Deck 33: Deuterostome Animals

Question 1

Which of the following is not a characteristic of echinoderms?

A) Radial symmetry as adults
B) An external skeleton
C) Lack of a brain
D) Bilateral symmetry as larvae
E) An extensive fossil record

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not a characteristic of echinoderms?

A) Bilaterally symmetric larvae
B) A network of water-filled canals leading to tube feet
C) A water vascular system
D) An internal skeleton of calcified plates
E) An external skeleton of chitin

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The body plan of insects is composed of which of the three following regions?

A) Head, abdomen, and trachea
B) Head, abdomen, and cephalothorax
C) Cephalothorax, abdomen, and trachea
D) Head, thorax, and abdomen
E) Abdomen, trachea, and mantle

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The _______ are likely the most recent common ancestors of all deuterostomes.

A) yunnanozoans
B) echinoderms
C) vertebrates
D) arthropods
E) sponges

Question 5

The arthropod exoskeleton is composed of a

A) mixture of several kinds of polysaccharides.
B) mixture of several kinds of proteins.
C) single complex polysaccharide called chitin.
D) single complex protein called arthropodin.
E) mixture of layers of proteins and a polysaccharide called chitin.

Question 6

The outer covering of ecdysozoans

A) is always hard and rigid.
B) is always thin and flexible.
C) is hard and rigid in larvae but thin in adults.
D) ranges from very thin to hard and rigid depending on the species.
E) grows throughout life to accommodate a growing body.

Question 7

Factors that may have contributed to the remarkable evolutionary success of insects include

A) the lack of any other similar organisms in the terrestrial environments colonized by insects.
B) the ability to fly.
C) complete metamorphosis.
D) a new mechanism for delivering oxygen to their internal tissues.
E) All of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is not part of the molluscan body plan?

A) Mantle
B) Foot
C) Radula
D) Visceral mass
E) Jointed skeleton

Question 9

Which of the following observable characteristics places the yunnanzoan fossils in the deuterostome group?

A) Radial symmetry
B) Pharyngeal slits
C) Radial cleavage
D) Formation of the anus from the blastopore
E) Light cuticle

Question 10

Which groups are arthropod relatives with unjointed legs?

A) Trilobites and onychophorans
B) Onychophorans and tardigrades
C) Trilobites and tardigrades
D) Onychophorans and chelicerates
E) Tardigrades and chelicerates

Question 11

The shared derived characteristics for the echinoderm clade include _______; whereas the shared derived characteristics of chordates include the possession of a _______.

A) radial symmetry and loss of pharyngeal slits; dorsal hollow nerve cord
B) calcified internal plates; notochord
C) ciliated larvae; post-anal tail
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 12

Nematodes are abundant and diverse because

A) they are both parasitic and free-living and eat a wide variety of foods.
B) they are able to molt their exoskeleton.
C) their thick cuticle enables them to move in complex ways.
D) their body cavity is a pseudocoelom.
E) their segmented body enables them to live in many different places.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a characteristic of deuterostomes?

A) Radial cleavage
B) Three germ layers including the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
C) A blastopore that becomes the anus
D) Greater number of species than the protostomes
E) Well-developed coelomic body cavities in most of them

Question 14

Members of which groups have lophophores?

A) Phoronids, brachiopods, and nematodes
B) Phoronids, brachiopods, and bryozoans
C) Brachiopods, bryozoans, and flatworms
D) Phoronids, rotifers, and bryozoans
E) Rotifers, bryozoans, and brachiopods

Question 15

Living deuterostomes comprise three clades, the echinoderms, the chordates, and the

A) urochordates.
B) cephalochordates.
C) hemichordates.
D) vertebrates.
E) yunnanzoans.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about protostome and deuterostome evolution is false?

