Deck 5: The Rise of Rome CA 1000-27 BCE

Question 1

In Roman society, what benefit did men of low social status gain from the patron-client system?

A)Public and private support in exchange for political support of a patron
B)Security by working as a nobleman's retainer
C)The ability to purchase special supplies of food and goods in return for occasional service to the military
D)The opportunity to delay payment of taxes in return for first selling their goods to the Roman state

Answer 1

Public and private support in exchange for political support of a patron

Question 2

During the Struggle of the Orders, the plebeians' leverage stemmed from their

A)control of agriculture.
B)increasing wealth.
C)importance to the army.
D)control of the urban economy.

Answer 2

importance to the army.

Question 3

Which of the following describes the role of Roman women in childrearing?

A)Women hired wet nurses to raise their children in the countryside until they were four to five years old.
B)Women employed servants who cared for children during most of the day and spent a few hours with children in the early evenings.
C)Women nursed their children but left other maternal duties to their servants.
D)Women nursed their children and personally saw to their welfare, refusing to delegate maternal duties.

Answer 3

Women nursed their children and personally saw to their welfare, refusing to delegate maternal duties.

Question 4

What did the lex Canuleia allow?

A)Plebeians were allowed to marry patricians.
B)Non-Romans were allowed to hold public office.
C)Returning soldiers were allowed to buy land at reduced prices.
D)Roman armies were allowed to pass through the gates of the city.

Question 5

How did Cincinnatus personify the ideal of a Roman citizen?

A)He established the foundations of Roman law and the idea that all were equally subject to it.
B)He refused to join any of the warring factions in the civil war and insisted that his loyalty was to his family and the gods.
C)He placed duty to Rome before any consideration of personal interest.
D)He sacrificed his wife and family to barbarian invaders rather than see the invaders enter the gates of Rome.

Question 6

What was the main issue in the Struggle of the Orders?

A)The abolition of the latifundia and state ownership of land
B)The extension of citizenship to non-Romans
C)The reform of slavery in Rome
D)The plebeians' efforts to obtain recognition of their rights

Question 7

Water-based transportation for trade and communication in Italy was discouraged by

A)few good harbors and dry summers that produced little water for rivers.
B)a failure to master the skill of shipbuilding.
C)a poor agricultural environment able to produce few export commodities.
D)frequent invasions from the north that cut off river routes.

Question 8

How did Rome draw the rest of the Italian states into a "partnership"?

A)It conquered the other states of Italy and installed Roman rulers but provided them with security and substantial public works projects to improve their lives.
B)In return for manpower and taxes, it shared full citizenship with many of its oldest allies and partial citizenship with other states.
C)It provided an army that could protect the peninsula as long as the other states of Italy provided the taxes to pay for it.
D)In return for access to its international markets, it received a portion of locally grown crops from Italian states, which Rome could use to supply the military.

Question 9

What was the underlying principle of Roman law?

A)The concept of social justice
B)The protection of citizens' lives and property
C)The prevention of social and political upheaval
D)The concept of natural rights

Question 10

The senate began as a

A)council elected by all citizens.
B)council of senior priests.
C)council of noble elders advising the Etruscan king.
D)council of the king's closest advisers.

Question 11

What do the lives of Cato the Elder and Scipio Aemilianus illustrate?

A)The difference between patrician and plebeian lifestyles
B)The lifestyles of the patrician elites in the cities
C)The impact of the Struggle of the Orders
D)The changes that resulted from Roman conquests

Question 12

In 494 B.C.E., tribunes were established, who were

A)assistants to the consuls.
B)provincial governors.
C)tax collectors.
D)magistrates elected by the plebeians.

Question 13

In handling legal cases involving both Romans and foreigners, the praetors developed a body of law known as

A)natural law, or ius naturale.
B)civil law, or ius civile.
C)common law, or ius commune.
D)law of the peoples, or ius gentium.

Question 14

What was the importance of the Roman victory at Zama?

