary play and is likely a child who is admired for his athletic prowess.
D) is engaged in functional solitary play that is developmentally immature.

Question 29

Parten's classic study of preschoolers' play activities looked at trends in the _____ complexity of children's play. The sequence of play development was _____.

A) social; solitary to parallel to associative and cooperative play
B) social; solitary to associative to parallel and cooperative play
C) cognitive; solitary to parallel to associative and cooperative play
D) cognitive; solitary to associative to parallel and cooperative play

Question 30

As preschool children grow older, their sociable gestures shift from

A) attention- and approval-seeking to seeking physical contacts
B) adults to peers
C) positive forms of play to aggression
D) complementary activities to parallel play

Question 31

In her recent theory of socializing influences, Harris cites _____ as evidence that peers are more important than parents as socializing agents.

A) siblings raised by the same parents often turn out differently
B) sensitivity of parenting largely determines whether adoptive children become securely or insecurely attached to their adoptive parents
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 32

According to Howes and Matheson (1992), the most complex form of pretend play that preschoolers display is play involving

A) the assumption and playing out of complementary pretend roles
B) action-based role reversals in social games such as run and chase
C) the assigning of complementary pretend roles which are enacted according to scripts that are modified as necessary
D) lots of talk, smiling, and sharing of toys during the playful interactions

Question 33

Between 12 and 18 months of age, peer interactions _____ .

A) are limited to smiles and simple gestures
B) are coordinated interactions characterized by imitative games
C) are action/reaction episodes rather than coordinated social discourse
D) qualify as cooperative bouts of social pretend play

Question 34

Heavy involvement in solitary play is associated with poor social competencies in preschool _____ because _____ .

A) girls; girls usually play in pairs
B) boys; boys normally play in groups and solitary play may appear antisocial
C) children; solitary play is atypical and inherently immature
D) none of these

Question 35

Research (Howes & Matheson, 1992) reveals that the _____ complexity of preschool play is a reliable predictor of a child's future _____ .

A) social complexity; academic performances
B) social complexity; emotional adjustment
C) cognitive complexity; social competencies
D) cognitive complexity; intelligence test scores

Question 36

Susan and Freda are 3-year-olds who like pretend play activities involving the assumption of complementary pretend roles, such as employer and employee. Susan likes to play these roles according to a play in which players are free to alter. Freda disagrees and gets aggravated when Susan wants modify their roles. We could predict from these descriptions that

A) Susan is bossier and less popular with peers than Freda is
B) Susan is more socially competent and more popular with peers than Freda is
C) Freda's stance on pretend play is rather immature for a 3-year-old
D) Susan's stance on pretend play is very immature for a 3-year-old
E) none of these

Question 37

By 24 months of age, infant sociability has progressed to the point that playmates are capable of

A) imitating each other to create social "games"
B) assuming complementary roles, such as chaser and chasee in tag games
C) coordinating their actions to achieve shared goals
D) use language to influence play activities
E) all of these

Question 38

Harris's theory of socialization is most subject to criticism for its assertion that _____ .

A) individual genotypes contribute substantially to variations in social and personality development
B) peers are very important as socialization agents
C) patterns of parenting contribute little to social and personality development
D) none of these

Question 39

Pretend play among preschoolers is thought to be adaptive because it

A) helps children to share meaning with social equals
B) contributes to the growth of such social skills as negotiation and compromise
C) promotes emotional understanding and an enhanced capacity for caring
D) all of these

Question 40

By 6 months of age infants

A) imitate each other's actions
B) occasionally gesture and offer toys to each other
C) partake in extended "action-reaction episodes"
D) engage in truly coordinated social interactions

Question 41

Joyce is a 3-year-old who absolutely adores and has become securely attached to her preschool teacher. This development is a _____ sign, for research implies that _____ .

A) positive; Joyce is likely to become more outgoing with her classmates and form some close friendships
B) positive; the quality of Joyce's attachments to parents will now improve
C) negative; the quality of Joyce's attachments to parents may be undermined
D) negative; Joyce will spend too much time with adults, causing her to be neglected or even rejected by peers

Question 42

Research examining the likely impacts of day care on peer sociability reveals that _____ .

A) day care children are less socially skilled on average than children who are cared for at home by family members
B) day care and other preschool educational experiences foster social skills and peer sociability, particularly if the care is of high quality
C) day care has a highly positive effect on children's social skills if the out-of-home care has a strong academic emphasis
D) day care promotes the social competencies of girls but not boys

Question 43

Dating early in adolescence seems to _____, particularly for _____.

