Deck 9: Intellectual Disability Mental Retardation

Question 1

Prevalence estimates for mental retardation in children and adults are about _________ of the entire population.

A)0.4% to 0.9%
B)1% to 3%
C)4% to 5%
D)5% to 7%

Answer 1

1% to 3%

Question 2

Degeneracy theory attributed the intellectual and social problems of children with mental retardation to:

A)cold parenting
B)regression to an earlier period in the development of humankind
C)degeneration of societal values
D)genetic abnormalities

Answer 2

regression to an earlier period in the development of humankind

Question 3

The AAIDD categorizes persons with mental retardation according to:

A)the number of deficits in adaptive functioning
B)the extent of cognitive impairment
C)the extent of support needed
D)the number of social deficits

Answer 3

the extent of support needed

Question 4

To be diagnosed with mental retardation,a person must exhibit:

A)subaverage intellectual functioning
B)genetic anomalies
C)deficits in adaptive functioning
D)subaverage intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive functioning

Question 5

The most likely explanation for the discrepancy in IQ scores between blacks and whites in North America is:

A)genetic dissimilarities
B)test bias
C)economic and social inequalities
D)all of these

Question 6

The majority of individuals with mental retardation are _________ retarded.

A)mildly
B)moderately
C)severely
D)profoundly

Question 7

The more severe forms of mental retardation are more likely due to __________ causes than is mild mental retardation.

A)cultural
B)familial
C)idiopathic
D)organic

Question 8

To be labeled with mental retardation,below average intellectual and adaptive abilities must:

A)be due to chromosomal abnormalities
B)be due to genetic anomalies
C)be present before age 12
D)be present before age 18

Question 9

The ___________ refers to the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing.

A)Flynn Effect
B)Foster Effect
C)IQ Effect
D)Scoring Effect

Question 10

In the DSM-IV-TR,the level of retardation,reflecting a child's degree of difficulty,is based upon:

A)the number of deficits in adaptive functioning
B)the extent of cognitive impairment
C)the extent of support needed
D)the number of social deficits

Question 11

Subaverage intellectual functioning is defined as an IQ approximately:

A)one standard deviation below the mean
B)two standard deviations below the mean
C)a mental age of less than 10 years
D)a mental age of less than 15 years

Question 12

IQ scores among individuals without mental retardation are:

A)stable throughout the lifespan
B)stable only after age 12
C)relatively stable with the exception of infancy
D)not at all stable

Question 13

In comparison to the IQ scores of normally developing children,those of infants and children with developmental delays or mental retardation are:

A)more stable
B)less stable
C)equally stable
D)unmeasurable

Question 14

The ________ category of mental retardation has an overrepresentation of minority groups.

A)mild
B)moderate
C)severe
D)profound

Question 15

DSM-IV-TR criteria for mental retardation consists of subaverage intellectual functioning of _______or below and impairment in ________.

A)70,adaptive functioning
B)50,self help skills
C)80,communication
D)65,academic skills

Question 16

The rising of IQ scores is due to:

A)better nutrition
B)better schooling
C)medical advances
D)all of the above

Question 17

Persons with profound mental retardation have an IQ level of:

A)55-70
B)40-54
C)20-25
D)0-19

Question 18

During the eugenics movement,persons with mental retardation were considered:

A)relatively harmless
B)a threat to society
C)the missing evolutionary link
D)amusing individuals

Question 19

Individuals with mild mental retardation can usually acquire academic skills up to approximately the _______ grade level.

A)second
B)sixth
C)tenth
D)twelfth

Question 20

Many persons with Down syndrome function at the _________ level of retardation.

A)mild
B)moderate
C)severe
D)profound

Question 21

Children with mild to moderate mental retardation learn symbolic play:

A)in much the same manner as other children
B)in a different manner than other children
C)only to a very small degree
D)in a different manner than other children and only to a very small degree

Question 22

In the "strange situation" attachment assessment technique,children with Down syndrome:

A)display significant distress upon separation
B)readily reach for strangers for comfort
C)show few distress signals despite an apparent need for contact with their caregivers
D)angrily turn away from their caregivers upon reunion

Question 23

Which of the following psychiatric diagnoses is least common among children with mental retardation?

A)schizophrenia
B)pica
C)anxiety disorders
D)mood disorders

Question 24

Generally,the emotional and behavioral problems of children with mental retardation:

A)constitute major psychiatric disorders
B)are considered part of the spectrum of problems coexisting with mental retardation
C)often are not severe enough to require intervention
D)have prevalence rates comparable to those of the general population

Question 25

When toddlers with Down syndrome begin to recognize themselves in a mirror,they often:

A)cry
B)smile and laugh
C)strike out
D)appear confused

Question 26

Children with Down syndrome display considerable delay in:

A)expressive language development
B)receptive language development
C)expressive and receptive language development
D)neither expressive nor receptive language development

Question 27

The gene-environment interaction is referred to as:

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)heritability
D)attribution

Question 28

When mainstreamed into a regular classroom,children with mental retardation:

A)are accepted readily by other children
B)are targeted and abused by other children
C)are often aggressive toward other children
D)end up being socially isolated because other children do not play with them

Question 29

Which of the following statements regarding the causes of mental retardation is false?

A)The causes of mild mental retardation are better understood than the causes of moderate to severe mental retardation.
B)There are over 1000 different known organic causes of mental retardation.
C)Scientists cannot account for the cause of mental retardation in the majority of cases.
D)none of these statements are false

Question 30

Children with intellectual disability have a greater chance of having:

A)cerebral palsy
B)epilepsy
C)sensory impairment
D)all of the above

Question 31

Mental retardation is more prevalent among:

A)lower SES
B)minority groups
C)higher SES
D)both a and b

Question 32

______ is critical to regulating social interaction and providing a foundation for early self/other understanding.

A)Expressive language
B)Receptive language
C)Internal state language
D)Secure attachment

Question 33

As viewed from the two-group approach,the ___________ group is usually associated with mild forms of retardation.

