Deck 4: Section 1 : Representation in Memory

Question 1

How does neuroscience distinguish between short-term memory and intermediate memory?
a. Short-term memory allows for active attention to material in consciousness, while intermediate memory allows for slow learning but rapid recognition of patterns.
b. Intermediate memory allows for active attention to material in consciousness, while short-term memory allows for rapid learning and recall of specific events.
c. Short-term memory allows for active attention to material in consciousness, while intermediate memory allows rapid learning and recall of specific events.
d. None of the above

Answer 1

Short-term memory allows for active attention to material in consciousness, while intermediate memory allows rapid learning and recall of specific events

Question 2

Which of the following best describes part of the so-called "inconsistency advantage"?
a. It is predicted by an associative network model also known as PM-1, developed by Hastie, which has been shown to work as a computer simulation
b. An item held longer in working memory forges more associative links, and items most relevant to a current impression judgment stay longer in working memory
c. Items that require additional time to process and resolve with other aspects of the impression spend more time in working memory
d. All of the above

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

An emphasis on the disproportionate influence of first impressions is best described by which model?
a. Srull-Wyer Person Memory Model
b. Asch-Goethals Primacy Processing Model
c. Hastie's Model of Person Memory
d. Marques-Hamilton Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways Model

Answer 3

Srull-Wyer Person Memory Model

Question 4

If you were a lawyer, which of the following would be least effective in preparing your witness to testify before court?
a. Frequently rehearsing of the testimony
b. Forming many alternative memory routes for each important fact
c. Preparing your own questioning to include several cues that will help to activate the witness's memory of their testimony
d. Having the witness draw detailed pictures of the event

Question 5

Which of the following best describes what is meant by a "fuzzy set"?
a. Categories do not always have necessary and sufficient attributes for drawing distinctions between them
b. Some categories are closely linked with other, similar categories
c. Within the boundaries of a category, some items may be so similar as to be indistinguishable from each other
d. Items sharing a number of similarities with other items can be difficult to quickly identify

Question 6

Which of the following best describes a "false alarm" in memory?
a. Facilitated recall of expectancy-inconsistent information
b. Inferring additional information after presentation of a mental prototype
c. Categorizing an item with similar features as included in an incorrect category
d. None of the above

Question 7

What cognitive scientists) models) predicted an inconsistency advantage in memory, specifically that extra attention is paid to impression-inconsistent material, resulting in extra associative linkages, increased alternate retrieval paths, and higher probability of recall?
a. Srull & Wyer Person Memory Model
b. Hastie Person memory Model
c. Marques-Hamilton Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways TRAP) Model
d. All of the above

Question 8

Categorical person perception could best be described as an example of which of the following processes?
a. Conceptually-driven
b. Stimulus-driven
c. Data-driven
d. Bottom-up

Question 9

With regards to category members, which of the following best describes what is meant by "family resemblance"?
a. All members of the category will appear similar to each other
b. Two category members will share some features with each other, but other features with other category members
c. Category members may not always appear superficially similar, but have an underlying structural similarity
d. The internal structure of categories can be fluid and difficult to define

Question 10

Which of the following best describes people's usage of social categories?
a. People tend to rely predominantly on intermediate levels of categories that contain both general qualities and specific information
b. Social categories are organized hierarchically, with general, broad categories being more inclusive and therefore higher in the hierarchy)
c. Conscious activation of a particular category can depend on an individual's goals or motives
d. None of the above

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the "associative network approach"?
a. When there exist more links from other concepts to a particular concept in memory, it is easier to remember that one because it can be accessed through a number of routes
b. A proposition, consisting of nodes and representative models, enables associative constructs that can delay retrieval of specific information through conflicting paths
c. Associative features serve to strengthen the links between long-term memories and the short-term activations associated with them
d. When too many associations are linked to any given concept or memory node, processing speed is diminished as neurons may produce conflicting signals

Question 12

According to associative models, the conscious part of long-term memory is considered ___________.
a. Working memory
b. Short-term memory
c. Intermediate memory
d. Both A and B

