Deck 10: D: Human Development

Question 1

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called

A)abnormal psychology.
B)gerontology.
C)human development.
D)maturational studies.

Answer 1

human development.

Question 2

In a __________design,one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)correlational
D)cross-sectional

Answer 2

longitudinal

Question 3

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?

A)Believing that because someone is specially trained,he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete
B)Believing that because someone has benefitted from the best coaching,he or she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete
C)Believing that because someone is muscular in body type,he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete
D)Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights,weightlifting produces professional athletes

Answer 3

Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights,weightlifting produces professional athletes

Question 4

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively expensive.
C)It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Question 5

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

A)Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B)It is relatively expensive.
C)It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
D)Participants may drop out due to moving,loss of interest,or death.

Question 6

A researcher has studied a group of patients who have a rare terminal type of cancer and has found that they all were regular cranberry juice drinkers.He concluded that drinking cranberry juice led to the development of the rare cancer.In this case,the researcher has most likely made an error in judgment due to

A)bidirectional influences.
B)the availability heuristic.
C)cohort effects.
D)the post hoc fallacy.

Question 7

Dr.Spinella's research focuses on the effects of early parenting practices on future behavioural tendencies of children.It is most likely that Dr.Spinella is a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)developmental
B)industrial/organizational
C)physiological
D)environmental

Question 8

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

A)Cohort
B)Longitudinal
C)Correlational
D)Cross-sectional

Question 9

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span,which of the following research designs would be most informative?

A)Longitudinal
B)Cross-sectional
C)Cohort
D)Correlational

Question 10

You are in the process of conducting a longitudinal study on lifestyle factors and health problems and notice that many of the women in your study have dropped out.What type of problem are you experiencing with this research design?

A)Developmental effects
B)Cohort effects
C)Selective attrition
D)Longitudinal loss

Question 11

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)correlational
D)cross-sectional

Question 12

Which of the following statements reflects a failure to consider bidirectional explanations for behaviour?

A)Children who witness violence in the home are more likely to become aggressive themselves.
B)Participation in gang behaviour is likely a combination of being around troublemakers and being drawn to other destructive individuals.
C)Children influence and are influenced by the behaviour of their parents,friends,siblings,and teachers.
D)A child who is diagnosed with a genetic disorder can utilize their environments to help with treatment or management of the disorder.

Question 13

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution.The researcher will compare data on the same participants at age 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,and so on,to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town.This type of research study is called a

A)longitudinal design.
B)cross-sectional design.
C)cohort research design.
D)correlational research design.

Question 14

Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioural change over time?

A)Cohort
B)Longitudinal
C)Correlational
D)Cross-sectional

Question 15

Dr.Kiwanis is conducting a longitudinal study on the development of externalizing behaviours in children.He samples children each year as they age but has found that,each year,his sample size is getting smaller because families are dropping out of the study.This is called

A)developmental effects.
B)cohort effects.
C)attrition.
D)infant determinism.

Question 16

Cohort effects are to __________ as developmental effects are to __________.

A)nurture;nature
B)correlations;experiments
C)cross-sectional designs;longitudinal designs
D)genetics;environment

Question 17

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives.This psychologist is most likely working in the field of

A)abnormal psychology.
B)gerontology.
C)human development.
D)maturational studies.

Question 18

Dr.Brady studies parenting practices and childhood dispositions.He has found a relationship between the two variables and concludes that if parents treat their children with warmth and care,then their children will be well-adjusted and emotionally healthy.What problem would be associated with Dr.Brady's conclusion?

A)The post hoc fallacy
B)Bidirectional influences
C)Cohort effects
D)Confirmation bias

Question 19

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humour.She collects data from groups of six-year-olds,16-year-olds,26-year-olds,and 46-year-olds.What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

A)Cohort
B)Longitudinal
C)Correlational
D)Cross-sectional

Question 20

What was the main point of the discussion of three pairs of twins and their athletic ability in the introduction of this chapter?