A) be a very positive experience; early maturing boys
B) be a very positive experience; early maturing girls
C) have more negative than positive consequences; early maturing girls
D) have more negative than positive consequences; early maturing boys

Question 44

Perhaps the most noticeable way that peer interactions change between the preschool period and the grade-school years is that

A) grade-school children shun social pretend play
B) interactions among grade-schoolers often occur in true peer groups
C) grade-school children interact with friends, whereas preschoolers interact with regular acquaintances
D) adult controls over play activities become much more noticeable during the grade-school years

Question 45

Among the major developmental functions served by adolescent cliques and crowds is (are)

A) helping adolescents to establish an extrafamilial social identity
B) paving the way for cross-sex friendships and dating relationships
C) providing the first real foundation for discovering the value of teamwork and commitment to group goals
D) helping adolescents to establish an extrafamilial social identity and paving the way for cross-sex friendships and dating relationships
E) all of these

Question 46

As compared to aggregations of nursery schoolers, the group activities of grade-school children are characterized by

A) shared norms created by the group
B) assumptions of relatively stable roles and statuses by group members
C) rapidly fluctuating membership
D) shared norms created by the group and assumptions of relatively stable roles and statuses by group members
E) all of these

Question 47

Four-year-olds Billy and Gary occasionally squabble when they play at Gary's house, and Gary's mother wonders how best to manage their activities so as to promote good social skills. Research by Ladd and Golter suggests that Gary's mother should

A) check occasionally on the children to monitor their play but to be generally nonintrusive
B) keep a close eye on the children's activities, sometimes even joining in as a playmate
C) butt out entirely and let the children resolve whatever conflicts may arise
D) discourage peer interactions at home, thus leaving the training of social skills to nursery school personnel

Question 48

The quality of adolescent dating relationships often depends on

A) the relative attractiveness of the dating partners
B) the quality of daters' relationships with their parents
C) the crowds to which dating couples belong
D) the frequency of sexual activity within that relationship

Question 49

Between ages 1 ½ to 5 years, children's play becomes

A) more socially complex
B) more cognitively complex
C) more planful and nonliteral
D) more socially complex and more cognitively complex
E) all of these

Question 50

Children who often display ____ in their pretend play are at risk of displaying problem behaviors that can cause them to be neglected or rejected by peers.

A) immature solitary functional activities
B) violent fantasy themes
C) heroic rescue themes
D) immature solitary functional activities and violent fantasy themes
E) all of these

Question 51

By mid-adolescence, the cliques that teens belong to become

A) increasingly homogeneous with respect to gender
B) increasingly heterogenous with respect to gender
C) increasingly heterogeneous with respect to activity preferences
D) increasingly homogeneous with respect to gender and increasingly heterogeneous with respect to activity preferences
E) none of these

Question 52

Early in adolescence, peer contacts become increasingly centered around _____ .

A) the clubs to which one belongs
B) small friendships networks known as cliques
C) larger peer networks known as crowds (brains vs. jocks, for example)
D) none of these

Question 53

Dating relationships early in adolescence _____ .

A) are casual and similar to intense same-sex friendships
B) satisfy needs for love and sexual gratification
C) tend to last for more than one year
D) all of these

Question 54

Davies and Windle's (2000) study of 10^th- and 11^th-graders revealed that _____ .

A) having a steady dating relationship was associated with higher levels of self-esteem
B) dating teens were involved more often than nondaters in problem behaviors such as drinking
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 55

The crowds that characterize teenagers of high-school age consist of

A) young men and women who are in the same class at school
B) three or four same-sex cliques with similar dress codes and activity preferences
C) young men and women who live in the same neighborhood and share similar racial/ethnic backgrounds
D) a reputationally-based aggregation of teens who are fundamentally similar in one or more identifiable way

Question 56

When playmates are familiar associates rather than strangers, their interactions

A) are more complex
B) are more cooperative and collaborative
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 57

Pam's parents choose a home in a neighborhood with houses on large, tree-covered lots and few playgrounds. This environment

A) is a "high risk" neighborhood for child abuse
B) could seriously restrict Pam's access to peer playmates
C) encourages parallel rather than cooperative play
D) all of these

Question 58

Out of home care emphasizing a social curriculum is often found to foster children's social skills and peer sociability due, in part, to _____ .

A) the teaching of social skills by knowledgeable teachers/alternative caregivers
B) the development of secure attachments (and positive working models) between young children and their teachers/alternative caregivers
C) children's exposure to familiar peers with whom they feel comfortable and can cooperate
D) the development of secure attachments (and positive working models) between young children and their teachers/alternative caregivers and children's exposure to familiar peers with whom they feel comfortable and can cooperate
E) all of these

Question 59

Kato is a preschooler who is appropriately sociable and well-liked by his peers. Based on research on parental contributions to peer sociability, Kato's parents are least likely to

A) allow Kato plenty of freedom to structure play activities-with his playmates
B) be warm and responsive caregivers
C) directly monitor Kato's peer interactions, intruding before minor disputes escalate
D) allow Kato and his playmates to resolve their minor disputes on their own

Question 60

If there is a down side to day care, it is that children who have spent large amounts of time in _____ tend to be somewhat more aggressive and disobedient during the grade school years.

