Deck 7: Late Antiquity 250-600

Question 1

In City of God, Saint Augustine stated that

A)the church was free from sin.
B)tainted priests could not administer the sacraments.
C)secular states were unnecessary.
D)history is the account of God acting in time.

Answer 1

history is the account of God acting in time.

Question 2

What was the main idea of Saint Augustine's The Confessions?

A)Homosexuality and heterosexuality should be equally accepted in society.
B)Sexuality was clearly linked with sin.
C)God created the material world and sanctioned marriage.
D)Abstinence from sex was a sin.

Answer 2

Sexuality was clearly linked with sin.

Question 3

The Petrine Doctrine implies the

A)authority of the bishop of Rome over other bishops.
B)rejection of classical knowledge.
C)supremacy of the church over the state.
D)infallibility of the pope.

Answer 3

authority of the bishop of Rome over other bishops.

Question 4

According to Ambrose of Milan, a well-ordered Christian society depended on the

A)supremacy of the secular authority.
B)supremacy of ecclesiastic authority.
C)adoption of the Arian concept of the relationship between church and state.
D)recognition of the church as superior in spiritual matters and the state as superior in secular matters.

Question 5

How did the position of tenant farmers change in the late third century?

A)The barbarian raids forced many tenant farmers to give to landlords their land and their rights to move in exchange for protection.
B)The barbarian raids undermined the power of the Roman landlords, leaving tenant farmers as the ruling authorities throughout the provinces.
C)The expanding markets throughout the Roman Empire created large profits, which permitted many tenant farmers to escape their debt obligations.
D)The expanding Mediterranean trade permitted Roman landlords to force tenant farmers into greater servitude to meet the demands of eastern markets.

Question 6

What role did the foederati serve?

A)They provided the Roman army with the food supplies needed by a mobile army frequently on the move.
B)They were military units of free barbarians who allied with the Roman army.
C)They were barbarian merchants who served as political and economic mediators between the Romans and barbarian populations.
D)They were private militias hired by individuals to pursue blood vengeance against their enemies.

Question 7

The success of The Rule of Saint Benedict was the result of its

A)emphasis on spirituality.
B)allegiance to the bishop of Rome.
C)moderation and adaptability.
D)rejection of classical ideals.

Question 8

What did Arians believe?

A)That the bishop of Rome held supremacy
B)That Christ's nature was inferior to God's
C)That God and Christ were coequals
D)That the church was subordinate to the emperor

Question 9

In The Confessions, Saint Augustine suggested that

A)secular states were unnecessary.
B)Greeks and Romans had nothing to offer Christians.
C)humans have an innate tendency to sin.
D)heaven was not literally a place but a metaphor.

Question 10

Why is Justinian's Code important?

A)It provides a rare glimpse into the daily functioning of Germanic societies.
B)It was the first law code in the West to reject the use of capital punishment.
C)It had a profound influence on Islamic law.
D)Along with Justinian's Digest and Institutes, it became the basis for civil law in almost every modern European nation.

Question 11

How did the role of women change from the early Christian church to the third century?

A)The early church had forbidden women from any public participation in religious work, but by the third century, women were allowed into limited leadership roles in female monasteries.
B)The early church had almost no female members, since Jesus had exclusively recruited men, and their later entrance into the church led church officials to permit women only in minor, marginal roles.
C)Women played an active role in the early church, preaching as missionaries and sometimes martyred for their faith, but restrictions soon were placed on their activities, and they were excluded from holding official positions in Christianity.
D)In the early church, women were permitted minor roles to support the work of men, but by the third century, women had key leadership roles throughout the church hierarchy.

Question 12

Among the barbarian tribes, what was the wergeld?

A)The shaman who directed the spiritual life of the tribal community and could communicate with the gods
B)The money paid by someone who caused a personal injury to the victim or his family
C)The practice of passing all lands and titles to the eldest son in order to preserve the family's prominence
D)The armbands worn by warriors that indicated their clan and their status within the clan

Question 13

Recent research stresses that the terms German and Celt can best be understood as

A)racial terms of differentiation.
B)linguistic terms of differentiation.
C)tribalistic terms of differentiation.
D)terms describing different material cultures in northern Europe.

Question 14

How did Diocletian seek to demonstrate the emperor's exalted status?

A)He had ten members of the Senate publicly executed in the Forum, their names drawn by lots.
B)He established a new religious cult of the emperor that recognized the emperor as a divine being and required sacrifices to him.
C)He created a new imperial coin that joined the image of the emperor with the image of Jupiter.
D)He adopted the court ceremonies of the Persian Empire and required people entering the emperor's presence to prostrate themselves.

