Deck 26: Walking Into Freedom Land: the Civil Rights Movement, 1941-1973

Question 1

In 1950,African Americans accounted for what percentage of the U.S.population?

A) 10 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 65 percent

Answer 1

10 percent

Question 2

Which of the following actions did President Truman take in support of African American civil rights?

A) He appointed a presidential commission on civil rights.
B) He threatened to use federal troops to register blacks in the South.
C) He called on Congress to eliminate Jim Crow laws in the South.
D) He spearheaded a plan he called the New Reconstruction.

Answer 2

He appointed a presidential commission on civil rights.

Question 3

Which of the following statements describes the status of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans in the Southwest in the 1940s?

A) Discrimination against people of Mexican descent had much in common with that affecting African Americans in the South.
B) People of Mexican descent faced discrimination in employment,but they did not endure political repression.
C) Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans had many more resources that African Americans to fight discrimination during the 1940s.
D) Due to their more recent arrival in the United States,people of Mexican descent endured more severe discrimination than African Americans.

Answer 3

Discrimination against people of Mexican descent had much in common with that affecting African Americans in the South.

Question 4

Black neighborhoods in the downtown areas of northern cities were known as

A) reservations.
B) ghettos.
C) barrios.
D) suburbia.

Question 5

The Federal Housing Authority and American banks excluded African American home buyers from white suburbs through a process known as

A) line drawing.
B) race baiting.
C) gerrymandering.
D) redlining.

Question 6

Which group of African Americans played a critical role in prompting the emergence of a national civil rights movement after World War II?

A) Southern sharecroppers
B) The black middle class
C) The black elite in the South
D) Blacks in integrated institutions

Question 7

Furious with the national Democratic Party's endorsement of civil rights goals in its 1948 platform,southern Democrats set up a new party called the

A) States' Rights Democratic Party.
B) White Democratic Party.
C) New Confederate Party.
D) Double D Party.

Question 8

In Brown v.Board of Education,the Supreme Court ruled against segregated schools on the grounds that

A) they violated the principle of separation of powers.
B) segregation gave the United States an unfavorable image abroad.
C) they denied black children "equal protection of the laws."
D) segregated schools represented a misallocation of taxpayers' resources.

Question 9

The philosophy of nonviolent direct action was first espoused by

A) Martin Luther King Jr.
B) the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
C) Mahatma Gandhi.
D) the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Question 10

What was the name of black activists' strategy for defeating American racism during World War II?

A) The Fifth Freedom
B) Double V Campaign
C) The Brotherhood Charter
D) Erase the Color Line

Question 11

Which of the following characterizes racial segregation in the United States during the 1950s?

A) Most African American ghettos were in the cities of the Deep South.
B) African Americans were equally disenfranchised in both the North and the South.
C) African Americans were frequent targets of police harassment in many northern cities.
D) Legal discrimination was practiced by state governments but not federal government agencies.

Question 12

Who became the first African American justice on the Supreme Court in the late 1960s?

A) James Farmer
B) Charles Hamilton Houston
C) Thurgood Marshall
D) William Hastie

Question 13

Which of the following statements characterizes President Eisenhower's view of segregation and civil rights in the 1950s?

A) Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land.
B) He was a firm believer in states' rights and refused to get involved in any matters regarding segregation while in office.
C) Eisenhower vetoed the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress,charging that it was "extremist."
D) He strongly supported desegregation and civil rights legislation because he believed that the time for racial justice had come.

Question 14

In 1941,President Roosevelt issued an executive order banning racial discrimination in defense industries primarily because

A) he was a strong supporter of civil rights.
B) a Supreme Court decision obliged him to do so.
C) he wanted to avoid a black protest march in Washington,D.C.
D) it was consistent with the Atlantic Charter.

Question 15

What was the Southern Manifesto,issued in 1956?

A) A pledge by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)to work for full school integration as required by the U.S.Supreme Court's Brown decision
B) A statement by 101 congressmen denouncing the U.S.Supreme Court's Brown decision as "a clear abuse of judicial power"
C) The declaration issued by the Arkansas governor when he called on the National Guard to block a court-ordered desegregation of Little Rock's Central High School
D) The call issued by the Ku Klux Klan for violent white resistance to desegregation after the U.S.Supreme Court's Brown decision

Question 16

In June 1943,thirty-four people died during a major race riot in

A) Washington,D.C.
B) Cleveland.
C) Detroit.
D) Oakland.

Question 17

The practice of racial segregation in the American South in the twentieth century was commonly known as

A) neoslavery.
B) Jim Crow.
C) the color line.
D) Uncle Tom.

