Deck 6: D: Learning

Question 1

__________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

A)John B.Watson
B)Albert Bandura
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

Ivan Pavlov

Question 2

__________ is a form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

A)Operant conditioning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Instrumental conditioning
D)Reinforcement conditioning

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 3

__________ occurs when we respond more strongly over time to a repeated stimulus,and __________ occurs when we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimulus.

A)Sensitization;habituation
B)Habituation;adaptation
C)Adaptation;sensitization
D)Habituation;sensitization

Answer 3

Sensitization;habituation

Question 4

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behaviour because

A)it is thought that learning changes the nerve fibre patterns in your muscles.
B)once you learn something,you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action.
C)it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes.
D)memory processes,unlike learning processes,are not permanent.

Question 5

Three-year-old Sarah learns to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies.This learning represents

A)classical conditioning.
B)operational learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)observational learning.

Question 6

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

A)The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B)The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Question 7

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as

A)a digestive reflux.
B)conditioned response.
C)an unconditioned response.
D)a voluntary response.

Question 8

From an evolutionary perspective,habituation makes sense because we

A)have learned through our genetic ancestors what stimuli are important or unimportant to attend to.
B)can survive dangerous or painful situations better by habituating to them.
C)stop responding to stimuli that pose no threat but continue to respond to stimuli that are dangerous.
D)respond more to stimuli that we have repeated experiences with.

Question 9

Which of the following statements reflects the main argument made by the British Associationists?

A)Learning occurs by serendipity but provides a basis to understand the world and its linkages.
B)After repeatedly opening cat food with a can opener,the cat runs into the kitchen every time the can opener is used.
C)When we are talking on the phone with a friend,we also picture his or her face at the same time.
D)Classical conditioning is only successful when conditioned stimuli have common associations for all people (e.g. ,a bell as a signal).

Question 10

John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day.He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound)and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield,and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.After a while,John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle,Garfield comes running to him right away.In this example,the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)sound of the pill bottle opening
B)pill-taking
C)cat running out
D)treat

Question 11

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)memory linkage.
D)adaptation.

Question 12

John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day.He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound)and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield,and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.After a while,John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle,Garfield comes running to him right away.In this example,the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)sound of the pill bottle opening
B)pill-taking
C)cat running out
D)treat

Question 13

John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day.He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound)and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield,and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.After a while,John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle,Garfield comes running to him right away.In this example,the __________ is the conditioned response.

A)sound of the pill bottle opening
B)pill-taking
C)cat running out
D)treat

Question 14

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.

A)Adaptation
B)Muscle memory
C)Memory enhancement
D)Learning

Question 15

Trevor is trying to study in the library and is distracted by students who are talking at nearby tables.After a while,he does not notice them and is able to concentrate on his studying.What form of learning has Trevor experienced?

A)Sensitization
B)Habituation
C)Adaptation
D)Conditioning

Question 16

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was

A)Skinner.
B)Thorndike.
C)Pavlov.
D)Watson.

Question 17

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a

A)physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk.
B)physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys.
C)physiologist who was studying digestion in dogs.
D)dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows.

Question 18

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of

A)instrumental learning.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)habituation.

Question 19

Discovering that habituation occurred in __________ helped to uncover the biological mechanisms of habituation and the neural basis of learning.

A)amoebas
B)fetuses
C)dogs
D)Aplysia

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A)Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B)Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C)Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D)Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Question 21

The abbreviation UCR stands for

A)unconditional reinforcement.
B)uniform conditioned rule.
C)unconditional retention.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 22

In Pavlov's classic experiments,the repeated presentation of the bell along with the food was called the __________ step of the classical conditioning process.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)extinction
C)testing
D)acquisition

Question 23

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning,she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad.Over several weeks,she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys,immediately before leaving the house.Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behaviour?

A)Classical conditioning
B)Innate learning
C)Punishment by removal
D)Instinctive drift

Question 24

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry,her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry,by drooling and whining.She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry,the sound of the door had become a(n)

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 25

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs,and they began to salivate.Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a

A)primary reinforcer.
B)positive reinforcer.
C)conditioned response.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 26

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was the

A)unconditioned response.
B)conditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 27

The abbreviation CR stands for

A)conditional reinforcement.
B)contingent reflex.
C)conditioned response.
D)contingent reflection.

Question 28

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the UCS was

A)salivation.
B)joy.
C)food.
D)noise.

Question 29

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while,he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A)presence of Alan near the aquarium
B)fish swimming to the top
C)aquarium light
D)fish food

Question 30

The abbreviation CS stands for

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)correlated stimulus.
C)conventional structure.
D)conditional situation.

Question 31

__________ occurs when the conditioned response eventually disappears after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone.