Question 15

Beyond their religious duties, what function did the druids serve?

A)They determined political alliances for the tribe.
B)They negotiated trade agreements with other tribes.
C)They orally passed downs laws and traditions over generations.
D)They selected marriage partners in order to maintain family alliances and civil peace.

Question 16

How did the development of cenobitic monasticism alter monastic life?

A)Cenobitic monasticism emphasized communal living rather than the isolated tradition of the hermits.
B)Cenobitic monasticism isolated monasteries away from human populations, while the hermits established themselves within major cities where they could perform charitable works.
C)Cenobitic monasticism required frequent devotions throughout the day rather than the weekly devotion required of hermetic monks.
D)Cenobitic monasticism required the practice of severe asceticism and flagellation in place of the simple prayer of the hermits.

Question 17

How did Pope Gregory I seek to protect the city of Rome?

A)He placed Rome under the authority and control of the emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople.
B)He overthrew the last Roman emperor and declared himself the leader of the Roman people, calling on all Romans to embrace Christianity to earn God's favor.
C)He adopted the model of the Roman imperial bureaucracy and applied it to the church in order to strengthen the importance of the Roman papacy to the church.
D)He made agreements with barbarian groups who had cut off Rome's food supply and reorganized church lands to increase production.

Question 18

The Council of Nicaea established a creed in favor of what Christian doctrine?

A)That the bishop of Rome served as the Holy Father for all Christian communities
B)That the Bible represented the inerrant word of God
C)That Christ is eternally begotten and of the same substance as God the Father
D)That the resurrection of Christ was a symbolic event and not a literal resurrection of his body

Question 19

Which of the following characterizes the barbarian groups of northern Europe?

A)Because they were nomadic people, there was little difference in wealth and social status within the society.
B)Because they were nomadic people, the tribal chieftains and their warrior elite controlled nearly all of the wealth and held privileged status in society.
C)Within the barbarian villages, the poor natural resources resulted in a common poverty with little disparity.
D)Within the barbarian villages, there were great disparities of wealth and status.

Question 20

Bridget of Kildare is remembered for her

A)efforts in support of Saint Patrick's conversion of Ireland.
B)life of ascetic monasticism in Egypt.
C)rise to power and influence as the wife of Justinian.
D)opposition to the misogyny of church leaders such as John Chrysostom.

Question 21

How was the appropriate penance determined for specific sins?

A)The penance was set according to the type of financial damage caused by the sin.
B)Manuals offered priests guidance on the appropriate penance for sins.
C)Local nobles or kings established rules for penance in order to limit the authority of the church.
D)The penance was largely arbitrary, based on an individual priest's opinions of the sin's seriousness.

Question 22

"If any person strike another on the head so that the brain appears . . . he shall be sentenced to 1200 denars." What Germanic practice is described in this quote?

A)The Petrine Doctrine
B)Tetrarchy
C)Wergeld
D)Comitatus

Question 23

What Germanic tribe revolted against the emperor Valens and defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Adrianople in 378 C.E.?

A)The Bulgars
B)The Khazars
C)The Franks
D)The Visigoths

Question 24

How did the arrival of the Huns affect the Germanic peoples?

A)The Germanic peoples were fractured into numerous small clans, which left them vulnerable to Roman forces.
B)The Germanic peoples were compelled to form large, more unified units that would be able to attack the Roman Empire more easily.
C)The Germanic peoples adopted the Huns' use of horse and mobile military tactics to enhance their ability to destroy the Roman Empire
D)The Germanic peoples were largely destroyed as an organized society and were soon taken over by other nomadic peoples.

Question 25

What was the written alphabet of the barbarian society found in Scandinavia and Britain?

A)Hieroglyphics
B)Phoenician alphabet
C)Runic alphabet
D)Cuneiform script

Question 26

What are sacraments?

A)Eremitical forms of monastic life
B)Religious leaders with legal and educational training
C)Rituals in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace
D)Communal forms of monasticism

Question 27

How did common people become familiar with Christian ideas as Christianity spread to barbarian people?

A)Through the hymns, prayers, and stories of the lives of Christ and the saints written in monasteries and cathedrals
B)Through priests established in each village who taught distinct catechisms to local peoples
C)Through the houses of the emerging noblemen who proved their loyalty to the church by educating their peasants
D)Through theatrical troops who performed stories from the Bible

Question 28

What advantages did Clovis gain from his conversion to Christianity?

A)He gained the right to collect taxes on behalf of the church and keep a percentage of the revenues.
B)He gained the right to appoint church officials throughout his domains, permitting him to place loyal followers in key positions.
C)He gained control over church lands, which substantially expanded his political authority.
D)He gained the support of the Bishop of Gaul in his efforts to defeat tribes that were pagan or Arian.

