Deck 11: D: Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

A coworker you don't like has been bragging about how he performs at such a high level that he is 100 percent certain your boss is going to offer him a raise in an upcoming meeting.However,during that meeting,your boss fires this coworker.The glee that you secretly feel at the misfortune of your coworker is referred to as the emotion of _____________.

A)contempt
B)pride
C)amusement
D)schadenfreude

Answer 1

schadenfreude

Question 2

Paul Ekman and colleagues believed that no more than ____ primary emotions are cross-culturally universal.

A)five
B)seven
C)eight
D)nine

Answer 2

seven

Question 3

Which of the following expressions of emotion would be most difficult to recognize?

A)Carla is very happy that she got a good grade on her midterm.
B)Tarek was alarmed when his roommate failed to return home after a party.
C)Juanita was surprised when her friend from another city arrived for dinner.
D)Darnell was sad when his dog got very sick and passed away.

Answer 3

Tarek was alarmed when his roommate failed to return home after a party.

Question 4

Which of the following is a secondary emotion?

A)Contempt
B)Disgust
C)Hatred
D)Surprise

Question 5

According to Ekman,which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions?

A)Hatred
B)Schadenfreude
C)Alarm
D)Contempt

Question 6

The term ______________ is derived from the Latin word meaning "to set in motion."

A)motivation
B)problem solving
C)emotion
D)schadenfreude

Question 7

In Ekman's research,he found that ____________ was the most easily recognized emotion.

A)anger
B)sadness
C)happiness
D)surprise

Question 8

Recent research evidence suggests that ________ may also be a cross-culturally universal emotion.

A)shame
B)alarm
C)jealousy
D)pride

Question 9

_____________ refers to the glee we experience at witness the misfortune of others.

A)Contempt
B)Schadenfreude
C)Happiness
D)Pride

Question 10

According to the discrete emotions theory,emotional expressions are recognizable across cultures because

A)teaching children about emotional expression is important for survival in all cultures.
B)each emotion is associated with a distinct "motor program" that reflects genetically influenced physiological responses that are essentially the same in all people.
C)during colonization,missionaries all over the world were teaching children about life and love,and also taught about how to express and recognize emotions in other people.
D)the limbic system responds to emotion-provoking stimuli in the same way,and emotions are indistinguishable from a physiological stand-point (i.e. ,they all have the same patterns of activation).

Question 11

Anecdotal examples of Phineas Gage and Elliott in your textbook provide a demonstration of how damage to the __________ may be associated with an inability to process and experience emotion.

A)temporal lobe
B)hippocampus
C)frontal lobe
D)limbic system

Question 12

The emotion alarm,a mixture of fear and surprise,is one example of a

A)primary emotion.
B)fake emotion.
C)secondary emotion.
D)real emotion.

Question 13

Lori is an A student,and she constantly brags about her high marks when she outperforms her classmates on exams.If Lori unexpectedly gets an F on an exam,her classmates would secretly feel happy about her misfortune.This is known as _____________.

A)pride
B)schadenfreude
C)hatred
D)contempt

Question 14

Which of the following provides the best example of how emotional expressions are by-products of innate motor programs?

A)Babies show the same emotional expressions that are displayed within their culture.
B)Babies who are blind from birth smile in response to playing and tickling.
C)Babies respond by mimicking emotional expressions in their caregivers.
D)Babies show preferences to novel stimuli and learning to do something new.

Question 15

A psychologist who has studied emotions with Paul Ekman for decades is going to present a summary of the research.Which title might this psychologist consider?

A)"Emotion as a Deviation"
B)"Emotion: Evolution's Big Mistake"
C)"Why Emotions Are Not Fully Developed in Humans"
D)"How Facial Expressions Communicate Emotions"

Question 16

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion.

A)three
B)five
C)seven
D)nine

Question 17

Alisa stood on stage with one corner of her mouth lifted.This is one illustration of a

A)happy expression.
B)contempt expression.
C)fearful expression.
D)sad expression.

Question 18

According to the discrete emotions theory,emotions are

A)significantly different across cultures.
B)independent of any physiological responses at all.
C)the shared experience across the civilized cultures only.
D)to serve evolutionary functions.

Question 19

What did Charles Darwin believe about the origin of emotions?

A)They are learned through experience.
B)They do not merit scientific consideration.
C)They are a product of evolution.
D)They are remnants of our earliest ancestors and,thus,have little relevance today.

Question 20

A 3-month-old baby named Bryan smiles even when he is alone.Scientific research has suggested that his smile should be attributed to

A)the reinforcements from his immediate surroundings.
B)effective training by his mom.
C)his innate motor programs from birth.
D)his motivation to learn something new.

