Deck 29: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Question 1

Amborella

A) was the first flowering plant.
B) belongs to the first gymnosperm clade.
C) is the sister group of all other living angiosperms.
D) is a eudicot.
E) has vessel elements in its xylem.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which statement about flowers is not true?

A) Pollen is produced in the anthers.
B) Pollen is received on the stigma.
C) An inflorescence is a cluster of flowers.
D) A species having female and male flowers on the same plant is dioecious.
E) A flower with both megasporangia and microsporangia is said to be perfect.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In some plants, the gametophyte is free-living and photosynthetic. Which group does not have a free-living gametophyte generation?

A) Ferns
B) Gymnosperms
C) Angiosperms
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which statement is not true of carpels?

A) They are thought to have evolved from leaves.
B) They bear megasporangia.
C) They may fuse to form a pistil.
D) They are floral organs.
E) They are absent in perfect flowers.

Question 5

Which statement about fruits is not true?

A) They develop from ovaries.
B) They may include other parts of the flower.
C) A multiple fruit develops from several carpels of a single flower.
D) They are produced only by angiosperms.
E) A cherry is a simple fruit.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about seed plants is true?

A) Seeds are produced only by flowering plants (angiosperms).
B) The sporophyte generation is more reduced in seed plants than in the ferns.
C) The gametophytes of seed plants are independent of the sporophytes.
D) All seed plant species are heterosporous.
E) The zygote of seed plants divides repeatedly to form the gametophyte.

Question 7

There has been a change in the dominant vegetation since plants first invaded the terrestrial environment about 400-500 million years ago. In what order were these vegetation types dominant, from earliest to most current?

A) Gymnosperms, progymnosperms, angiosperms
B) Angiosperms, progymnosperms, gymnosperms
C) Progymnosperms, gymnosperms, angiosperms
D) Angiosperms, gymnosperms, progymnosperms
E) Progymnosperms, angiosperms, gymnosperms

Question 8

All plant life cycles have generations that alternate between the gametophyte generation and the _______ generation.

A) heteromorphic
B) sporophyte
C) vascular
D) archegonium
E) antheridium

Question 9

Conifers

A) produce ovules in microstrobili and pollen in megastrobili.
B) depend on liquid water for fertilization.
C) have triploid endosperm.
D) have pollen tubes that release two sperm.
E) have vessel elements.

Question 10

Seed plants are all

A) heterosporous.
B) dioecious.
C) monoecious.
D) eudicots.
E) dependent on animals for fertilization.

Question 11

A trend seen throughout the evolution of the land plants is for the sporophyte generation to become _______ and more independent of the gametophyte, and the gametophyte generation to become _______ and more dependent on the sporophyte.

A) smaller; smaller
B) larger; smaller
C) smaller; larger
D) larger; larger
E) larger or smaller; larger

Question 12

Most angiosperms

A) have seeds enclosed in a carpel.
B) produce triploid endosperm by the union of two eggs and one sperm.
C) lack secondary growth.
D) bear two kinds of cones.
E) lack flowers.

Question 13

The gymnosperms

A) dominate all land masses today.
B) have never dominated land masses.
C) have secondary growth.
D) all have vessel elements.
E) lack sporangia.

Question 14

Two hundred million years ago, dinosaurs were Earth's dominant animals, and _______ comprised the dominant vegetation.

A) early whisk ferns
B) horsetails and tree ferns
C) lycopods and ferns
D) gymnosperms
E) angiosperms

Question 15

The eudicots

A) include many herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees.
B) and the monocots are the only extant angiosperm clades.
C) are not a clade.
D) include the magnolias.
E) include orchids and palm trees.

Question 16

From an evolutionary standpoint, pollen is a

A) microsporophyll.
B) megasporophyll.
C) microgametophyte.
D) megagametophyte.
E) microspore.

Question 17

Which of the following are synapomorphies for both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A) Seeds
B) Heterospory
C) Flowers
D) Both a and b
E) Both a and c

Question 18

Which statement is not true of angiosperm pollen?

A) It is the male gamete.
B) It is haploid.
C) It produces a long tube.
D) It interacts with the carpel.
E) It is produced in microsporangia.