Question 18

How did the black-led civil rights movement redefine the meaning of liberalism?

A) Civil rights promoted the establishment of a welfare state.
B) It advocated a focus on general social welfare rather than identities.
C) Blacks demanded state protection from discrimination for individuals.
D) It stressed consensus and continuity as the main avenue to gain racial justice.

Question 19

What effect did the Cold War have on the civil rights movement?

A) Since the movement was domestic in nature,the Cold War had almost no effect on it.
B) Black activists were recruited to help ferret out communists.
C) It both constrained and led to support for reforms.
D) It led to Rosa Parks's protest.

Question 20

Which of the following statements describes the state of racial segregation in the United States at the dawn of the postwar civil rights movement?

A) Segregation existed in public institutions where racial conflict was likely.
B) It was a problem that separated the South from the integrated North.
C) It was a nationwide problem.
D) It placed an equal hardship on whites and blacks.

Question 21

Who pioneered the sit-in method of civil rights protest that began in Greensboro,North Carolina,in 1960?

A) Martin Luther King Jr.
B) The NAACP
C) Malcolm X
D) Black college students

Question 22

For this question,refer to the following photograph of police in Birmingham,Alabama,using dogs against peaceful African American protesters in 1963. The photograph above best serves as evidence of

A) public debates over the proper balance between liberty and order.
B) societal concerns about how social changes were affecting American values.
C) the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem.
D) political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation.

Question 23

President Kennedy decided to ask for civil rights legislation after the

A) Montgomery Bus Boycott.
B) demonstrations in Birmingham.
C) Greensboro sit-ins.
D) Freedom Rides.

Question 24

For this question,refer to the following photograph of police in Birmingham,Alabama,using dogs against peaceful African American protesters in 1963. Which events of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century represent a continuation of the process depicted by this image?

A) Debates about identity and gender roles as matters of social justice
B) Intensified public debates over the size and scope of the social safety net
C) The increase in economic inequality as union membership declined and immigration increased
D) Reduced public faith in the government's ability to solve social and economic problems

Question 25

How did the Kennedy administration respond to the Freedom Rides in 1961?

A) Afraid to take a stand during the first year of his presidency,Kennedy did nothing.
B) Kennedy's administration sent in FBI agents to protect voting-rights activists,but most agents sided with local white racists or did nothing.
C) After hesitating,Kennedy gave support to the Freedom Riders by allowing federal marshals to protect them.
D) President Kennedy appeared on national television to denounce racism and propose a civil rights bill.

Question 26

For this question,refer to the following map: "Black Voter Registration in the South,1964 and 1975." The changes depicted on the map above contributed most directly to

A) debates about the power of the presidency in relation to the states.
B) the growth of Latino and American Indian activism for social equality.
C) the rise of fundamentalist Christian churches and organizations.
D) increased internal migration and social mobility.

Question 27

Which of the following events was an outcome of Rosa Parks's 1955 arrest?

A) Plessy v.Ferguson
B) The Montgomery Bus Boycott
C) Shelley v.Kraemer
D) Eisenhower's intervention in Little Rock,Arkansas

Question 28

Why was the 1963 March on Washington significant in the history of the civil rights movement?

A) Conflicts between moderate and militant activists signaled an emerging rift in the larger civil rights movement.
B) The march started peacefully but devolved into violence after local police beat protesters who refused to disperse.
C) The emotional march helped swing the balance of power in Congress and made it easier to pass civil rights legislation.
D) The march,which consisted of approximately 250,000 black protesters and few whites,illustrated the movement's lack of broad-based white support.

Question 29

Which of the following pairs is properly combined?

A) Twenty-Fourth Amendment-outlawed the poll tax
B) Civil Rights Act of 1964-mandated the use of forced busing to integrate southern schools
C) Voting Rights Act of 1965-banned discrimination in employment and public accommodations
D) McLaurin v.Oklahoma-declared federal antilynching legislation to be unconstitutional

Question 30

In the 1960s,black nationalism gained adherents because of

A) blacks' concern about the quick pace of social change.
B) its emphasis on the American values of freedom and justice for all.
C) the movement's advocacy of militant protest rather than nonviolence.
D) whites' acceptance of the teachings of Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 31

Which of the following statements describes the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A) It allowed literacy tests as long as they were not used to discriminate on the basis of race.
B) The law was broad and comprehensive but lacked effective enforcement provisions.
C) It outlawed discriminatory voter registration measures and was highly effective in the South.
D) The law was so effective that Congress allowed it to lapse in 1978.