Question 21

Which of the following individuals is from a culture that has strict public social display rules?

A)Mark,who is American
B)Sandrine,who is French
C)Miyoki,who is Japanese
D)Jessica,who is Canadian

Question 22

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Our hearts race,we see a monster,we feel fear.
B)We see a monster,we feel fear,our hearts race.
C)We see a monster,our hearts race,we feel fear.
D)We feel fear,our hearts race,we see the monster.

Question 23

Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion?

A)Somatic marker theory
B)James-Lange theory of emotion
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D)Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a false smile?

A)Duchenne smile
B)Overt smile
C)Pan Am smile
D)Schadenfreude smile

Question 25

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions.Interestingly,the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the prefrontal cortex when he produces _______________.

A)an angry face
B)a disgust face
C)a fear face
D)a surprise expression

Question 26

You are walking through a store when you run into a friend you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much.According to the James-Lange theory,what might happen?

A)You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness.
B)You feel happiness followed by physiological changes.
C)You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously.
D)You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness.

Question 27

Which of the following examples reflects the individual who is most likely experiencing anger based on their physiology?

A)Fred's stomach is churning and his digestive system has sped up.
B)Cassie's amygdala is showing activation in her brain.
C)Jackson's insula region of his limbic system is activated.
D)Deidra's digestive system has slowed down and her heart rate has increased.

Question 28

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions.Interestingly,the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the front region of the left hemisphere when he produces _______________.

A)an angry face
B)a disgust face
C)a Duchenne smile
D)a surprise expression

Question 29

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)Stimulus - emotion - physiological change
B)Stimulus - physiological changes - emotion
C)Emotion - stimulus - physiological changes
D)Emotion - physiological changes - stimulus

Question 30

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions.Interestingly,the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the amygdala when he produces _______________.

A)an angry face
B)a disgust face
C)a fear face
D)a surprise expression

Question 31

_______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

A)Phenomes
B)Facial grids
C)Display rules
D)Expressional norms

Question 32

Raphael is participating in an experiment that involves taking scans of his brain while producing facial expressions of different emotions.Interestingly,the researchers found that he displays increased activity in the insula when he produced _______________.

A)an angry face
B)a disgust face
C)a Duchenne smile
D)a surprise expression

Question 33

Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes?

A)Somatic marker theory
B)James-Lange theory of emotion
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D)Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 34

Your Italian friend Sophia invites you over for dinner.She also has invited her brother Genaro,and when he arrives they greet each other by kissing each other on each cheek.You find this interesting because you would never think to greet your own brother with a kiss.Which of the following concepts provides the most likely explanation in this example?

A)Motivation-structural rules
B)Display rules
C)Primary emotions
D)Universal emotions

Question 35

The part of the brain that is activated during the experience of fear is the

A)thalamus.
B)amygdala.
C)insula.
D)hippocampus.

Question 36

The _________________ is a fake emotional expression that provides a demonstration of how we can distinguish real from fake emotions.

A)covert smile
B)overt smile
C)Duchenne smile
D)Pan Am smile

Question 37

Which of the following theories states that emotions are from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli?

A)Somatic marker theory
B)James-Lange theory of emotion
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D)Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 38

Seeing a snake,running away from it,and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________.

A)Somatic marker theory
B)James-Lange theory of emotion
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D)Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 39

Which statement is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A)"I run because I'm afraid."
B)"I'm crying because I'm sad."
C)"I'm happy because I laugh."
D)"I'm perspiring because I'm anxious."

Question 40

Researchers have found that positive emotions,such as Duchenne smiles and happiness,seem to be a function of

A)the hormone leptin.
B)the front region of the left hemisphere.
C)evolution.
D)the occipital lobe and the pineal gland.

Question 41

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus?

A)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
B)Somatic marker theory of emotion
C)Two-factor theory of emotion;James-Lange theory of emotion
D)James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 42

Seeing a snake,and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened,is the sequence of events postulated by ______ theory.

A)Cannon-Bard's
B)James-Lange's
C)Plutchik's
D)Schachter and Singer's

Question 43

___________ proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labelling.

A)Damasio
B)The James-Lange theory
C)The Cannon-Bard theory
D)Schachter and Singer

Question 44

You are walking in the forest and see a bear.According to the Cannon-Bard theory,what happens next?

A)You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
B)You feel fear followed by physiological changes.
C)You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
D)You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

Question 45

Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?

A)Arousal and physiology
B)Behaviour and genetics
C)Arousal and context
D)Nature and nurture

Question 46

The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously.As such,it supports which of the following theories of emotion?