A)It secured Roman dominance over the Greeks and thereby the influence of Greek culture on Rome.
B)It secured Rome's northern border and thereby prevented threats from barbarian invaders for 300 years.
C)It secured Roman dominance of the western Mediterranean and secured the influence of Roman heritage in the Western world.
D)It secured Rome's eastern border with the Parthians and permitted continued trade with needed iron and slave resources in the east.

Question 15

What was the Roman attitude toward the manumission of slaves?

A)Manumission of slaves was so common that laws were passed limiting the practice.
B)Slaves were only manumitted under exceptional circumstances, when state authorities agreed that the slaves deserved special treatment.
C)Slaves were manumitted by law at age 55 if they had been faithful workers.
D)The manumission of slaves was forbidden by law.

Question 16

How did the Roman wars in southern Italy and Greece differ from the earlier wars in central and northern Italy?

A)The Romans were required for the first time to include naval action in their warfare.
B)These wars were quickly won, demonstrating the superiority of Roman military techniques.
C)The Romans learned to map out grand strategy to take full advantage of their victories.
D)These wars were fiercely fought on a larger scale in regions mostly unknown to the Romans.

Question 17

What was the goal of the plebeians in demanding the Law of the Twelve Tables?

A)Codification and publication of the law code so that the patricians would not have a monopoly on legal knowledge
B)Creation of a written tax structure so that plebeians would be able to anticipate tax rates they would pay on merchandise
C)Formation of regularized rules related to military service and the benefits gained from such service
D)Establishment of a clear bureaucratic structure so that the plebeians would have access to proper bureaucrats to resolve their concerns

Question 18

The Romans adopted which of the following from the Etruscans?

A)The alphabet
B)Agriculture
C)Irrigation systems
D)Shipbuilding

Question 19

In the early republic, which social group made up the patricians?

A)Soldiers and sailors
B)Non-Roman elites
C)High priests
D)Wealthy landowners

Question 20

The main challenge to Roman control of the Mediterranean in the third century B.C.E. came from

A)Ptolemaic Egypt.
B)Carthage.
C)Alexandria.
D)the Etruscans.

Question 21

Italy's geography helps explain the Romans' focus on

A)the Mediterranean.
B)northern Europe.
C)river-based trade.
D)trade and not agriculture.

Question 22

How did Gaius Marius transform the Roman military?

A)He developed a professional corps of engineers assigned to each legion to provide onsite advice and solutions to situations that arose.
B)By permitting slaves to serve in the army with possibilities for freedom for service, he expanded the size of military forces dramatically.
C)By permitting landless men to serve in the army, he tapped a large reservoir of idle manpower.
D)He established uniform military laws to which both officers and common soldiers were subject, which also gave them significant privileges for their service.

Question 23

"The wild beasts that roam over Italy have their dens, each has a place of repose and refuge. But the men who fight and die for Italy enjoy nothing but the air and light." Tiberius Gracchus refers to the plight of which group in this quote?

A)Roman patricians
B)Rome's allies
C)Roman veterans
D)Roman slaves

Question 24

What was the central issue in the Social War (91-88 B.C.E.)?

A)Carthaginian control of Sicily
B)Whether to grant Roman citizenship to all Italians
C)The plebeians' demand that the laws be codified
D)The slave revolt led by Spartacus

Question 25

Who was the Greek king of Epirus who defeated Roman legions but lost great numbers of his own troops?

A)Hannibal
B)Philip V
C)Pyrrhus
D)Brennus

Question 26

How did Rome's military conquests create strains on the military?

A)The Roman military was stretched so thin that it was required to draft slaves and those in poverty to fill out the legions.
B)The military suffered a large number of casualties over the years and lacked adequate facilities for their care and support.
C)The military had grown to such proportions that it could no longer be fed and supplied adequately by the Roman people.
D)Rome's Italian allies had carried much of the burden of fighting but had received fewer rewards than the Roman officers and soldiers.

Question 27

The following quote from Ovid identifies the importance of what special rituals and ceremonies in Roman society? "The spirits of the dead ask for little. They are more grateful for piety than for an expensive gift."