Question 32

Which of the following accurately describes the philosophy of participatory democracy,passed on by Ella Baker to an influential group of young SNCC activists?

A) Making sure that a civil rights organization always polled their members regarding major decisions
B) Emphasizing the importance of black voting rights over every other civil rights issue
C) Encouraging blacks to join the Democratic Party and become active in shaping its policies
D) Encouraging ordinary people to stand up for their rights rather than relying on charismatic leaders

Question 33

Which pair is properly matched?

A) CORE-organized freedom rides
B) SNCC- Martin Luther King was its leader
C) SCLC-united agencies serving black city dwellers
D) NAACP-organized student sit-ins

Question 34

President Dwight Eisenhower promoted civil rights by

A) initiating the construction of a national interstate system.
B) expressing public support for the Greensboro sit-in.
C) sending federal troops into Little Rock,Arkansas.
D) attending the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire.

Question 35

In his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr.

A) pleaded for supporters to donate money so that he and the hundreds of other protesters who were arrested could put up bail.
B) appealed to Christian and democratic beliefs,and argued that Americans had to make a moral choice about segregation.
C) warned that blacks would lose patience with nonviolent protest if their demands were not met.
D) proclaimed "I have a dream" for a racially integrated American society.

Question 36

For this question,refer to the following map: "Black Voter Registration in the South,1964 and 1975." The data expressed on the map above most clearly shows the influence of

A) continued white resistance to integration.
B) decision-makers in each of the three branches of government promoting greater racial justice.
C) legal challenges and direct action to combat racial discrimination.
D) tensions among civil rights activists over tactical and philosophical issues.

Question 37

What was a political consequence of the national Democratic Party's embrace of civil rights in the 1960s?

A) The New Deal coalition that had first elected FDR in 1932 was strengthened.
B) The two-party system was weakened,which led to the growth of powerful independent and third parties.
C) Many southern whites left the Democratic Party to join the Republican Party in the 1970s and 1980s.
D) Race was no longer the dominant issue in presidential elections by the 1970s.

Question 38

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed

A) busing for school integration.
B) discrimination in many areas of American society.
C) racial integration of the armed forces.
D) equal pay for equal work.

Question 39

Which of the following describes the 1955 murder of Emmett Till in Mississippi?

A) Unlike most murders of black men in the South,Till's gained national attention.
B) No one could ever prove who was responsible for Till's torture and death.
C) No blacks were willing to testify at the trial out of fear that they might also be murdered.
D) Civil rights activism had no bearing on the murder or the nation's response to it.

Question 40

For this question,refer to the following map: "Black Voter Registration in the South,1964 and 1975." The trends depicted on the map above were most directly a result of

A) groups on the left criticizing liberals for doing too little to transform the status quo.
B) the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v.Board of Education.
C) activists employing nonviolent protest tactics.
D) young people who participated in the counterculture and rejected the values of their parents' generation.

Question 41

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of Cesar Chavez as a national figure during the 1960s?

A) He had his base among Mexican and Mexican American migrant agricultural workers in South Texas.
B) He and the United Farm Workers union won national attention by organizing a grape pickers' strike in 1965.
C) Although his grape boycott was soundly defeated,Chavez forged an alliance with the AFL-CIO and won endorsement from Robert F.Kennedy.
D) The United Farm Workers union that he organized was never recognized by grape growers.

Question 42

Answer the following questions :
Community Services Organization (CSO)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 43

Answer the following questions :
Nation of Islam

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 44

Answer the following questions :
Jim Crow

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 45

Which of the following developments was an outgrowth of the rights revolution of the 1960s and 1970s?

A) A belief in smaller government
B) A widening belief in the federal government's responsibilities
C) A wave of immigration greater than ever before
D) A generation of people with entitlement issues

Question 46

Answer the following questions :
Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 47

In 1966,the slogan "black power" was first embraced by

A) Malcolm X.
B) Elijah Muhammad.
C) Stokely Carmichael.
D) Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.

Question 48

Malcolm X and the Black Muslims pursued a philosophy that differed dramatically from that of

A) Stokely Carmichael.
B) Bobby Seale.
C) Martin Luther King Jr.
D) Huey Newton.

Question 49

Answer the following questions :
La Raza Unida

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 50

Answer the following questions :
American GI Forum

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 51

Under the banner of black power,African American activists worked for

A) an end to poverty and social injustice endured by many African Americans.
B) black communities' right to secede from the Union to protect their rights and interests.
C) black supremacy in every state in the United States.
D) the racial integration of neighborhoods,schools,churches,and other public institutions.

Question 52

What major change occurred in Mexican American activism during the 1960s?