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)James-Lange
C)Plutchik's
D)Schachter and Singer's

Question 47

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that

A)emotions are produced by both autonomic arousal and cognition.
B)emotions are based upon our gut feelings.
C)emotions are from our interpretations of bodily reactions to stimuli.
D)emotions and bodily reactions are simultaneously produced by stimuli.

Question 48

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

A)Stimulus --> emotion and physiological changes (simultaneous)
B)Stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
C)Emotion --> stimulus --> physiological changes
D)Physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion

Question 49

Rose is hiking in the mountains,is consuming an energy drink,and experiencing an undifferentiated state of arousal.She sees a cougar off in the distance and interprets her arousal as fear because she must be reacting to being afraid of a cougar attack.Which of the following theories best explains Rose's experience?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)Two-factor theory
D)Somatic marker theory

Question 50

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion,according to

A)Damasio.
B)the James-Lange theory.
C)the Cannon-Bard theory.
D)Schachter and Singer.

Question 51

The study on the Capilano Suspension Bridge in Vancouver was conducted to examine which theory of emotion?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)Two-factor theory
D)Somatic marker theory

Question 52

Rose is hiking in the mountains and suddenly comes across the path of a cougar.She feels that her heart is pounding,her palms are sweating,and she begins to run.It is only after she senses the physiological reaction of her body that she realizes she has never been so scared in her life.Which of the following theories best explains Rose's experience?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)Two-factor theory
D)Somatic marker theory

Question 53

Lashley (1938)stated that the thalamus would have to be pretty sophisticated to make sense of all the possible emotions and relay them to the proper areas of the cortex and body.Which theory of emotion was Lashley criticizing?

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)James-Lange
C)Damasio's
D)Schachter and Singer's

Question 54

Zoe was at the border of passing the statistics course this semester.Her palms started sweating and her heart started pounding while she was waiting to enter the instructor's office to check her final grade.Zoe might change her mind and run away because her heart was pounding too fast.This explanation is most likely based upon the

A)James-Lange theory of emotion.
B)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
C)two-factor theory of emotion.
D)somatic marker theory of emotion.

Question 55

One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing,they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them.Consequently,many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse.This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion?

A)Somatic marker theory
B)James-Lange theory of emotion
C)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
D)Two-factor theory of emotion

Question 56

According to the ________,seeing a crocodile in the swamp would lead simultaneously to both the emotion fear and running away at the same time.However,the ________ would suggest that people are afraid because they run away.

A)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion;James-Lange theory of emotion
B)Cannon-Bard theory of emotion;somatic marker theory of emotion
C)two-factor theory of emotion;James-Lange theory of emotion
D)two-factor theory of emotion;Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 57

Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: _____ and _____.

A)physical arousal;fight or flight
B)cognition;behaviour
C)physical arousal;labelling
D)behaviour;physical arousal

Question 58

Rose is hiking in the mountains and suddenly comes across the path of a cougar.She notices that she is running away and her heart is pounding at the same time that she realizes that she is terrified.Which of the following theories best explains Rose's experience?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Cannon-Bard theory
C)Two-factor theory
D)Somatic marker theory

Question 59

Both Hans and Gretchen have a job interview next week.Hans is looking forward to the opportunity the job could provide and finds he is not stressed out about the interview,whereas Gretchen is extremely stressed and panicking about her interview because she desperately needs the job.What theory of emotion best explains the differences in feelings that Hans and Gretchen are experiencing?

A)James-Lange theory
B)Discrete emotions theory
C)Two-factor theory
D)Somatic marker theory

Question 60

The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)James-Lange
C)Plutchik's
D)Schachter and Singer's

Question 61

People shake their legs when anxious.This is one example of

A)an emblem.
B)an illustrator.
C)a manipulator.
D)nonverbal communication.

Question 62

As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis,our emotions are most likely to be affected by

A)the face shape.
B)the facial blood vessels.
C)the external stimuli.
D)our bodily movement.

Question 63

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called

A)primary emotional processing.
B)internal emotion work.
C)facial feedback.
D)body language.

Question 64

Facial feedback hypothesis is defined as

A)the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
B)a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes,brain activation,cognitive appraisals,subjective feelings,and tendencies toward action,all of which are shaped by cultural rules.
C)an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behaviour.
D)a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when,how,and where a person may express (or must suppress)emotions.

Question 65

June is in a business meeting.She is listening to a proposed change to the company's operations that she does not agree with but is trying to be diplomatic and will discuss the issue with her boss directly.However,she also does not realize that she is displaying a slight frown on her face throughout the meeting.June's behaviour provides an example of

A)gestures.
B)an emblem.
C)nonverbal leakage.
D)proxemics.