A) day care homes
B) home care with a grandparent
C) group day care centers
D) home care with a regular sitter

Question 61

Among the factors that seem to be associated with relatively unfavorable sociometric statuses is (are)

A) having an irritable and impulsive temperament
B) scoring high on IQ tests
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 62

Recent research on the links between temperament, attachment, and peer sociability imply that positive correlations between security of attachments and social competence with peers would seem to indicate that

A) children with easy temperaments or who are socially skilled are more likely to develop secure attachments
B) secure attachments foster the development of an easy temperament over time
C) secure attachments foster the development of social skills and social competencies
D) none of these

Question 63

When members of a grade-school class took a sociometric test, the results revealed that Johnnie received very few nominations as either a liked or a disliked individual. Johnnie's category of peer acceptance is

A) popular
B) neglected
C) average status
D) controversial

Question 64

The long-term adjustment problems that many rejected children come to display _____ .

A) may often reflect a rejectee's disordered family life
B) may often stem from unfavorable treatment by peers
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 65

Maternal warmth and avoidance of power-assertive discipline _____ .

A) is associated with children's behavioral inhibition in Chinese culture
B) is associated with a relatively uninhibited behavioral profile in Western cultures (e.g., Canada)
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 66

Self-report measures that ask peers in the same classroom to evaluate other classmates' likeability are called

A) sociograms
B) status indicators
C) sociometric techniques
D) social impact assessment devices

Question 67

Neglected children

A) face a high risk of experiencing adjustment problems later in life
B) are found to retain their neglected status in new classrooms or play groups
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 68

One sociometric classification that is frequently unstable over time is the _____ status, whereas children classified as _____ will frequently retain their status over the long run.

A) popular; rejected
B) popular; controversial
C) controversial; neglected
D) controversial; rejected

Question 69

When asked to explain examples of Frank's prosocial and antisocial conduct, peers tend to attribute Frank's acts of kindness to unstable, situational factors (e.g., his Mom made him share) and his antisocial acts to stable dispositional factors (He laughed at me because he's mean.) This pattern of peer attributions implies that Frank is probably a _____ child.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) rejected

Question 70

Thel was nominated as a liked individual by the vast majority of her 6^th grade classmates and was nominated as a disliked individual by only her biggest rival. Thel illustrates the _____ category of peer acceptance.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) average status
D) neglected

Question 71

In the context of sociability, which of the following is most likely to characterize children or adolescents who were "insecurely attached" during infancy?

A) being friendly toward other children
B) being less popular than children who had had secure attachments
C) receiving sympathy and ample social support
D) being relatively compliant and obedient

Question 72

Cross-cultural research on the relationship between parenting and children's social skills reveals that

A) authoritative parenting is consistently associated with such socially-skilled behaviors as social confidence and high levels of assertiveness in Western societies and in China.
B) the pattern of parenting associated with the development of culturally-valued social skills varies from society to society
C) authoritative parenting is consistently associated with development of whatever social skills a particular culture happens to value
D) authoritative parenting seems to promote inhibited social behaviors in Western societies but uninhibited social behaviors in China

Question 73

Susan is outgoing, friendly much of the time, but strikes her peers as somewhat arrogant. Asked to characterize Susan, peers generally agree that she is "popular" but several of them admit to not liking her very much. Susan sounds a lot like a _____ child.

A) popular
B) average status
C) controversial
D) rejected

Question 74

Jimbo is outgoing and cooperative much of the time but can, on occasion, be rather disruptive and aggressive toward peers. This mixed behavioral profile is characteristic of children in the _____ category of peer acceptance.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) average status
D) rejected

Question 75

Cross-cultural research on parenting and children's social skills implies that

A) the pattern of parenting associated with the development of culturally-valued social skills is similar from society to society
B) the pattern of parenting associated with the development of culturally-valued social skills varies dramatically from society to society
C) different societies tend to value the same patterns of social skills
D) none of these

Question 76

Which of the following set of parental practices is most likely to further a child's social skills and promote harmonious peer interactions?

A) direct monitoring of peer play and an authoritarian approach to parenting
B) direct monitoring of peer play and an authoritative approach to parenting
C) indirect monitoring of peer play and an authoritarian approach to parenting
D) indirect monitoring of peer play and an authoritative approach to parenting

Question 77

Controversial children receive _____ nominations on socimetric measures.

A) few of any kind of
B) many positive and few negative
C) many positive and many negative
D) many negative and few positive

Question 78

June has received a moderate number of positive nominations as a liked individual from her classmates and only one negative nomination. June would be classified as a(n) _____ child.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) average status

Question 79

Research generally indicates that

A) poor academic performance is associated with less favorable peer statuses
B) less favorable treatment by peers is associated with future academic declines
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 80

Children who fall into the _____ category of peer acceptance are the ones who are the most likely to feel lonely and to suffer serious adjustment problems later in life.

A) popular
B) neglected
C) rejected
D) average status
E) controversial