Deck 10: Section 1 : Cognitive Processing of Attitudes

Question 1

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the ______ route recruits active, careful thinking about the true merits of the message arguments, and therefore resembles the ______ route proposed by Chaiken's heuristic-systematic model.
a. Peripheral, systematic
b. Peripheral, heuristic
c. Central, heuristic
d. Central, systematic

Answer 1

Central, systematic

Question 2

According to the heuristic-systematic model, which of the following is required for people to engage in systematic processing?
a. Motivation
b. Stimulus
c. Cognitive capacity
d. Both A and C

Answer 2

Motivation

Question 3

The view of an attitude as an association in memory between an object and one's evaluation of it best describes which of the following?
a. The MODE model
b. The attitude accessibility model
c. The attitudinal recall model
d. None of the above

Answer 3

The attitude accessibility model

Question 4

Which type of involvement implies that a person is primarily interested with the consequences of a particular response?
a. Response involvement
b. Task involvement
c. Ego involvement
d. Vested interest

Question 5

A "need for cognition" is best characterized as which of the following?
a. An individual difference measure referring to chronic thoughtfulness
b. The degree to which a person typically engages in and enjoys cognitive endeavors
c. An individual difference that is related to individuals' lower likelihood of using heuristic processes to evaluate arguments
d. All of the above

Question 6

Assuming a professor is making strong arguments, which of the following is most likely to increase the degree to which students agree with the message?
a. If the argument is easy to understand
b. If the argument is complicated
c. If the argument is conveyed in a lively tone
d. All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following does message repetition effects illustrate about the elaboration likelihood model?
a. The importance of whether a recipient is actively thinking, and if so, whether those thoughts are pro or con
b. The possibilities for nonconscious mediation in the various peripheral routes in contrast to conscious cognitive mediation in the central route
c. The role of the elaboration likelihood model as a well-specified theory that solves old puzzles in new ways
d. All of the above

Question 8

Which of the following would be most likely to influence a perceiver to process new information systematically?
a. Defensive motives
b. A person discovering that he or she disagrees with the majority
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above

Question 9

Under which of the following conditions is argument difficulty most likely to have an impact on the degree to which a perceiver mentally supports or counter-argues a presented argument?
a. When the perceiver is not involved in the material or outcome
b. When the perceiver is moderately involved in the material or outcome
c. When the perceiver is highly involved in the material or outcome
d. None of the above - message difficulty will have similar effects in all cases

Question 10

Which of the following best describes methodology used by the elaboration likelihood research program in assessing elaboration?
a. Manipulate argument quality and situational variable posited to affect elaboration, then measure cognitive responses and attitude change
b. No manipulation of the message, but focus on cognitive response analysis
c. Manipulate argument quality, and then measure cognitive responses and attitude change
d. None of the above

Question 11

When an individual is not particularly invested in an issue or outcome, which of the following is the most likely effect of having a counter-attitudinal persuasive message be delivered by a highly-qualified expert as opposed to a lay person?
a. The message will be more persuasive
b. The individual will be more defensive and resistant to the message
c. The individual will pay more attention to the argument and process the message more carefully
d. None of the above

Question 12

Imagine a person who is presented with the same written argument ten times. Which of the following is most likely to be a consequence of this repetition?
a. The person is more likely to be persuaded
b. The person is less likely to be persuaded
c. The person is more likely to be persuaded, but only if the argument was favorably evaluated in the first place
d. None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is most true about the way highly outcome-dependent people evaluate arguments?
a. They tend to evaluate arguments more objectively
b. They tend to evaluate arguments more rapidly
c. They tend to think more when evaluating arguments
d. All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following best describes something that would involve the central route to persuasion, according to the elaboration likelihood model?
a. Affective responses to repeated exposure and familiarity
b. Multiple factors leading to causal discounting
c. Personal mental projections
d. Personally relevant topic

Question 15

Which of the following is a limitation of the Elaboration Likelihood Model ELM) as described in the chapter?
a. The ELM paints people as less oriented toward validating their attitudes than they may be
b. The ELM is not well suited to the analysis of attitude change mediated by conscious cognitive processes
c. The ELM does not address whether cognitive responses actually cause attitude change or are merely correlated with it
d. The ELM does not allow for biased information processing

Question 16

Physical head movements of agreement or disagreement nodding) can increase people's confidence in their own evaluations. This is an example of which of the following?
a. Projection fallacy
b. Embodied cognition
c. Systematic information processing
d. Positive associations

Question 17

One of the most comprehensive theories of attitudes and behavior, the theory of reasoned action, later elaborated the theory of planned behavior, stating which of the following?
a. Behaviors are importantly based on people's cognitive beliefs about an attitude object
b. Attitudes are importantly based on people's cognitive beliefs about the attitude object.
c. All of the above
d. None of the above.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a major qualification of the mere exposure effect?
a. Stimulus is initially unfamiliar
b. Stimulus is initially positive or neutral
c. Stimulus is initially negative
d. None of the above

Question 19

According to the authors, individual differences may promote attitude accessibility as well as situational factors. Which of the following people may have chronically more accessibly attitudes than others?
a. Those with low self-monitoring
b. Those with high self-monitoring
c. Those with a better memory
d. None of the above

Question 20

In the process of persuasive communication, high or low argument quality might cause high or low counterarguing, which in turn could cause attitude change. What would the cognitive mediator be in this process?
a. Argument quality
b. Counterarguing
c. Attitude change
d. This is not a mediated process

Question 21

Which of the following theories suggests that if people like themselves and link themselves with the ingroup, they will like their ingroup?
a. Balance theory
b. Implicit Association Test IAT)
c. Ingroup desireability theory
d. Both A and B

Question 22

According to the chapter, one problem with verbal self-reports is that these reports are potentially plagued by people worrying about how they appear. Which of the following terms did the authors use to describe this worry?
a. Social desirability
b. Social anxiety
c. Social compatibility
d. Social impression

Question 23

Which of the following measurements has shown contradictory neural responses, for example, when African-Americans respond to Black faces in a way that suggests both negativity and positive explicit attitudes.
a. Measurements of amygdala activation
b. Event-related potential ERP) activity
c. EEG recordings
d. None of the above

Question 24

Meta-analysis has shown implicit and explicit measures of prejudice to have what level of correlation?
a. Medium to large
b. Small to medium
c. Almost none
d. Especially strong

Question 25

Which if the following is NOT suggested to be a distinction between implicit attitudes demonstrated in IAT pairings and explicit attitudes primed in the MODE model?
a. IAT is a series of categorical judgments, whereas priming methods operate more readily on individual exemplars
b. Implicit attitudes may operate from simple slow-learning but durable and resistant) memory system, whereas explicit attitudes result from more fast-learning but flexible and context-sensitive) memory system
c. Implicit attitudes comprise propositions subjectively judged as true, whereas explicit attitudes primarily stem from affective experiences and cultural beliefs
d. Both B and C

Question 26

Research has shown that which of the following areas of the brain most highly correlates with negative valence ratings?
a. Left insula
b. Anterior cingulate cortex
c. Ventral media prefrontal cortex
d. None of the above