Question 66

During the lecture,Dr.Brown moved his right hand forward while highlighting an important point.This gesture is one example of

A)an illustrator.
B)an emblem.
C)nonverbal communication.
D)a manipulator.

Question 67

Research on why adults cry suggests that crying serves as

A)way in which to make ourselves feel better.
B)a social signal that cues others when we are in need of emotional comfort.
C)a way to validate our cognitions that our current situation is upsetting.
D)a means in which to expel neurotransmitters that cause negative emotions.

Question 68

Joanne has heard about a new treatment for her depression involving Botox injections to her face.She goes to a specialist to have the Botox injections,and notices that after about a week,her mood seems to have improved and she does not feel as depressed.This example is most consistent with which view of emotions?

A)Somatic marker theory
B)Facial feedback hypothesis
C)Two-factor theory
D)Discrete emotions theory

Question 69

Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?

A)Men do not express emotion via the face.
B)Facial features have no connection with emotion.
C)Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D)When one facial expression occurs,we quickly register its opposite on the face.

Question 70

Fred has grown up in Ottawa,whereas Amir is a Muslim who was raised in Pakistan.They meet and become friends at university,where they are both completing their undergraduate degrees.In one class,Amir just finished a presentation and asked Fred how he thought it went.Fred gave Amir the "thumbs up" sign and Amir became offended.What is the most likely explanation for Amir's behaviour?

A)Amir is poor at interpreting nonverbal behaviour and requires an Emotional Social Intelligence Prosthesis.
B)Emblems may differ across cultures,and "thumbs up" is not a sign of approval in Muslim countries.
C)Fred used an inappropriate manipulator to convey his message,which sent a mixed message to Amir.
D)Amir misinterpreted the proxemics of this particular situation,and thus interpreted the symbol incorrectly.

Question 71

You just finished a cup of very strong coffee,which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal.That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside.According to Schachter and Singer,which of the following would most likely occur?

A)You will feel afraid because you are near a cemetery.
B)You will feel sad because people are crying.
C)You will feel afraid,then sad.
D)You will feel sad,then afraid.

Question 72

Unconscious spillover of emotions into our gestures and tone of voice is called ______________.

A)nonverbal leakage
B)the facial feedback hypothesis
C)somatic markers of emotion
D)proxemics

Question 73

Paying attention to nonverbal behaviour is important because

A)it provides more valid information about emotion,as nonverbal behaviour is not as easily disguised.
B)our nonverbal behaviour determines what emotions we may be feeling.
C)nonverbal actions are often inconsistent with verbal behaviour and are easily disguised.
D)it often misleads us from correctly interpreting people's verbal behaviour.

Question 74

If our behaviours and physiological reactions can give rise to our emotion changes,holding a pen with our teeth would most likely make us feel

A)happier.
B)sadder.
C)more surprised.
D)more scared.

Question 75

__________ are nonverbal behaviours that highlight speech or accentuate a point,whereas __________ are nonverbal behaviours that we engage in when we are stressed out,such as biting our fingernails.

A)Emblems;manipulators
B)Manipulators;emblems
C)Illustrators;manipulators
D)Manipulators;illustrators

Question 76

According to the facial feedback hypothesis,when José complies with instructions to look angry,it is most likely that

A)he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B)he will be pleased that he does it so well.
C)his positive feelings will decrease.
D)his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 77

Nodding the head during conversation is one example of

A)a manipulator.
B)an illustrator.
C)nonverbal leakage.
D)an emblem.

Question 78

Our difficulty in interpreting emotion in email/text messages stems,in part,from our overestimation of how easily others can figure out the intended meanings in our messages without access to nonverbal cues.This is referred to as

A)the misinformation effect.
B)the curse of knowledge.
C)nonverbal leakage.
D)emoticon blindness.

Question 79

According to the facial feedback hypothesis,when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy,it is most likely that

A)he will begin to feel annoyed.
B)he will begin to feel angry.
C)his positive feelings will increase.
D)his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 80

Geraldine is participating in a psychology experiment where she is asked to rate her current mood using a computer program.What she doesn't know is that while she is completing the questionnaires,the researcher is presenting negative images subliminally (below the threshold for awareness).Which of the following outcomes is most likely in this example?

A)Geraldine's mood would change dramatically from negative to positive when viewing the stimuli.
B)Geraldine would report that she was in a better mood following the stimuli exposure.
C)Geraldine's mood would not change as a function of stimuli exposure as she was not aware of it.
D)Geraldine would report that she was in a more negative mood following exposure to the stimuli.