A) Both lineages exploited the abundant food supplies buried in soft marine substrates.
B) Many groups in both lineages developed elaborate structures for extracting prey from water.
C) In both lineages, a coelomic cavity evolved and became divided into compartments that allowed better control of body shape and movement.
D) Both lineages evolved locomotor abilities.
E) Both groups invaded land and evolved into very large terrestrial animals.

Question 17

Which of the following did not occur in both the protostomes and deuterostomes?

A) Evolution of structures for filtering food from water
B) Evolution of wormlike burrowing forms
C) Evolution of adaptations needed for invasion of the land
D) Evolution of large terrestrial species
E) Evolution of jointed appendages for improved locomotion

Question 18

The calcification of an internal skeleton is characteristic of the

A) urochordates.
B) echinoderms.
C) hemichordates.
D) brachiopods.
E) phoronids.

Question 19

Nautiluses control their buoyancy by

A) adjusting salt concentrations in their blood.
B) forcibly expelling water from the mantle.
C) pumping water and gases in and out of internal chambers.
D) using the complex sensory organs in their heads.
E) swimming rapidly.

Question 20

Insects whose hatchlings are sufficiently similar in form to adults to be recognizable are said to have

A) instars.
B) neopterous development.
C) accelerated development.
D) incomplete metamorphosis.
E) complete metamorphosis.

Question 21

Along a rocky tide pool, you discover an animal with the following characteristics: a hemisphere-shaped body covered with spines that move when you touch the animal. This animal would belong to the _______ group.

A) crinoid
B) asterozoan
C) echinozoan
D) hemichordate
E) None of the above

Question 22

Acorn worms and pterobranchs have a body plan consisting of a

A) head and trunk.
B) head, trunk, and abdomen.
C) proboscis, collar, and trunk.
D) head, proboscis, collar, and trunk.
E) head, proboscis, and trunk.

Question 23

Which of the following groups has a water vascular system?

A) Mollusks
B) Chordates
C) Annelids
D) Echinoderms
E) Hemichordates

Question 24

The important innovation that evolved from the gill arches of jawless fishes and is retained by chondrichthyans, ray-finned fishes, coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods is

A) heavily armored skin.
B) the jaw.
C) fins.
D) the ability to swim.
E) the vertebral column.

Question 25

The chordates

A) all have a bony backbone.
B) include some animals without a nervous system.
C) pass through a developmental stage with pharyngeal slits.
D) are poorly represented in the fossil record.
E) are all filter feeders.

Question 26

Which of the following echinoderm groups lacks "arms"?

A) Sea urchins
B) Crinoids
C) Sea cucumbers
D) Both a and b
E) Both a and c

Question 27

The principal reason we consider tunicates (sea squirts) similar to the ancestor of all chordates is that

A) the body plan of adult tunicates parallels that of chordates.
B) tunicate larvae possess the synapomorphies of adult chordates and thus reveal close evolutionary relationships with them.
C) tunicates have a lophophore-style mouth.
D) tunicate larvae are primitive in all of their features.
E) tunicate adults are very similar to the ancestors of cephalochordates and vertebrates.

Question 28

Evolution of jaws first occurred in the group of fishes known as the

A) ostracoderms.
B) gnathostomes.
C) cartilaginous fishes.
D) coelacanths.
E) ray-finned fishes.

Question 29

The sister group to the vertebrates includes an animal called a(n) _______, which produces large amounts of slime as a defense mechanism.

A) hagfish
B) lamprey
C) eel
D) slug
E) salp

Question 30

Which of the following is not a unique characteristic of the vertebrate body plan?

A) A rigid internal skeleton with the vertebral column
B) Two pairs of appendages
C) Jaws
D) An anterior skull with a large brain
E) Both c and d

Question 31

The 30 species of cephalochordates are also known as

A) lancelets.
B) sea squirts.
C) tunicates.
D) salps.
E) larvaceans.