A)Acquisition
B)Habituation
C)Extinction
D)Spontaneous recovery

Question 32

According to the theory of classical conditioning,the unconditioned stimulus is

A)the stimulus that automatically triggers a response when presented.
B)the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
C)the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus.
D)the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

Question 33

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.In this example,the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A)can of cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Harmony puts the food in
D)cat scurrying into the kitchen

Question 34

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies,the UCR was

A)salivation.
B)biting.
C)tone.
D)food.

Question 35

The conditioned stimulus is defined as

A)the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the conditioned response.
B)the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response.
C)the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response.
D)the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response.

Question 36

The abbreviation UCS stands for

A)unconditional statement.
B)uniform conditioned subject.
C)unconditional sensation.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 37

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a(n)

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 38

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener.In this example,the sound of the can opener is the

A)primary stimulus.
B)positive reinforcer.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 39

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs,and they began to salivate.The food acted as a(n)

A)unconditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 40

Acquisition can be described as the process in which

A)the CS produces the UCR.
B)the CR produces the CS.
C)the CS produces the CR.
D)the UCS produces the CR.

Question 41

In which of the following would the acquisition of a classically conditioned response be the fastest?

A)Hugh repeatedly rings a bell after he gives his dog a bone over multiple trials
B)Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later over multiple trials.
C)Hugh makes his dog "play dead" and then gives him a treat if he has performed the behaviour.
D)Hugh makes two pieces of toast every morning for breakfast,and upon popping out of the toaster,he throws one of the pieces of toast to his dog.

Question 42

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures.After the conditioning is established,the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days.When returned to the test situation,the conditioned response is seen again.The effect is known as

A)counterconditioning.
B)instinctive drift.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 43

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell,he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away.Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell.This represents the process called

A)acquisition.
B)testing.
C)extinction.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 44

When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS,the effect is known as

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)extinction.

Question 45

Jules recently moved out of her mother's house with her dog and worked really hard to train some of the dog's "bad behaviours" (such as digging holes in the grass)out of her by using extinction at their new house.She managed to successfully stop her dog from digging holes.However,when she returned to her mother's house for a visit several months later,Jules notices that her dog started digging a hole in her mother's yard again.According to the principles of classical conditioning,this would be an example of

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)the renewal effect.
C)extinction.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 46

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called

A)stimulus generalization.
B)stimulus adaptation.
C)response generalization.
D)transfer of habit strength.

Question 47

Ben's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance.One day,a slightly different song is heard in the distance,and Ben's mouth waters.Ben's behaviour illustrates

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)stimulus assimilation.
D)stimulus recovery.

Question 48

Extinction occurs when the __________ no longer produces the __________.

A)UCS;CR
B)UCS;UCR
C)CS;CR
D)CS;UCS

Question 49

After a CS comes to elicit the CR,the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus,and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR.This process is called

A)generalization.
B)operant conditioning.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)neoclassical conditioning.

Question 50

The renewal effect helps to explain why people with __________ often experience a reappearance of their symptoms when they return to the environment in which they acquired their behaviours.

A)phobias
B)obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)psychosis
D)depression

Question 51

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food,in this case),the CR will "die out" in a process called

A)CR fading.
B)extinction.
C)habituation.
D)generalization fading.

Question 52

When Molson Canadian uses highly attractive men and women in their beer commercials,what type of conditioning are they using?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Instrumental conditioning
C)Stimulus generalization
D)Higher-order conditioning

Question 53

You train your dog,Milo,to salivate at the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A)Counterconditioning
B)Instinctive drift
C)Spontaneous recovery
D)Stimulus discrimination

Question 54

__________ occurs when stimuli similar to an original CS elicits a response,whereas __________ occurs when a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original CS is exhibited.

A)Stimulus discrimination;stimulus generalization
B)Stimulus generalization;stimulus discrimination
C)Stimulus habituation;generalization gradient
D)Generalization gradient;stimulus habituation

Question 55

Ursula was conditioned to be afraid of white rats.However,she also is now afraid of white hamsters but does not show a fear response to white guinea pigs.Ursula's responses best demonstrate that

A)stimulus generalization has occurred.
B)stimulus discrimination has occurred.
C)stimulus generalization occurs along a generalization gradient.
D)stimulus discrimination occurs along a discrimination gradient.

Question 56

While on a cruise ship,Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner.His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation,and,consequently,Kevin shivers at the mere sight of cruise ships.Kevin's behaviour illustrates the process of

A)acquisition.
B)generalization.
C)discrimination.
D)scapegoating.

Question 57

Aimee has trained her horse Bosker to "whinny" at the sound of a bell and has followed this with the presentation of an apple each time.Bosker seems to automatically whinny every time he hears a bell as he expects an apple.After repeated times where Bosker hears a bell and isn't given an apple,he no longer whinnies at the sound of a bell.What process of conditioning is reflected in this example?