Question 19

A seed of a flowering plant or gymnosperm may contain tissues from _______ generation(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 20

Which of the following seed plants have swimming (motile) sperm?

A) Angiosperms
B) Early angiosperms
C) Early gymnosperms and a few early angiosperms
D) Early gymnosperms
E) None of the above

Question 21

In most regions of Earth today, land flora consists predominantly of

A) angiosperms.
B) gymnosperms.
C) ferns.
D) bryophytes.
E) club mosses.

Question 22

Which of the following clades has the greatest number of species?

A) Angiosperms
B) Conifers
C) Gnetophytes
D) Ginkgos
E) Cycadophytes

Question 23

In angiosperms, two male gametes contained within a single male gametophyte participate in fertilization. One sperm nucleus combines with the egg to produce a diploid zygote, and the other sperm nucleus combines with two other haploid nuclei of the female gametophyte. This process is called

A) biparental inheritance.
B) multiple paternity.
C) double fertilization.
D) dihybrid cross.
E) single fertilization.

Question 24

One reason for the enormous evolutionary success of seed plants is their possession of

A) complex leaves that can photosynthesize at a faster rate than non-seed-producing plants can.
B) seeds with food reserves for the young sporophyte.
C) seeds with a resting stage that can remain viable for many years, germinating when conditions are favorable for growth of the sporophyte.
D) Both b and c
E) All of the above

Question 25

Conifers and cycads began to flourish during which geologic time period?

A) Precambrian
B) Permian
C) Devonian
D) Ordovician
E) Tertiary

Question 26

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct group from the list below with the descriptions that follow.

-The palmlike plants of the tropics; the earliest-diverging clade of gymnosperms

A) Cycads
B) Ginkgos
C) Conifers
D) Gnetophytes
E) Angiosperms

Question 27

The most abundant gymnosperms today are the cone-bearing plants, such as pines. These plants are classified as the

A) cycads.
B) ginkgos.
C) gnetophytes.
D) conifers.
E) None of the above

Question 28

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct group from the list below with the descriptions that follow.

-Represented today by a single species; common during the Mesozoic era; plants have fan-shaped leaves

A) Cycads
B) Ginkgos
C) Conifers
D) Gnetophytes
E) Angiosperms

Question 29

In angiosperms, double fertilization results in the development of

A) two embryos.
B) two embryos, but only one survives.
C) the embryo and the endosperm.
D) the embryo and the seed coat.
E) the embryo and the megagametophyte.

Question 30

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct group from the list below with the descriptions that follow.

-Consists of three very different genera that share some characteristics with the angiosperms, including double fertilization

A) Cycads
B) Ginkgos
C) Conifers
D) Gnetophytes
E) Angiosperms

Question 31

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct group from the list below with the descriptions that follow.

-Seeds are in cones; plants have needlelike or scalelike leaves; includes plants such as pines and redwoods

A) Cycads
B) Ginkgos
C) Conifers
D) Gnetophytes
E) Angiosperms

Question 32

The function of the pollen tube is to

A) eject pollen from the microsporangium.
B) direct pollen to the megasporangium.
C) digest the sporophyte tissue as it elongates toward the female gametophyte.
D) produce pollen.
E) attract animals to the plant to spread the pollen.

Question 33

The ovule consists of

A) the megasporangium and the protective integument.
B) the megasporangium.
C) the microsporangium and the protective integument.
D) the microsporangium.
E) None of the above

Question 34

Which of the following groups of plants produces "wood" (extensively proliferated xylem)?

A) Plants that produce seeds
B) Only plants that do not have pollen
C) All plants that depend on water for fertilization
D) Only plants that produce haploid spores
E) All plants with vascular systems

Question 35

Coniferous gymnosperms such as pines depend primarily on _______ for pollination; thus, the plants produce large quantities of pollen that disperse over large areas during the spring.

A) insects
B) birds
C) water
D) wind
E) mammals

Question 36

Which group of gymnosperms includes a species that has male and female trees in which the sex is determined by sex chromosomes?