Question 32

Lampreys can be distinguished from the hagfish by

A) the presence of an enclosed brain case.
B) their distinct cartilaginous vertebrae.
C) their filter-feeding larval form.
D) their feeding habits.
E) All of the above

Question 33

Which of the following echinoderm groups was much more abundant in the past than it is today?

A) Crinoids
B) Brittle stars
C) Sea stars
D) Sea urchins and sand dollars
E) Sea cucumbers

Question 34

Which of the following features is not found in the chordate lineage?

A) Bilateral symmetry
B) A dorsal hollow nerve cord
C) An external skeleton
D) Pharyngeal slits at some stage during development
E) A notochord at some stage during development

Question 35

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct group of organisms from the list below with the evolutionary innovations specified in the questions that follow.


-Swim bladders

A) Reptiles
B) Birds
C) Ray-finned fishes
D) Chondrichthyans
E) Echinoderms

Question 36

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct group of organisms from the list below with the evolutionary innovations specified in the questions that follow.


-Jaws

A) Reptiles
B) Birds
C) Ray-finned fishes
D) Chondrichthyans
E) Echinoderms

Question 37

The echinoderms and hemichordates are collectively known as _______, since they both have bilaterally symmetrical, ciliated larvae.

A) ambulacrarians
B) echinozoans
C) asterozoans
D) pterobranchs
E) yunnanozoans

Question 38

_______ possess a _______ in their larval stage that is lost in the adult.

A) Tunicates; tunic
B) Larvaceans; notochord
C) Lancelots; tail
D) Sea squirts; notochord
E) Salps; foot

Question 39

A major change in the evolutionary lineage leading to the chordates was the

A) evolution of the water vascular system.
B) development of a dorsal hollow nerve cord.
C) calcification of an internal skeleton.
D) development of the lophophore as an adaptation to predatory life.
E) ability to filter feed.

Question 40

When a starfish, a type of echinoderm, is resting on the seafloor, its _______ face(s) the seafloor, whereas the ______ is on the upper surface of the animal.

A) mouth; anus
B) tube canal; mouth
C) tube feet; anus
D) Either a or b
E) Either a or c

Question 41

A few species of frogs and salamanders are _______, which means they give birth to well-developed young.

A) oviparous
B) viviparous
C) paedomorphic
D) isoparous
E) vivimorphic

Question 42

A difference between amphibians and reptiles is that

A) amphibian eggs can survive out of water and reptile eggs cannot.
B) amphibians have thin skin whereas reptiles have thick skin.
C) amphibians have gills and lungs whereas reptiles have only lungs.
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 43

The swim bladders of bony fishes

A) evolved from lunglike sacs that supplemented the gills in respiration.
B) are used for respiration in most contemporary species.
C) are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column.
D) prevented them from existing in a marine environment.
E) Both a and c

Question 44

The extant species Latimeria chalumnae belongs to a group that is an important link in evolution because it was the first group of

A) fishes with lungs.
B) fishes with paired fins.
C) fishes with jointed fins.
D) bony fishes.
E) fishes with cartilage.

Question 45

The chondrichthyans, including sharks, skates, and rays, and chimaeras,

A) are hagfishes.
B) have heavy external armor.
C) have an open circulatory system.
D) have skeletons with little cartilage.
E) have less external armor and are faster swimmers than their ancestors.

Question 46

The sharks, skates, and rays are members of the vertebrate group known as

A) tetrapods.
B) hagfishes.
C) placoderms.
D) chondrichthyes.
E) urochordates.

Question 47

Which of the following groups of reptiles has the fewest living members?

A) Snakes and lizards
B) Tuataras
C) Turtles
D) Crocodilians
E) Birds

Question 48

It is thought that jaws, which are found in the higher vertebrates, evolved from

A) cartilaginous arches used to support gills.
B) small bones associated with the brain capsule.
C) the bony teeth found on lamprey tongues.
D) progressive hardening of the cyclostome mouth.
E) None of the above

Question 49

You are in a tropical forest and find an organism that has bony vertebrae, no legs, lays eggs in moist patches, and uses its skin for gaseous exchange. You have found a(n)

A) anuran.
B) caecilian.
C) salamander.
D) snake.
E) lizard.