A)organic
B)single
C)natural
D)cultural-familial

Question 34

The suggestion that children with mental retardation demonstrate the same behaviors and underlying processes as typically developing children who are at the same level of cognitive functioning is referred to as the:

A)difference hypothesis
B)developmental hypothesis
C)similar sequence hypothesis
D)similar structure hypothesis

Question 35

______ factors are implicated in mild forms of mental retardation.

A)Genetic
B)Environmental
C)Genetic and environmental
D)Situational

Question 36

The observation that children with Down syndrome may alternate between periods of gain and functioning and periods of little or no advance is the:

A)functioning difference hypothesis
B)variance hypothesis
C)variance observation
D)slowing and stability hypothesis

Question 37

In general,children with Down syndrome display:

A)progressive loss of adaptive functioning skills from birth on
B)declining IQ but increasing social skills
C)significant gains in adaptive behaviors up to age 6,followed by a leveling off or decline
D)a surge in abilities from ages 10-15

Question 38

The proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic influences is called:

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)heritability
D)attribution

Question 39

If a true male excess of mental retardation exists,and the higher prevalence rate is not due to identification and referral patterns,it is likely due to:

A)testosterone
B)fetal alcohol syndrome
C)fragile-x syndrome
D)Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 40

The evidence points to a heritability of intelligence of approximately:

A)0%
B)10%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 41

Down syndrome occurs more often with older mothers than younger mothers because:

A)chromosomal nondisjunction increases with maternal age
B)women's ova become generally less healthy with age
C)older women are generally less healthy than younger women
D)none of these

Question 42

Lindsay and her sister were born into a socially disadvantaged family.Lindsay was adopted into a more privileged home.Lindsay's IQ score is likely to be:

A)higher then her sister's score
B)the same as her sister's score
C)lower then her sister's score
D)one standard deviation lower then her sister's score

Question 43

Research investigating the effectiveness of residential care for children with mental retardation indicates that:

A)residential care is not an effective treatment option
B)family involvement is crucial to children's adaptation to and benefit from residential care
C)contact with family serves to confuse the child and disrupts the child's progress
D)residential care is the most effective treatment option

Question 44

_________________ is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation.

A)Down syndrome
B)Fragile-X syndrome
C)Prader-Willi syndrome
D)Phenylketoneuria (PKU)

Question 45

On average,the IQ of children with fetal alcohol syndrome is in the _________ range of mental retardation.

A)mild
B)moderate
C)severe
D)profound

Question 46

Education of children with mental retardation has been plagued by the fact that:

A)it is difficult to teach the children specific cognitive skills
B)the children lack the metacognitive capabilities needed to apply skills to new situations
C)families are usually reluctant to seek services after diagnosis
D)schools are unwilling to mainstream children with mental retardation into regular classrooms

Question 47

____________ is the most common form of mental retardation resulting from chromosomal abnormalities.

A)Klinefelter's syndrome
B)Fragile-X syndrome
C)Down syndrome
D)Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 48

Both Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are:

A)inherited conditions
B)associated with an involuntary urge to eat
C)believed to be spontaneous genetic birth defects that occur around the time of conception
D)none of these

Question 49

Which of the following causes of mental retardation is associated with an involuntary urge to eat?

A)Down syndrome
B)Fragile-X syndrome
C)Prader-Willi syndrome
D)Angelman syndrome

Question 50

____________ is associated with mental retardation and is a disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome.

A)Klinefelter's syndrome
B)Turner's syndrome
C)Fragile-X syndrome
D)Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 51

In addition to intellectual difficulties,children with fetal alcohol syndrome often have difficulties that resemble:

A)autism
B)ADHD
C)oppositional defiant disorder
D)schizophrenia

Question 52

_______ teaches children to use verbal cues to process information,to keep themselves on task and to remind themselves how to approach a new task.

A)Strategic training
B)Self-instructional training
C)Metacognitive training
D)Social skill training

Question 53

Which of the following is not associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)central nervous system dysfunction
B)abnormalities in facial features
C)growth retardation below the 10th percentile
D)all of these are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 54

The single most common cause of severe mental retardation is:

A)chromosomal abnormalities
B)single gene abnormalities
C)environmental deprivation
D)perinatal insult

Question 55

Phenylketoneuria (PKU)is a(n)____________ that can cause mental retardation if untreated.

A)chromosomal abnormality
B)environmental toxin
C)inborn error of metabolism
D)infection

Question 56

Self-instructional training programs are most beneficial for:

A)children with severe mental retardation
B)children whose parents are also mentally retarded
C)children with no language skills
D)children with some language proficiency,but who have trouble understanding and following directions

Question 57

Children with Down syndrome have strong:

A)sensory motor coordination
B)visual short-term memories
C)muscle tone
D)expressive language ability

Question 58

Which of the following is most likely to be of concern to the father of a child with mental retardation?

A)how to raise the child properly
B)what effect the child will have on his personal relationship with his wife
C)what restrictions the child will place on his role in the family
D)how to feel close to the child

Question 59

Which of the following statements regarding the adjustment of families of children with mental retardation is false?

A)Most parents of children with mental retardation come to see their child as a positive contributor to their family and quality of life.
B)Families of children with mental retardation experience higher-than-average levels of stress.
C)Parents of children with mental retardation experience higher-than-average depressive symptoms.
D)None of these statements are false.