A) Ginkgos
B) Gnetophytes
C) Conifers
D) Cycads
E) There are no groups of gymnosperms with that characteristic.

Question 37

Which of the following groups is not classified as a gymnosperm?

A) Cycads
B) Conifers
C) Anthocerophytes
D) Gnetophytes
E) Ginkgos

Question 38

Which of the following groups is characterized by fruits, flowers, endosperms, and much reduced gametophytes?

A) Cycads
B) Angiosperms
C) Conifers
D) Gnetophytes
E) Ginkgos

Question 39

The pistil consists of

A) anthers, filaments, and stamen.
B) ovary, archegonium, and embryo.
C) stigma, style, and ovary.
D) sepals and petals.
E) embryo, endosperm, and cotyledons.

Question 40

Which of the following is a structure found in the stamen?

A) Anther
B) Corolla
C) Stigma
D) Sepal
E) Receptacle

Question 41

Angiosperms and their animal pollinators have coevolved in the terrestrial environment for

A) more than 150 million years.
B) 1.3 million years.
C) 130,000 years.
D) nearly 13 million years.
E) more than 500 million years.

Question 42

A structure composed of one carpel or two or more fused carpels is called a(n)

A) stamen.
B) anther.
C) pistil.
D) receptacle.
E) filament.

Question 43

Plant species in which individuals are exclusively male or exclusively female are

A) eudicots.
B) heterozygous.
C) perfect.
D) monoecious.
E) dioecious.

Question 44

In angiosperms, pollen is transferred from the _______ to the _______.

A) anther; style
B) filament; ovary
C) anther; stigma
D) filament; stigma
E) anther; ovule

Question 45

Which one of the following is not characteristic of flowers of the most basal clades of angiosperms?

A) Variable numbers of stamens
B) Radial arrangement of floral parts
C) Large number of floral parts
D) Fusion of floral parts
E) Presence of tepals

Question 46

The reproductive organ of angiosperms is the

A) sporangium.
B) flower.
C) cone.
D) archegonium.
E) sporophyte.

Question 47

The two major clades of angiosperms are called monocots and eudicots. These plants differ in the number of

A) sperm involved in fertilization.
B) sexes per plant; monocots have one sex per plant, and eudicots have both.
C) sexes per plant; eudicots have male and female plants, and monocots have both sexes in one plant.
D) embryonic cotyledons.
E) tracheid types.

Question 48

One difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that gymnosperms

A) do not form seeds.
B) do not form flowers.
C) do not have tracheid cells.
D) rely solely on wind for fertilization.
E) None of the above

Question 49

The angiosperms are sister to which gymnosperm group?

A) Cycads
B) Conifers
C) Gnetophytes
D) Ginkgos
E) All of the above

Question 50

You are given two flowers of the same species from two separate plants. One flower has only a pistil, whereas the other has only stamens. Based on your observations, you conclude that the flowers are _______, and the species is _______.

A) perfect; imperfect
B) imperfect; dioecious
C) monoecious; imperfect
D) dioecious; monoecious
E) None of the above

Question 51

Which of the following is true of most plant-pollinator interactions?

A) They are highly specific.
B) They are not highly specific.
C) Flowers may have markings or odors to attract certain pollinators.
D) Pollinators include bees, birds, and bats.
E) b, c, and d

Question 52

Flowering species that produce megasporangia and microsporangia in separate flowers on the same plant have _______ flowers and are _______.

A) perfect; monoecious
B) perfect; dioecious
C) imperfect; monoecious
D) imperfect; dioecious
E) imperfect; monoecious or dioecious

Question 53

A fruit that develops from several carpels of a single flower, such as a raspberry, is a(n) _______ fruit.

A) aggregate
B) simple
C) multiple
D) accessory
E) perfect

Question 54

The diploid zygote in angiosperms develops into the

A) embryonic axis.
B) embryonic axis and cotyledons.
C) embryonic axis and endosperm.
D) embryonic axis, cotyledons, and endosperm.
E) embryonic axis, cotyledons, endosperm, and seed coat.