A)Genetic influences on behaviour account for more than 80 percent of the variance between identical twins.
B)Genes are more predictive of early development,whereas later development is more influenced by environmental factors.
C)Environmental influences on behaviour can negate the effects of genetic similarity.
D)The equation for predicting development is much more complex than simply examining the influence of genes plus environment.

Question 21

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate?

A)Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behaviour.
B)People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behaviour.
C)Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment.
D)Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behaviour.

Question 22

The heart,lungs,and brain begin to form during the __________ period of prenatal development.

A)blastocyst
B)embryonic
C)zygotic
D)fetal

Question 23

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound.The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal and that their baby's fingers,toes,heart,and circulatory system are developing as expected.The couple learns that the baby is only 2 centimetres long.Given this information,the current stage of prenatal development is the

A)fetal stage.
B)embryonic stage.
C)placental stage.
D)germinal stage.

Question 24

In the process of fertilization,the __________ and __________ unite,resulting in a single cell.

A)sperm;egg
B)zygote;sperm
C)embryo;zygote
D)egg;fetus

Question 25

Longitudinal research on violent criminals and the gene that results in low levels of production of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO)has revealed that

A)children who possess the gene later became violent criminals.
B)the gene was unrelated to antisocial behaviour.
C)high levels of MAO were related to prosocial behaviour but low levels were not predictive of criminal activity.
D)children with both the low MAO gene and a history of maltreatment were at a heightened risk for criminal behaviours.

Question 26

__________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

A)Nature;nurture
B)Cognition;emotion
C)Nurture;behavioural genetics
D)Cross-sectional;longitudinal

Question 27

Which of the following is a myth concerning development?

A)Children often experience irreversible damage when subject to physical or mental trauma at early ages.
B)Separating an infant from its mother during the first few hours after birth does not have long lasting consequences for emotional adjustment.
C)Children who are survivors of sexual abuse often emerge without severe psychological problems.
D)The brains of children change in response to experience well into early adulthood.

Question 28

Dr.Aragio is a pediatrician and is constantly advising parents to carefully monitor the experiences their children have within the first three years of life,as these are the most crucial in their psychological and physical development.Which view of development is consistent with Dr.Aragio's advice?

A)Childhood fragility
B)Infant determinism
C)Resiliency hypothesis
D)Constructivism

Question 29

Juan and Carlos are identical twins.Juan was raised by his father and mother,and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a 'mix up' at the hospital.At the age of 15,both boys ran into each other at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be mirror images of each other.After proving they were twins by genetic testing,the families discussed some of the differences between the boys.Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has Fs in all subjects.Carlos is also athletic and intelligent,but he excels in baseball and makes straight As as a result of his strict home life and study routine.Although they are identical twins,what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

A)Nature
B)Nurture
C)School district superintendent
D)Teacher appraisals of performance

Question 30

At fertilization,the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg,creating a new cell called a(n)

A)blastocyst.
B)embryo.
C)zygote.
D)genome.

Question 31

The term __________ refers to a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part.

A)embryo
B)blastocyst
C)fetus
D)neonate

Question 32

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair.Each child is also very intelligent and athletic.The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11th child,who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to __________ as evidenced in the __________.

A)nurture;nature versus nurture controversy
B)nature;nature versus nurture controversy
C)environmental factors;conception theory
D)teratogens;conception theory

Question 33

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

A)The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)The period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 34

Sally has genes that predispose her to anxiety problems.However,she was not an anxious person until she was the victim of a mugging.This provides an example of the phenomenon of

A)nature via nurture.
B)gene expression.
C)infant determinism.
D)gene-environment interaction.

Question 35

Tara is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing.Which period of prenatal development is Tara currently experiencing?

A)Fetal
B)Embryonic
C)Placental
D)Germinal

Question 36

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks.Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A)Blastocyst
B)Embryonic
C)Zygotic
D)Fetal

Question 37

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the __________ period.

A)blastocyst
B)embryonic
C)zygotic
D)fetal

Question 38

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A)The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B)The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C)The period during which the umbilical cord develops
D)The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 39

A fertilized cell is called a(n)__________ when it consists of identical cells that have not begun to take on specific functions,and a(n)__________ once the cells begin to differentiate and form bodily structures and organs.