A) Mexican Americans abandoned their generally pro-Republican political sympathies and gave their allegiance primarily to the Democrats.
B) The Mexican American Political Association (MAPA)emerged as their radical voice.
C) Poverty,language barriers,and uncertain legal status made them increasingly unwilling to get involved in politics.
D) In 1969,a large group of Mexican American students met in Denver to hammer out a national Chicano agenda.

Question 53

Answer the following questions :
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 54

Two hundred Sioux,organized by AIM to dramatize their cause,engaged in several gun battles with the FBI for over two months in 1973 at

A) Wounded Knee.
B) Alcatraz.
C) the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters.
D) Little Big Horn.

Question 55

Answer the following questions :
"To Secure These Rights"

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 56

Answer the following questions :
Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 57

Which of the following describes the Nation of Islam in the early 1960s?

A) The movement fused Christianity and Islamic beliefs.
B) The group had a strong emphasis on personal self-improvement.
C) Due to its radical positions,the group never had more than 500 members.
D) Malcolm X was the leader of the Nation of Islam in the United States.

Question 58

The Kerner Commission Report,released in 1968,analyzed

A) Mexican immigration to the United States since the end of the U.S.-Mexico War.
B) the impact of the Vietnam War on the civil rights movement in the United States.
C) the context and causes of racial violence in American cities in the 1960s.
D) Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in Tennessee in April of that year.

Question 59

Answer the following questions :
Montgomery Bus Boycott

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 60

Who was the lesser-known cofounder of the United Farm Workers,who was a brilliant organizer?

A) Elizo de la Garza
B) Dolores Huerta
C) Edward Roybal
D) Henry González

Question 61

Answer the following questions :
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 62

Answer the following questions :
March on Washington

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 63

Did the Supreme Court's decision in Brown bring about the change that advocates had hoped for? Explain your answer.

Question 64

Answer the following questions :
rights liberalism

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 65

Answer the following questions :
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 66

Answer the following questions :
Voting Rights Act of 1965

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 67

Answer the following questions :
Civil Rights Act of 1964

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 68

Answer the following questions :
Black Panther Party

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 69

Answer the following questions :
black nationalism

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 70

How would you explain the rise of the protest movement after 1955? How did nonviolent tactics help the movement?

Question 71

Answer the following questions :
States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 72

How did the NAACP develop a legal strategy to attack racial segregation?

Question 73

Answer the following questions :
Young Lords Organization

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 74

How did white resistance hinder the movement? In what ways did it help?

Question 75

Answer the following questions :
American Indian Movement (AIM)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 76

Answer the following questions :
United Farm Workers (UFW)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 77

Answer the following questions :
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 78

Why did civil rights emerge as a significant national political issue during the Kennedy years?

Question 79

Answer the following questions :
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

A)The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination.This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities-such as race or gender-rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism.
B)Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)that espoused nonviolent direct action.In 1961 this group organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.
C)System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century,from after the Civil War until the 1960s.
D)A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company.
E)The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans.President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendations-including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practice Committee-into law,leading to discord in the Democratic Party.
F)A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South,formed for the 1948 election.Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats.
G)A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi,Texas,in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.
H)A Latino civil rights group founded in Los Angeles in 1947,which trained many Latino politicians and community activists,including Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
I)Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v.Ferguson in 1896.The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
J)Yearlong boycott of this city's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population.The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr.to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.
K)After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,Martin Luther King Jr.and other civil rights leaders formed this organization in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South.
L)A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker.The group initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr.As violence against civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s,the group expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X.
M)On August 28,1963,a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities.
N)Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment,education,and public accommodations illegal.It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
O)Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964.Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City,New Jersey,as the legitimate representatives of their state,but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party.
P)Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth.
Q)A major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy.Present in black communities for centuries,it periodically came to the fore,as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s,such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.
R)A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s.Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of this religion,anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice.
S)A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence,founded in Oakland,California,in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities,where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects,but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.
T)An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean.Though immediate victories for the group were few,their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness.
U)A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions,especially in the Southwest.
V)A Mexican American civil rights organization founded in 1967 and based on the model of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.This Mexican American civil rights organization focused on legal issues and endeavored to win protections against discrimination through court decisions.
W)Founded in Texas in 1970 by Mexican Americans as an alternative to the two major political parties,the organization ran candidates for state governor and other local government positions in the 1970s.It was an expression of the Chicano/a movement and its attempts to create political unity among American citizens of Mexican descent.
X)Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities,including poverty and police harassment.The group organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities.

Question 80

In what ways did World War II and the Cold War help to advance the cause of civil rights?