Question 55

The angiosperm carpel serves to

A) protect the ovules and seeds.
B) attract pollinators.
C) produce sugars via photosynthesis.
D) prevent cross-pollination.
E) Both a and d

Question 56

The following events in the angiosperm life cycle occur in which order?

A) Division of diploid zygote, pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, fertilization, production of a pollen tube
B) Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, production of a pollen tube, fertilization, division of diploid zygote
C) Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, division of diploid zygote, production of a pollen tube, fertilization
D) Production of a pollen tube, fertilization, division of diploid zygote, pollen grain reaches a sporophyte
E) Fertilization, division of diploid zygote, production of a pollen tube, pollen grain reaches a sporophyte

Question 57

The corolla and the calyx often play roles in

A) attracting animal pollinators to the flower.
B) protecting the immature flower in a bud.
C) photosynthesis.
D) spore dispersion.
E) Both a and b

Question 58

Bird-pollinated flowers

A) are often red and odorless.
B) have characteristic odors.
C) have conspicuous markings that are evident only in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.
D) are always grouped in an inflorescence.
E) None of the above

Question 59

The seeds in angiosperms are located

A) on the upper surface of the sporophylls.
B) on the lower surface of the sporophylls.
C) buried within the sporophylls.
D) enclosed in the ovule.
E) None of the above

Question 60

Which of the following characteristics is not unique (i.e., not a synapomorphy) to the angiosperms?

A) The production of triploid endosperm
B) The production of fruit
C) Xylem that contains vessel elements and fibers
D) A reduced gametophyte generation
E) The production of flowers

Question 61

Western medicine uses chemicals from plant sources in a variety of medical applications. Which of the following is an important anticancer drug that comes from extracts of the bark of Pacific yews?

A) Atropine
B) Bromelian
C) Tubocurarine
D) Taxol
E) Menthol

Question 62

A seed may contain tissue from _______ different generations.

Question 63

The _______ are the flowering plants. These plants produce seeds and have vessel elements and double fertilization.

Question 64

Flowers have specialized sterile leaves. The inner specialized leaves are called _______, and the outer specialized leaves are called _______.

Question 65

The sterile sporophyte structures that surround the megasporangium are called the _______.

Question 66

A stamen is composed of a(n) _______ bearing a(n) _______ that contains pollen-producing microsporangia.

Question 67

Quinine, the active ingredient from the bark of the Cinchona plant, is the standard remedy for which disease?

A) Malaria
B) Leukemia
C) Lymphoma
D) Syphilis
E) Ovarian cancer

Question 68

Cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers all fall within the more inclusive group called the _______, of which there are fewer than 1,200 living species.

Question 69

Plants contribute to ecosystem services. These include

A) soil formation and fertility.
B) defense against soil erosion by wind and water.
C) moderation of local climates.
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 70

More than half the world's population derives the bulk of its calories from which of the following plants?

A) Triticum spp. (wheat)
B) Solanum tuberosum (potato)
C) Oryza sativa (rice)
D) Zea mays (corn)
E) Glycine max (soybean)

Question 71

The structures that bear the megasporangia in the flowering plants are called _______.

Question 72

All living _______ and many angiosperms show secondary growth.

Question 73

The modified leaves on a flower, called _______, can be showy to attract animals.

Question 74

Strawberries, apples, and pears have parts in addition to the carpel and seeds and are thus considered to be

A) aggregate fruits.
B) accessory fruits.
C) multiple fruits.
D) drupes.
E) simple fruits.

Question 75

In a flower, the male organs are contained in the _______, and the female organs are contained in the _______.

Question 76

Flowers with both megasporangia and microsporangia are said to be _______.

Question 77

The reproductive organ of angiosperms is the _______.

Question 78

The _______ is triploid tissue that nourishes the embryonic sporophyte during its early development.

Question 79

In the flowering plants, male gametophytes are called _______.

Question 80

You discover a new plant and want to learn more about its biology. What features will let you infer which sort of pollination mechanism this plant uses?

A) Morphology of the corolla
B) Presence of vascular system
C) Leaf morphology
D) Number of cotyledons in the embryo
E) Type of fruit (e.g., aggregate versus multiple)