Question 50

Which of the following was an adaptation first found in reptiles that was necessary for their complete shift from water to land?

A) A hard-shelled (amniote) egg
B) Parental care
C) Watertight skin
D) The ability to breathe and run simultaneously
E) Both a and c

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct group of organisms from the list below with the evolutionary innovations specified in the questions that follow.


-Powered flight

A) Reptiles
B) Birds
C) Ray-finned fishes
D) Chondrichthyans
E) Echinoderms

Question 52

Which of the following make up the sister group to the snakes and lizards?

A) Birds
B) Tuataras
C) Crocodiles
D) Pterosaurs
E) Dinosaurs

Question 53

Which of the following statements about coelacanths is false?

A) They are sarcopterygians.
B) Latimeria chalumnae is a well-known living species.
C) They have lungs, but no gills.
D) The bones in their pectoral and pelvic limbs have joints.
E) The lineage is the sister group of the lungfishes and tetrapods.

Question 54

Most amphibians breathe air by means of

A) gills and swim bladders.
B) gills and thin skin.
C) lungs only.
D) lungs and thin skin.
E) thin skin only.

Question 55

Which of the following was an adaptation in sarcopterygians that was instrumental in the transition to life on land and therefore important in the evolution of the amphibians?

A) Primitive lungs
B) Jointed fins with strong muscular support
C) Watertight skin
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 56

Which of the following statements about birds is true?

A) They descended most recently from an amphibian ancestor.
B) They are included in the mammals.
C) They include some modern reptiles.
D) They include all modern reptiles.
E) They are in the monophyletic group that includes dinosaurs and crocodiles.

Question 57

Which of the following is a major difference between the chondrichthyans and the ray-finned fishes?

A) Only chondrichthyans have a lung or swim bladder.
B) Chondrichthyans have a cartilaginous skeleton, whereas ray-finned fishes have a bony skeleton.
C) Only ray-finned fishes have paired fins.
D) Chondrichthyans evolved in fresh water, whereas ray-finned fishes evolved in salt water.
E) Only chondrichthyans have true jaws.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about the amphibians is false?

A) They were more abundant in the past than they are today.
B) Waterproof coverings on their skin allow them to be terrestrial.
C) Most must reproduce in or near water.
D) Their eggs are very sensitive to drying.
E) Living amphibians belong to three sister groups.

Question 59

Which of the following structures is not part of the amniote egg?

A) Extraembryonic membranes
B) Yolk
C) Shell
D) Bone
E) Chorion

Question 60

Which of the following is not one of the hypotheses for the global decline in amphibian diversity?

A) Habitat alteration
B) Destruction of Earth's ozone layer
C) Pollution from industrial areas
D) Spread of a pathogenic fungus
E) Lack of food

Question 61

Which of the following statements about the Old World primates is false?

A) They have a prehensile tail.
B) They include arboreal species.
C) They include terrestrial species.
D) They live and travel in large groups.
E) Both a and b

Question 62

Primates likely descended from small, arboreal _______ mammals.

A) insectivorous
B) omnivorous
C) carnivorous
D) frugivorous
E) clawed

Question 63

Which of the following hominids is oldest?

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Homo sapiens
D) Homo neanderthalensis
E) Homo floresiensis

Question 64

The brain of Homo sapiens reached its modern size approximately _______ years ago.

A) 160 thousand
B) 160 million
C) 16 million
D) 60 million
E) 600 million

Question 65

Which of the following was not a change that accompanied the transition from the australopithecines to Homo habilis?

A) Increase in brain size
B) Change in diet
C) Increase in body size
D) Use of tools
E) Dispersal of populations to Europe and Asia

Question 66

Which of the following statements about Archaeopteryx and modern birds is false?

