Deck 2: History of Public Health and Public and Community Health Nursing

Question 1

A nursing student during World War II would likely join which group?

A) The Public Health Service of New York City
B) The Marine Nurse Corps
C) The Frontier Nursing Service
D) The Cadet Nurse Corps

Answer 1

The Cadet Nurse Corps

Question 2

The Elizabeth Poor Law of 1601 is similar to which of the following current laws?

A) Welfare
B) Food Stamps
C) Medicaid
D) Medicare

Answer 2

Medicaid

Question 3

Between 1900 and 1955, the leading causes of mortality were pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis. By mid-century, nurses faced new challenges as the leading causes of death became:

A) Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease
B) Influenza
C) Tropical diseases from increased travel abroad
D) Diseases from overcrowded conditions in large cities

Answer 3

Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease

Question 4

Lillian Wald invented the term public health nursing. Which of the following classes might a person of her day attend?

A) Taking and recording blood pressures accurately
B) Safe and sanitary baby and child care
C) Environmental pollutants and their effects on lung disease
D) Time management: balancing factory work and the home

Question 5

During America's Industrial Revolution, the number of jobs for women rapidly increased. Nightingale's successes became known across the United States, and the first nursing schools opened. Which of the following occurred related to public health nursing?

A) Community-oriented nursing began with organizations formed to meet urban health care needs.
B) Nurses were instrumental in the construction of sewers and public water systems.
C) Nurses trained in hospitals worked long hours caring for patients with communicable diseases in a humane way.
D) Nurses closed down almshouses and orphanages.

Question 6

Early colonial health efforts in the United States included:

A) Establishment of schools of nursing
B) Development of vaccines given to large numbers of people
C) Collection of vital statistics, improved sanitation, and control of communicable diseases introduced through seaports
D) Development of public housing and almshouses

Question 7

Nurses have worked in the community to improve the health care status of individuals, families, populations, and vulnerable groups. Part of the appeal of this type of nursing is:

A) Working with wealthy contributors who provide the funds
B) Locating the source of disease and curing patients
C) The autonomy of practice and independence in problem solving and decision making
D) Caring for soldiers on the battlefield

Question 8

Occupational health nursing began as industrial nursing. What was the purpose of this type of nursing?

A) Inventing new machines to streamline production of medical goods
B) Investigating industrial injuries to improve work conditions
C) Working at industrial sites treating work related-injuries
D) Providing care for factory workers and their families

Question 9

Lillian Wald was the first public health nurse in the United States. Which of the following is her major contribution to public health nursing?

A) Founding the American Nurses Association
B) Establishment of the New York Training Hospital for Nurses
C) Establishment of the Public Health Service
D) Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement that later became the Visiting Nurse Service of New York

Question 10

Lina Rogers became the first school nurse. Early school nursing focused on:

A) Investigating causes of absenteeism such as malnourishment and lack of shoes or clothing
B) Teaching school as well as being a nurse
C) Starting the first school of public health
D) Providing medical treatment to enable children to return to school

Question 11

In 1909, Yssabella Waters published her survey Visiting Nurses in the United States. This document highlighted the fact that:

A) Nurses were trained by Boards of Education.
B) Trained nurses adequately covered less densely populated areas.
C) Visiting nurses services were concentrated in the northeastern quadrant of the nation.
D) Nurses were curing diseases such as tuberculosis and typhoid fever that greatly enhanced their credibility.

Question 12

Threats to health from communicable diseases, the environment, chronic illness, and the aging process have changed over time. The newer threats to health in the United States that community health nurses are currently faced with include:

A) Diphtheria, cholera, and typhoid fever
B) HIV, AIDS, and bioterrorism
C) Avian flu, tuberculosis, and radiation
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D) Polluted water and air

Question 13

The Frontier Nursing Service was established by Mary Breckinridge to emulate systems of care used in the Highlands of Scotland. Her biggest contribution was:

A) Establishment of the Henry Street Settlement
B) Development of health programs geared toward improving the health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations
C) Blazing a nursing trail through the Rockies, providing nursing care to miners and their families
D) Teaching birth control measures to large numbers of women in the South

Question 14

In the late 1800s, local health departments were formed in urban areas for what purpose?