A)zygote;embryo
B)blastocyst;fetus
C)embryo;fetus
D)blastocyst;embryo

Question 40

Dr.Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences.Dr.Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors.Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A)Nature versus nurture
B)Cognition versus emotion
C)Classical conditioning versus operant conditioning
D)Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Question 41

__________ is learned through trial and error,whereas __________ is a reflexive behaviour.

A)Grasping;rooting
B)Walking;grasping
C)Crawling;sucking
D)Standing;crawling

Question 42

Which of the following infants is most likely to have the fastest motor development?

A)An infant born in Peru
B)An infant born in the West Indies
C)An infant born in Northern Canada to an Inuit family
D)An infant born in China

Question 43

The viability point-the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive on their own-is around __________ weeks.

A)18
B)25
C)36
D)40

Question 44

Which of the following is true concerning children's development of major motor milestones?

A)Children go through each of these milestones at specific times or set points in development.
B)All children must achieve each major motor milestone before proceeding to the next step in development.
C)While children differ in the rate and manner in which they achieve major motor milestones,they all acquire them in the same order.
D)Not all children achieve each major milestone,but those who do have better motor development and coordination later in childhood.

Question 45

Problems such as __________ pose a higher risk of infant death,infection,and developmental disorders than premature delivery.

A)low birth weight
B)difficult labour and delivery
C)lack of nourishment from breast milk
D)overdue delivery

Question 46

Infant reflexes are

A)innate involuntary behaviour patterns.
B)voluntary behaviour patterns.
C)learned.
D)not used as a means for survival.

Question 47

Which of the following is the most prevalent teratogen used by women during pregnancy?

A)Alcohol
B)Prescription drugs
C)Cigarettes
D)Ultrasounds

Question 48

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance,such as a drug,chemical,or virus,that can bring about a birth defect?

A)Teratogen
B)Critical period
C)Carcinogen
D)Biohazard

Question 49

At what point in a pregnancy has the heart begun to beat in the developing child?

A)By 18 days after fertilization
B)By the ninth week
C)By the second trimester
D)At the moment of birth

Question 50

Research on children's development of motor milestones suggests that

A)this process is primarily a biological one and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures.
B)motor developments are dependent on physical maturation,which is guided by our biological changes.
C)motor development is purely an environmental process and is not limited by physiological constraints.
D)while there are physiological limits on development,parenting styles and culture shape the variations in motor development.

Question 51

__________ refers to the process in which neurons begin to develop at an extremely high rate.

A)Mytosis
B)Synaptic pruning
C)Proliferation
D)Blastocytosis

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

A)A mother contracting the H1N1 flu during pregnancy
B)A mother who has an ultrasound of the fetus
C)A mother who uses harsh chemicals to colour and perm her hair
D)A mother who suffers from heartburn while she is pregnant

Question 53

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to

A)open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
B)close the eyes when startled by loud noises.
C)cry when approached by unfamiliar people.
D)stand up and attempt to walk when placed on the knees.

Question 54

At which stage of pregnancy does the zygote divide and double,forming a blastocyst?

A)Embryonic stage
B)Germinal stage
C)Zygotic stage
D)Fetal stage

Question 55

The process of __________ is responsible for the remarkable rate of neural development in the fetal brain.

A)proliferation
B)neural plasticity
C)neural migration
D)neurogenesis

Question 56

Over the course of development,the absolute size of the head continues to __________,but changes at a __________ rate than the torso or legs.

A)decrease;slower
B)increase;slower
C)decrease;faster
D)increase;faster

Question 57

Greta's child has facial deformities,a smaller than normal head,heart defects,impaired intelligence,learning difficulties,and delayed growth.If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant,which was she most likely abusing?

A)Nicotine
B)Cocaine
C)Marijuana
D)Alcohol

Question 58

The human brain begins to develop

A)18 days after fertilization.
B)by the ninth week.
C)by the second trimester.
D)by the end of the sixth month.