A)Honoring deceased family members
B)Honoring a married couple
C)Honoring the birth of male children
D)Honoring a child's entrance into adulthood

Question 28

What was the result of the Gracchus brothers' (Tiberius and Gaius) public land reforms?

A)Additional opportunities were provided for the wealthy landowners to access public land.
B)Opportunities were provided for veterans and the poor to access public lands for agriculture.
C)Access to public lands was limited to officeholders.
D)Public lands were established as vast estates for the patricians.

Question 29

What people occupied areas of central Italy and influenced the fledgling Latin tribes settling on the Tiber River?

A)The Etruscans
B)The Celts
C)The Phoenicians
D)The Carthaginians

Question 30

The term latifundia refers to

A)land conquered by Roman armies.
B)a new social class created by imperial expansion.
C)huge agricultural estates.
D)lands controlled directly by the Roman senate.

Question 31

The First Triumvirate consisted of Pompey, Caesar, and what third general?

A)Sulla
B)Marius
C)Crassus
D)Gracchus

Question 32

Historically, what was the most important aspect of Sulla's efforts at restoring the republican constitution?

A)Restoring traditional powers to the Senate
B)Allowing access to public office to Italians previously excluded
C)Assuming the role of dictator
D)Abolishing slavery

Question 33

The poet Horace stated, "Captive Greece captured her rough conqueror and introduced the arts into rustic Latium." What was Horace describing about Roman society?

A)The influence of the defeat of Carthage on Roman culture
B)The influence of Celtic tribes on Roman urban culture
C)The influence of the Roman military on the conquered territories
D)The influence of Hellenism on the new urban culture in Rome

Question 34

What was the consequence of Julius Caesar's efforts to establish colonies of veterans and poor Romans throughout the Mediterranean?

A)The Roman Empire became composed of citizens rather than subjects.
B)The Roman Empire became a constant source of difficulty as trained soldiers established themselves beyond the easy control of Rome.
C)The veterans established military dictatorships within the colonies, denying the poor their rights as Roman citizens.
D)The Roman army had a pool of reserve forces stationed within close distance to any part of the empire.

Question 35

What was the main feature of the reform program of Tiberius Gracchus?

A)Providing free bread to the poor of Rome
B)Distributing public land to impoverished Romans
C)Establishing colonies of ex-soldiers throughout the empire
D)Importing foreign slaves to perform the hardest labor in Rome

Question 36

Which of the following describes the Roman deities?

A)They were personal gods connected intimately to the daily lives of Romans.
B)They were a philosophical ideal but played little role in the lives of Romans.
C)They intervened frequently in the affairs of humans to reward the godly and punish the wicked.
D)They were stern, powerful, and aloof from human affairs.

Question 37

Which term identifies the oldest dominant male of a household, who held great power over the family?

A)Tribunes
B)Paterfamilias
C)Consuls
D)Ius gentium

Question 38

What Roman general of the late republic brought his legions across the Rubicon River as a sign of opposition to the Senate and the proconsul Pompey?

A)Gaius Marius
B)Scipio Africanus
C)Marcus Crassus
D)Julius Caesar

Question 39

"To them leisure, riches-otherwise desirable-proved to be burdens and torments. So at first money, then desire for power grew great. These things were a sort of cause of all evils." This quote from Sallust complains about what aspect of Roman development?

A)Land reforms
B)Civil insurrection among the poor
C)The acquisition of an empire
D)Expansion of women's rights

Question 40

Traditionally, only ____________ could serve in the army.

A)Roman plebeians
B)non-Romans
C)Roman landowners
D)Roman citizens

Question 41

The Carthaginians responded to Rome's seizure of Sardinia and Corsica by

A)expanding their holdings in Spain.
B)suing for peace.
C)launching a naval invasion of Italy.
D)seizing a number of Italian towns.

Question 42

Under Roman law, women could

A)divorce their husbands.
B)lead armies.
C)vote.
D)own property.

Question 43

How did the Etruscans influence the development of Roman culture?