Question 29

The Orthodox Church is the title usually given to the

A)church as it existed at the time of Theodosius.
B)church prior to the legalization of Christianity.
C)Western Christian Church.
D)Eastern Christian Church.

Question 30

What name was given to Diocletian's division of the Roman Empire?

A)The Petrine Doctrine
B)Tetrarchy
C)Wergeld
D)Comitatus

Question 31

Why was the city of Constantinople difficult to capture in war?

A)It was located on a high mountain bluff only accessible by one well-guarded road.
B)It had excellent fortifications and walls that were kept in good repair.
C)It sat on a peninsula that was protected by the sea on three sides and a well-guarded causeway on the fourth side.
D)The region surrounding it was largely barren, making it difficult for attacking armies to feed and support themselves.

Question 32

What King unified the Frankish people, conquered southern Gaul, and converted to Roman Christianity?

A)Theodosius
B)Diocletian
C)Clovis
D)Attila

Question 33

What was the doctrine that recognizes that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles?

A)Tetrarchy
B)Apostolic succession
C)Sacraments
D)Wergeld

Question 34

"They are not at all adapted to battles on foot, but they are almost glued to their horses, which are hardy, it is true, but ugly. From their horses by night or day every one of the nation buys and sells, eats and drinks, and bowed over the narrow neck of the animal relaxes into a sleep so deep as to be accompanied by many dreams." What horse warrior people is Ammianus Marcellinus speaking about?

A)The Visigoths
B)The Vandals
C)The Franks
D)The Huns

Question 35

According to Germanic law codes, how did German society generally view women?

A)Women were relatively equal to men.
B)Women were completely valueless.
C)Women were revered and even dominant.
D)Women were legally subordinate to their husbands.

Question 36

How did Justinian reform Roman law?

A)The law was clarified, and outmoded laws were eliminated and contradictions resolved.
B)The law code was set around the central principle of defending imperial authority, thus giving it coherence.
C)The law was allowed to adapt itself to different Germanic tribes so that it was relevant to individual people.
D)The law was reformed around distinctly Christian principles in order to reinforce the new faith.

Question 37

Why did the Visigoths and other Germanic peoples migrate westward?

A)Nomadic steppe people of Central Asia, such as the Huns, were pressuring them from the east.
B)Superior agricultural lands in western Europe attracted the Germanic people as they adopted settled agriculture.
C)The retreat of Roman forces from these areas created a political vacuum that the Germanic people moved to fill.
D)Exceptionally cold decades in the mid-third century forced the Germanic peoples to seek more favorable climates for agriculture.

Question 38

What did Christianity provide for Barbarian rulers?

A)Inconsistency and instability
B)Similar beliefs as those of their pagan followers
C)A message of obedience to kingly authority
D)Clerical officials chosen by and fully submissive to kingly authority

Question 39

In their earliest forms, the Arthurian legends likely express

A)an idealized form of knightly chivalry.
B)Celtic hostility to Roman invaders.
C)Celtic hostility to Anglo-Saxon invaders.
D)Christian virtue and values adapted to pagan society.

Question 40

Which of the following characterizes Byzantine intellectual achievements?

A)The Byzantines discovered little that was new in science and mathematics but passed Greco-Roman learning on to the Arab world.
B)The Byzantines' development of literature was hampered by their refusal to embrace the Greek language in defense of their Roman heritage.
C)The Byzantines generally ignored the field of medicine, which they believed interfered with the will of God.
D)The Byzantines failed to develop the field of law, believing that law would limit the powers of the emperor.

Question 41

Diocletian divided each part of the empire into administrative units called

A)dioceses.
B)tetrachs.
C)basilicas.
D)satraps.

Question 42

Scholars have been hampered in investigating barbarian society because

A)Roman authors were uninterested in barbarian peoples.
B)barbarian writings have not yet been deciphered.
C)most groups did not write and thus kept no written records.
D)most barbarian written records were lost or destroyed.

Question 43

The early Christian Church benefited from

A)the administrative abilities of church leaders.
B)its clear separation from the Roman social hierarchy.
C)the strength and solidity of the Roman imperial government.
D)the prosperity of the third and fourth centuries.

Question 44

What role did chiefs play in barbarian tribal society?

Question 45

What was the role of the Franks in the spread of Christianity?

Question 46

Historians have labeled the years 500 to 1066 the __________ period of English history.

A)Celtic
B)Roman
C)Anglo-Saxon
D)Germanic

Question 47

How did Diocletian respond to the economic difficulties of the late third century?

Question 48

On what basis did the bishops of Rome claim authority over the church as a whole?