A) To target environmental hazards associated with crowded living conditions and dirty streets and to regulate public baths, slaughterhouses, and pigsties
B) To facilitate interdisciplinary efforts and promote the "practical application of nursing"
C) To provide immunizations to all citizens
D) To provide public health education for nurses who had finished basic "training school" education

Question 15

Florence Nightingale's contributions to public health included:

A) Caring for the sick, poor, and neglected in institutions and at home
B) Using a population-based approach that led to improvements in environmental conditions
C) Writing the Elizabethan Poor Law to guarantee medical care for all
D) Founding of the district nursing association to provide health care to needy people

Question 16

The American Red Cross, through its Rural Nursing Service, improved living conditions in villages and isolated farms. Which of the following is an example of the resourcefulness of a nurse of this era?

A) Using hot bricks, salt, or sandbags to substitute for hot water bottles
B) Testing well water for pollutants
C) Teaching school and developing curricula for rural nursing programs
D) Providing post-surgical care

Question 17

Ruth Freeman was a leading public health educator, administrator, consultant, author, and leader of the National Health Organization of the twentieth century. Which of the following characterize her philosophy of nursing?

A) Nursing should move from acute care to community-based care.
B) Nurse practitioners should control public health.
C) Nursing is about caring for people, and is also intellectually challenging and offers many professional opportunities.
D) All nurses should seek graduate education to increase their credibility.

Question 18

In the past, community-oriented nurses have been called:

A) District nurses
B) Almshouse nurses
C) Soldier nurses
D) Sisters

Question 19

The National Organization for Public Health Nursing was formed in 1912 Lillian Wald was its first president. The mission was to improve the educational and services standards of the public health nurse and promote public understanding. Which of the following is a contribution of this organization?

A) Requiring that public health nurses have a baccalaureate degree in nursing
B) Standardization of public health nursing education
C) Development of nursing cooperatives
D) Opening of the Henry Street Settlement

Question 20

Which of the following is true about African American nurses in public health?

A) Segregation existed until the 1960s, which made certificate and graduate education more difficult to obtain.
B) Cities were the major areas where they practiced.
C) They often belonged to the Frontier Nursing Service.
D) They were recruited heavily as military nurses.

Question 21

A 66-year-old woman is retired and no longer has health insurance through her place of employment. Which of the following programs would be appropriate for her health insurance needs?

A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) Social Security
D) Economic Opportunity Act

Question 22

Neighborhood centers that provided health care and social welfare programs were called:

A) Settlement houses
B) Nursing care centers
C) Nurse-managed clinics
D) Public health services

Question 23

Which of the following trends in health issues in the United States between 1900 and 1955 is accurate?

A) There was a rise in chronic disease such as heart disease and cancer.
B) There was a rise in communicable disease.
C) The crude mortality rate increased dramatically.
D) The life span after diagnosis remained the same.

Question 24

An accomplishment for which the Frontier Nursing Service was noted is:

A) Improvement of the care of sick and injured soldiers
B) Establishment of a fee-for-service program for workers at Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
C) Reduction of infant and maternal mortality regardless of environmental conditions
D) Increasing funding for communicable disease treatment

Question 25

The impact of World War I on public health nursing included which of the following? Select all that apply:

A) Many communicable diseases were eradicated.
B) The depletion of the ranks of public health nurses to the war.
C) The feeling that the greatest patriotic duty was to stay at home.
D) Inadequate funding was the major obstacle to extending nursing services in the community.

Question 26

A major provision of the Social Security Act of 1935 was the establishment of:

A) The Frontier Nursing Service to provide nursing service to rural communities
B) State and local community health services and training of personnel
C) District nursing to provide home health care to sick people
D) Community-based settlement houses

Question 27

Nurses who provided care to people in their homes and provided that care to several people at a time were called:

A) Private duty nurses
B) Visiting nurses
C) Public health nurses
D) Community staff nurses

Question 28

Which of the following programs provided funds for neighborhood health centers, Head Start, and other community action programs?

A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) Social Security
D) Economic Opportunity Act

Question 29

An intervention by the United States federal government to protect the health of its citizens was the establishment of the Marine Hospital Service, presently known as the Public Health Service. Its purpose was to:

A) Set policy on quarantine legislation for immigrants
B) Establish hospital-based programs to care for the sick at home
C) Establish and promote environmental interventions such as adequate housing and sanitation for urban cities
D) Provide health care for merchant seamen to protect seacoast ports and cities from epidemics