A) Unlike Archaeopteryx, modern birds lack teeth.
B) Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx had a long tail.
C) Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx had clawed fingers on its forearms.
D) Although Archaeopteryx could fly, it lacked the true feathers that birds have.
E) None of the above

Question 67

Which of the following is not a major trait distinguishing the primates from other mammals?

A) Dexterous hands with opposable thumbs that can grasp branches and manipulate food
B) Nails rather than claws
C) Maternal care of young
D) Eyes on the front of the face that provide good depth perception
E) Both b and c

Question 68

The hominids-the evolutionary lineage that led to humans-separated from the other ape lineages about _______ million years ago in Africa.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 30
E) 60

Question 69

Which group of living eutherian mammals has the most species?

A) Rodentia (gnawing mammals)
B) Lagomorpha (rabbits and kin)
C) Pilosa (anteaters, sloths)
D) Carnivora (carnivores)
E) Cetartiodactyla (even-hoofed animals and cetaceans)

Question 70

The oldest fossil remains of members of our genus, Homo, suggest that early relatives of humans lived

A) near China, where food is plentiful throughout the year.
B) near Siberia, in an area where they were protected from predation.
C) in the midwestern United States, where there is some of the most fertile soil in the world.
D) in the American tropics, where there are long growing seasons and many species of fruits and berries.
E) in dry African savannas, where they ate roots, bulbs, tubers, and animals.

Question 71

Early in its evolutionary history, the primate lineage split into two main branches: the _______ and the _______.

A) australopithecines; Homo species
B) ardipithecines; australopithecines
C) prosimians; monkeys
D) prosimians; anthropoids
E) humans; apes

Question 72

We can refer to birds as "living dinosaurs" because

A) birds are descendants of a lineage of dinosaurs.
B) all dinosaurs had feathers as well as scales.
C) birds lay amniote eggs, just as dinosaurs did.
D) dinosaurs had jointed appendages just as birds do.
E) birds are triploblastic, just as dinosaurs were.

Question 73

Which of the following is not one of the traits shared by birds and the theropods from which they are thought to have emerged?

A) Egg laying
B) A bipedal stance
C) Three-fingered feet
D) A "wishbone"
E) Hollow bones

Question 74

Two genera of hominids (totaling at least four different species) coexisted in Africa approximately _______ years ago.

A) 4 million
B) 2 million
C) 0.5 million
D) 500,000
E) 28,000

Question 75

Which of the following represents the probable order in which human ancestors made their appearance?

A) Homo habilis; Australopithecus afarensis; Homo erectus; Australopithecus garhi
B) Australopithecus garhi; Homo habilis; Homo erectus; Australopithecus afarensis
C) Australopithecus garhi; Australopithecus afarensis; Homo habilis; Homo erectus
D) Australopithecus afarensis; Australopithecus garhi; Homo habilis; Homo erectus
E) Australopithecus afarensis; Australopithecus garhi; Homo erectus; Homo habilis

Question 76

Which of the following hominoids are known to have used fire for cooking meat?

A) Homo erectus
B) Homo neanderthalensis
C) Australopithecus afarensis
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 77

Which of the following statements about marsupial mammals is true?

A) They are the only egg-laying mammals.
B) Their mammary glands have no nipples.
C) They have no placentas.
D) Gestation is short, and the young complete development outside the uterus in a special pouch.
E) They are found only in Australia.

Question 78

Dinosaurs dominated Earth for _______ million years.

A) 60
B) 215
C) 150
D) 100
E) 500

Question 79

Which of the following groups of modern reptiles includes entirely carnivorous species?

A) Lizards
B) Turtles and tortoises
C) Snakes
D) Caecilians
E) All of the above

Question 80

Which of the following is the most unique characteristic of birds?

A) The scales on their legs
B) Their ability to lay eggs that will not dry out
C) The presence of feathers
D) The enormous amount of parental care they provide their young
E) None of the above