Question 49

Barbarian groups usually

A)were led by women.
B)survived by hunting and gathering.
C)lived in small villages.
D)lived in large encampments.

Question 50

In the middle of the third century, the Roman Empire

A)was expanding rapidly in all directions.
B)was stable, peaceful, and prosperous.
C)was at the height of its power.
D)faced internal turmoil and external attacks.

Question 51

What was Saint Augustine's understanding of sin and grace?

Question 52

How did Theodosius shape the relationship of the church and the empire?

Question 53

"But do not burden your conscience with the thought that you have any right as Emperor over sacred things." What bishop of Milan is quoted here, refusing to surrender his basilica to Emperor Theodosius?

A)Ambrose
B)Boethius
C)Odoacer
D)Benedict

Question 54

How did the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire differ from the Western Christian Church?

Question 55

After the Roman imperial capital and the emperor moved to Constantinople, the power of the bishop of Rome grew because

A)he became the defacto political ruler of the Western Roman Empire.
B)he was the only patriarch in the Western Roman Empire.
C)he had opposed this move.
D)the move drew barbarian attacks away from the west and toward the east.

Question 56

How did the comitatus contribute to the development of the European noble class?

Question 57

How did monasticism in the Orthodox world differ from the monasticism that developed in western Europe?

Question 58

"They have a beverage made from barley or wheat, fermented into something like wine [that is, beer]; those nearest the frontier also purchase wine. Their foods are simple, wild fruits, fresh game, or curdled milk: they satisfy their hunger without fancy preparation and without seasonings. They do not have the same moderation regarding thirst. If one would indulge their intoxication by furnishing as much drink as they long for, they will be conquered no less easily by their vices than by arms." What people's drinking habits are described here by the Roman historian Tacitus?

A)The Greeks
B)The Romans
C)The Gauls
D)The Germans

Question 59

Why did the various Germanic tribes begin to migrate in the fourth and fifth centuries?

Question 60

"We desire that all peoples subject to Our benign Empire shall live under the same religion that the Divine Peter, the Apostle, gave to the Romans, and which the said religion declares was introduced by himself . . . that is to say, in accordance with the rules of apostolic discipline and the evangelical doctrine, we should believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit constitute a single Deity, endowed with equal majesty, and united in the Holy Trinity." What Byzantine ruler is quoted here?

A)Ambrose
B)Boethius
C)Odoacer
D)Theodosius

Question 61

European civilization developed out of the Greco-Roman legacy, Germanic culture and tradition, and the Christian religion. What did each of these elements contribute?

Question 62

Answer the following questions:
relics

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 63

The bishop of Rome acquired not only spiritual but also secular leadership in the early fifth century. How did this come about? What was the intellectual justification for this development?

Question 64

Answer the following questions:
Petrine Doctrine

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 65

Answer the following questions:
regular clergy

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 66

One aspect of the growth of the Christian church was monasticism. Trace the history of the monastic movement from its Eastern roots through The Rule of Saint Benedict. Why was the Rule so successful? What impact did the Benedictine monasteries have on the church and on society in general?

Question 67

Answer the following questions:
sacraments

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 68

Answer the following questions:
runic alphabet

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 69

Answer the following questions:
apostolic succession

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 70

Answer the following questions:
secular clergy

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 71

Answer the following questions:
diocese

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 72

Answer the following questions:
tetrarchy

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 73

Answer the following questions:
Arianism

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 74

What were the key features of Germanic society?

Question 75

Answer the following questions:
Orthodox Church

A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 76

Answer the following questions:
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A)Certain rituals defined by the church in which God bestows benefits on the believer through grace.
B)A theological belief that originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denying that Christ was divine and coeternal with God the Father.
C)Writing system developed in some barbarian groups that helped to give a more accurate picture of barbarian society.
D)Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
E)Bones, articles of clothing, or other objects associated with the life of a saint.
F)Eastern Christian Church in the Byzantine Empire.
G)An administrative unit in the later Roman Empire; adopted by the Christian Church as the territory under the authority of a bishop.
H)The doctrine that all bishops can trace their spiritual ancestry back to Jesus's apostles.
I)A doctrine stating that the popes (the bishops of Rome) were the successors of Saint Peter and therefore heirs to his highest level of authority as chief of the apostles.
J)Men and women who lived in monastic houses and followed sets of rules, first those of Benedict and later those written by other individuals.
K)Priests and bishops who staffed churches where people worshiped and who were not cut off from the world.
L)Diocletian's four-part division of the Roman Empire.

Question 77

One of the most remarkable accomplishments of the early church was the conversion of pagan Europe. What tools and strategies did the Christian missionaries use? How successful were these efforts?