A)Acquisition
B)Spontaneous recovery
C)Extinction
D)Habituation

Question 58

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus.After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established,Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound.After a few days,when the light flashes were presented by themselves,the dog salivated.This is an example of

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)extinction.

Question 59

Andrew is a heroin addict,and he usually shoots up at his friend Dave's place.Following an intervention and treatment,Andrew is trying very hard to stop using heroin but finds that when he goes over to Dave's place,his craving for the drug is very strong.In this example,the context of taking the drug serves as

A)an unconditioned response.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)a source of stimulus generalization.
D)a form of aversive conditioning.

Question 60

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called

A)counterconditioning.
B)instinctive drift.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 61

Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent graphic news coverage of people falling from a collapsed bridge.Which of the following is the CS?

A)Collapsed bridges
B)People falling
C)Graphic news coverage
D)Bridges

Question 62

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A)Even after his fear of rats was extinguished,the fear could come back.
B)After his fear of loud noises was extinguished,the fear could come back.
C)His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D)His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.

Question 63

Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats,but if white rats and loud noises are presented in sequence,Albert may learn to fear rats.In this example,white rats would be the

A)CR.
B)UCR.
C)UCS.
D)CS.

Question 64

John B.Watson offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer.The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)counterconditioning stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 65

Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist,she becomes anxious and cries.She was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit,so her fear was a learned behaviour.The UCS in this case was probably

A)painful teeth cleaning.
B)sweet toothpaste.
C)the dentist's beard.
D)small prizes given after the exam.

Question 66

Paul has a fear of being tickled by feathers (pteronophobia)and seeks advice from his friend Deanna on how to get over his fear.Based on principles of learning,what should Deanna recommend to Paul?

A)With repeated feather tickling,he should habituate and not be scared of them any longer.
B)Repeatedly pair feather tickling with pleasurable stimuli (i.e. ,doughnuts)to "uncondition" the fear.
C)Apply other stimuli other than feathers to tickling so that stimulus generalization occurs.
D)Suck it up and deal with it;they are feathers and they not scary.

Question 67

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n)__________ response.

A)classical counterconditioned
B)conditioned emotional
C)positively reinforced
D)negatively reinforced

Question 68

Little Albert learns to fear white rats,but he does not fear white rabbits.This behaviour illustrates

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)acquisition.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 69

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)A rat
B)A loud noise
C)A high chair
D)A small enclosed space

Question 70

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be

A)based on classical conditioning.
B)deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants.
C)based on the principle of observational learning.
D)based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement.

Question 71

A child's fear at the sight of a sharp scissors is

A)a conditioned stimulus.
B)a conditioned response.
C)an unconditioned response.
D)an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 72

What could John B.Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A)Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat
B)Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly
C)Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following
D)Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present

Question 73

Famous athletes are used to sell products using classical conditioning as a marketing strategy.If a famous athlete is used to market shoes,the famous athlete is the

A)UCR.
B)CR.
C)UCS.
D)CS.

Question 74

Drew works for an advertising company and is trying to sell a new product called "day goggles." He knows he needs to make the day goggles appear cool and desirable,so decides to have well-known Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie wear his goggles.Despite his intensive ad campaign featuring the famous actress,he found little evidence that having Angelina Jolie in his advertisement affected preferences for his goggles and did not see any changes in sales.It is most likely that this outcome resulted from

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)latent inhibition.
C)aversive conditioning.
D)conditioned compensatory responses.

Question 75

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats,Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit,cotton wool,and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not __________ had occurred.

A)behaviour modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization

Question 76

Which of the following is true concerning the treatment of phobias using classical conditioning?

A)Persons fearful of flying will first need to address their childhood conflicts that are contributing this phobia in order to eliminate this fear of flying.
B)Persons fearful of flying will need to associate flying with something pleasurable to reduce this fear.
C)Persons fearful of flying will need to avoid flying as a way to reduce this fear.
D)Persons fearful of flying will first need to address the unresolved conflicts in their lives that are contributing to this phobia in order to eliminate the fear of flying.

Question 77

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?

A)Instinctive drift
B)Innate learning
C)Conditioned taste aversion
D)Conditioned emotional response

Question 78

Which of the findings have been supported by research concerning classical conditioning and advertising appeals for well-known products?

A)Well-known brands are easier to convert into conditioned stimuli versus novel brands.
B)Attempts to use classical conditioning to sell products have been largely unsuccessful.
C)It is easier to classically condition novel brands versus well-known brands.
D)It is easier to classically condition well-known brands versus novel brands.

Question 79

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)in the case of Little Albert?

A)A rat
B)A loud noise
C)A high chair
D)A small enclosed space

Question 80

In the "Little Albert" study,the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the

A)white rat.
B)loud noise.
C)fear of the rat.
D)fear of the noise.