Question 44

What was the Roman countryside like in the aftermath of the Punic Wars?

Question 45

Most people in the expanding Roman Republic

A)lived in the countryside.
B)lived in cities.
C)were landowners.
D)were literate.

Question 46

Which of the following helped prevent Hannibal from winning areas near Rome in central Italy?

A)A mutiny among his men
B)The loyalty of Rome's Italian allies
C)Rome's superior military tactics
D)A smallpox outbreak among his troops

Question 47

What was the general Roman attitude toward slavery?

Question 48

Under Roman law, in order to marry, both spouses had to

A)swear an oath to the republic.
B)reside in Rome.
C)be free Roman citizens.
D)own land.

Question 49

Describe the basic features of Roman marriage.

Question 50

Which of the following was true of the Roman consuls?

A)Consuls served for life.
B)The office of consul was hereditary.
C)Consuls were elected for one-year terms.
D)The office of consul was largely ceremonial.

Question 51

What was the role of the Forum in Rome?

A)It was a library available to all citizens.
B)It was a bridge that crossed the Tiber River.
C)It was a public meeting place.
D)It was the main temple of Jupiter.

Question 52

What were the ius civile and the ius gentium?

Question 53

Which of the following was an advantage of Rome's location?

A)It provided easy access to the land north of the Alps.
B)It was far from the coast, and thus safe from naval invasions.
C)The flat terrain of the city made road building easier.
D)The Tiber River provided a constant source of water.

Question 54

In the early republic, __________ divisions determined the shape of politics.

A)racial
B)social
C)religious
D)tribal

Question 55

What role did public baths play in Roman life?

Question 56

What governmental institutions made up the Roman Republic?

Question 57

What powers did the Roman Senate have?

Question 58

What was the significance of the Roman motto senatus populusque Romanus, "the Senate and the Roman people"?

Question 59

Which of the following was true of the Roman Senate?

A)It was the most important institution of the republic.
B)It came into existence during the Punic Wars.
C)It had no real power.
D)It was dominated by plebeians.

Question 60

How did the geography of Italy and Rome aid Roman development?

Question 61

Compare the early Roman Empire to the empire conquered by Alexander the Great. Why did the Roman Empire hold together for so much longer than Alexander's?

Question 62

Answer the following questions:
Struggle of the Orders

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 63

Answer the following questions:
tribunes

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 64

Answer the following questions:
Second Triumvirate

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 65

The Roman republic underwent two great social upheavals: the Struggle of the Orders and the civil wars of the late republic. Compare the causes, participants, and results of these two upheavals. Who profited from each? Was Rome better off after each upheaval? Explain your answer.

Question 66

Answer the following questions:
Punic Wars

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 67

Answer the following questions:
First Triumvirate

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 68

Answer the following questions:
patricians

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 69

The family was an important institution in traditional Roman society. Describe this institution. What was the daily life of a Roman family like? What was the role of religion? What was the role of women in the family? How did the family reflect Roman values?

Question 70

Answer the following questions:
senate

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 71

With their victory in the Punic Wars, the Romans were able to transform the Mediterranean into mare nostrum, "our sea." How did this come about? Trace the conflict between Rome and Carthage from beginning to end. Why did the Romans prevail?

Question 72

Answer the following questions:
consuls

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 73

Answer the following questions:
plebeians

A)The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the political power in the republic.
B)Plebian-elected officials; they brought plebian grievances to the senate for resolution and protected plebeians from the arbitrary conduct of patrician magistrates.
C)A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which Rome emerged the victor.
D)The assembly that was the main institution of power in the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.
E)A conflict in which the plebeians sought political representation and safeguards against patrician domination.
F)The name later given to an informal political alliance among Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey in which they agreed to advance one another's interests.
G)The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of the patricians' advantages.
H)Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and supervised financial affairs.
I)A formal agreement in 43 B.C.E. among Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus to defeat Caesar's murderers.

Question 74

"The acquisition of empire spelled doom for the republic." Assess the validity of this statement.