Question 13

You ask a participant to hold a pencil in her teeth. Doing so, her face contorts slightly as her zygomaticus muscles contract. You then tell a joke that she finds truly hilarious, although your friends in the hallway didn't find it amusing. This is likely a result of which of the following processes?
a. Offline cognition
b. Sensory motor cognition
c. Embodied cognition
d. Simultaneous framing

Question 14

The rapid learning and recall of specific events is primary due to which neural system?
a. Amygdala
b. Neocortex
c. Superior Temporal Sulcus STS)
d. Hippocampus

Question 15

What is meant by an "online impression"?
a. Impressions formed of people over electronic mediums, such as chatrooms
b. Impressions formed by random links between a stimulus and related traits
c. Impressions formed simultaneously as a person receives new information
d. Impressions retrieved from the vast database of long-term memory

Question 16

Which of the following brain regions is most closely associated with memory?
a. Thalamus
b. Amygdala
c. Superior temporal sulcus
d. Hippocampus

Question 17

Rehearsing something in your mind - such as testimony, or a list of vocabulary words - is likely to improve your memory of the topics. Which of the following would best describe the mechanism of this effect, according to the associative memory models?
a. A memory proposition is better encoded in memory by being held in conscious attention
b. Activating the nodes at the same time strengthens the memory link between them
c. Increased retrieval routes allow the memories to be more efficiently recalled
d. Holding a large number of concepts together in working memory enables more efficient associations between them

Question 18

When making a categorical judgment, people are most likely to use which of the following?
a. Mental prototypes
b. Memories of concrete exemplars
c. Automatic mental associations
d. All of the above

Question 19

While waiting in line at an airport, you see a person in a strange uniform and try to decide whether the person is a pilot or a flight attendant. To decide, you compare this new person to what you know about your best friend and your uncle, who are both pilots. In this case, you are categorizing the new person based on which of the following?
a. Categorical exemplars
b. Categorical prototypes
c. Category-inconsistent information
d. All of the above

Question 20

A vivid memory of your sixth birthday party would be best described as an example of which of the following?
a. Semantic memory
b. Episodic memory
c. Procedural memory
d. Declarative memory

Question 21

Which of the following functions as a computer simulation model of impression formation processes, positing that incoming information is considered at once and that elementary units are connected with facilitative and inhibitory links?
a. Connectionist models
b. Tensor-product model
c. Parallel constraint satisfaction model
d. All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following adds other modalities most notably affect and action) to the traditional associative memory models' primary focus on cognitive modalities?
a. Marques-Hamilton Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways TRAP) model
b. Carlston Associative System Theory
c. Srull-Wyer Person Memory Model
d. None of the above

Question 23

Which of the following situations is likely to lead to the automatic use of exemplars?
a. When cognitive capacity is strained
b. When cognitive capacity is not strained
c. When the concept being considered is simple
d. None of the above

Question 24

Gestalt stimulus configurations anticipate social categories and expectations as context-based configurations that influence perception and memory. What current categorical theory did this viewpoint precede?
a. Asch's configural model
b. Heider's theory of social configurations
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

Question 25

The condition "if a stop sign turns red" and the action "stop the car" is an example of a production, represented as part of which of the following?
a. Procedural memory
b. Episodic Memory
c. Semantic Memory
d. Declarative memory

Question 26

Which of the following is not a top-down sensory motor representation?
a. Conception
b. Imagery
c. Priming
d. None of the above

Question 27

Which of the following does NOT describe category members?
a. Category members fall within fuzzy sets, so it's not always clear which instances belong in the category
b. Category members are related by the criterion of family resemblance, sharing some features but not others
c. Each category contains at least one real-life prototype, a perfect instance that best represents that category
d. None of the above

Question 28

Which of the following is an advantage of the exemplar view as opposed to the prototype view?
a. Exemplars have the ability to account for correlations of attributes within a category
b. Exemplars provide a simple way to model variability across category members
c. The exemplar view most directly accounts for knowledge of specific examples that guide one's understanding of a category
d. All of the above