Question 59

Allison is a new mother and notices that when she gently touches her daughter's cheek,she opens her mouth and turns toward the hand that Allison is using to stroke her cheek.This reflex is called the

A)sucking reflex.
B)rooting reflex.
C)babkin reflex.
D)moro reflex.

Question 60

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A)Increased birth weight and lethargy
B)Lower birth weight and short stature
C)Severe hearing loss and heart defects
D)Severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 61

Sarah is in her fifties.Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night.The changes Sarah is experiencing stem from

A)climacteric.
B)perimenopause.
C)menopause.
D)postmenopause.

Question 62

Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause.Gail is likely to begin experiencing

A)hot flashes.
B)depression.
C)a significant loss of appetite.
D)a significant loss of physical energy.

Question 63

During menarche adolescents experience

A)the end of menstruation.
B)the first ejaculation.
C)the start of menstruation.
D)voice changes.

Question 64

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called

A)climacteric.
B)perimenopause.
C)menopause.
D)postmenopause.

Question 65

When do individuals reach their physical peak?

A)Adolescence
B)Early twenties
C)Early thirties
D)Mid forties

Question 66

Which of the following is true regarding the release of sex hormones during adolescence?

A)Testosterone is the male sex hormone and estrogen is the female sex hormone.
B)Androgens are present in both males and females,but estrogen is only present in females.
C)Androgens,such as testosterone,and estrogens are present in both males and females in varying proportions.
D)Testosterone is present in males only,whereas both sexes have varying levels of estrogens.

Question 67

Puberty is associated with the onset of __________ in females.

A)generativity
B)menopause
C)menarche
D)dementia

Question 68

Menopause refers to

A)the loss of sexual interest occurring in late adulthood.
B)the onset of puberty in early adulthood.
C)the loss of sexual potency in late adulthood.
D)the end of the menstruation period in middle adulthood.

Question 69

The size of the head,in proportion to the rest of the body,is about __________ percent of the total height when an individual is five months old.

A)15
B)20
C)25
D)30

Question 70

Physical maturity is most closely related to the onset of which of the following?

A)Spermarche
B)Menarche
C)Androgens
D)Secondary sex characteristics

Question 71

The body's reproductive organs are called

A)thyroid glands.
B)primary sex characteristics.
C)secondary sex characteristics.
D)adrenal glands.

Question 72

Androgens in females

A)induce physical growth and the growth of pubic hair.
B)promote the growth of breasts,vaginal maturation,and hip broadening.
C)promote increased muscle tissue,body hair,and broadening of the shoulders.
D)are not present as their maturation is guided by estrogens only.

Question 73

The size of the head,in proportion to the rest of the body,is about __________ percent of the total height when an individual is 26 years old.

A)15
B)20
C)25
D)30

Question 74

Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A)Voice change
B)Ovaries
C)Sperm
D)Genitals

Question 75

The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called

A)climacteric.
B)perimenopause.
C)menopause.
D)postmenopause.

Question 76

__________ tasks are more affected by aging in adulthood relative to __________ tasks.

A)Cognitive;motor
B)Simple;cognitive
C)Complex;simple
D)Motor;complex

Question 77

What is the best explanation for why the age of menarche has decreased over the past century from around 15 to around 13 years of age?

A)Advances in technology correspond to an earlier age of being able to carry an infant to term.
B)Evolutionary changes are linked to taller and more physically strong women that develop earlier.
C)The change is probably due primarily to better nutrition and health care.
D)The decrease reflects the revolving cycle where women are having children younger and,in turn,the age of reproduction of their children is younger,and so on.

Question 78

Breast development is to __________ sex characteristics as penis enlargement is to __________ sex characteristics.

A)primary;primary
B)primary;secondary
C)secondary;primary
D)secondary;secondary

Question 79

Which of the following indicates the first sign of sexual maturation in boys?

A)Development of facial and body hair
B)Deepening of the voice
C)Enlargement of the testicles and penis
D)Increases in muscle tissue,height,and broadening of shoulders

Question 80

Spermarche,or the first ejaculation,generally occurs around age __________ in boys.

A)11
B)13
C)15
D)17