Deck 6: Emotional Development and Attachment

Question 1

The earliest phase of smiling in the human infant is considered to be

A) social smiling.
B) spontaneous smiling.
C) due to gas.
D) observed more often in male infants than in female infants.

Answer 1

spontaneous smiling.

Question 2

Which of these current views is NOT considered valid as a reason for reflex smiling?

A) Internal physiological states; for example, gas
B) Fluctuations in excitability
C) Fluctuations in arousal
D) Reflection of enjoyment

Answer 2

Internal physiological states; for example, gas

Question 3

Infants between 3 and 8 weeks of age

A) begin smiling at some internal events.
B) begin smiling at some external events, along with internal stimulation.
C) begin reflex smiling.
D) are probably boys if they are smiling at that age.

Answer 3

begin smiling at some external events, along with internal stimulation.

Question 4

Research studies have shown

A) infants to be capable of expressing all the emotions that adults can express.
B) newborn infants to be capable of expressing social smiles.
C) that infants will develop emotional expressions in response to particular external events.
D) that production of emotion in children is random and independent of environmental stimuli.

Question 5

Which one of the following is NOT thought to be a function of emotions in infancy and childhood?

A) Emotions moderate social success.
B) Emotional displays are used to regulate conflict.
C) Emotional displays are the first step in language acquisition.
D) Emotions provide a means of gaining control over the social world.

Question 6

The fact that full-term infants smile at about six weeks after birth and premature infants often smile later (in accordance with their gestational age at birth) suggests the influence of

A) learning factors.
B) innate factors.
C) environmental factors.
D) perceptual-recognition factors.

Question 7

You are at the toy store buying puppets for your 3-month-old. You hold the puppets up for your baby so you can find out which ones are interesting to her. You notice that she smiles at the puppets that

A) resemble animals.
B) resemble cartoon characters.
C) resemble human faces.
D) resemble dinosaurs.

Question 8

Infants learn about emotional regulation

A) by trial and error.
B) through self-soothing techniques.
C) by genetic determinants.
D) from increased social contact with peers.

Question 9

In the development of emotional displays, infants and children appear to be

A) better recognizers of emotion than producers of emotion.
B) better producers of emotion than recognizers of emotion.
C) better at understanding emotions than producing emotion.
D) better at differentiating emotions than understanding emotions.

Question 10

Which developmental sequence is correct?

A) Children recognize positive emotions before negative emotions.
B) Children recognize negative emotions before positive emotions.
C) Children recognize most emotions at approximately the same time.
D) Children recognize fear before anger.

Question 11

According to the functionalist perspective,

A) emotions help us meet our goals and adapt to our environment.
B) emotions play a role in establishing and maintaining social relationships.
C) the learning and cognitive perspectives can be combined into a unified view of emotional development.
D) All of these

Question 12

For infants and children, emotions

A) serve as a means of communication.
B) are difficult to understand.
C) are difficult to utilize effectively.
D) are a source of frustration and conflict.

Question 13

Marcel is outside watching his mother garden in her flowerbed. He notices that his mother becomes frightened and gets up, brushing herself, and swatting at a bee. The bee stings her and her arm swells. According to learning perspectives, Marcel

A) may learn to fear bees by watching his mother's behavior.
B) does not need to learn to fear bees; the fear of bees is innate.
C) will not fear bees as long as he is not stung.
D) will not fear bees unless he gardens.

Question 14

Mental representations of external events are called

A) schemata.
B) hypotheses.
C) perceptual images.
D) signals.

Question 15

Currently the best explanation for why different events cause smiling and laughing at different ages is offered by

A) learning factor theory.
B) genetic-maturational theory.
C) environmental factor theory.
D) perceptual-recognition factor theory.

Question 16

An infant whose parents respond positively to his smiles will likely

A) reduce the number of negative emotional expressions that he displays.
B) be spoiled by his parents.
C) increase the amount of time he spends smiling.
D) not have much impact on his innate tendency to smile.

Question 17

Rachel became afraid of dogs after her neighbor's friendly dog ran up to her unexpectedly, knocked her over, and licked her face. Her fear can be explained by

A) an innate fear of unfamiliar animals.
B) her knowledge that dogs have teeth that can bite.
C) operant learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 18

Competence in implementing social display rules is associated with

A) higher intellectual functioning.
B) better social relationships with peers.
C) improved emotional regulation.
D) primary emotional schemas.

Question 19

The fact that children can become classically conditioned to fearful situations (e.g., medical buildings, medical procedures, etc.) would suggest

A) a biological basis for fear reactions.
B) a constitutional basis for fear reactions.
C) a learned basis for fear reactions.
D) a perceptual-cognitive basis for fear reactions.

Question 20

Which of the following emotional displays appears last?

A) Fear
B) Guilt
C) Shyness
D) Disgust

Question 21

A task required of children as they learn to respond to cultural display rules regarding emotions is

A) to coordinate emotional displays with emotional feelings.
B) to learn to clearly express your emotional feelings.
C) to learn to display the facial expressions associated with the basic emotions.
D) to separate emotional displays from emotional feelings.

Question 22

Research on the choice of coping methods used by homesick children has found that

A) boys use social support more often than girls at all age levels.
B) older girls rely on social support more than older boys.
C) young children rarely use social support.
D) children from poor homes use social support more than children from well-off homes.

Question 23

Research in the area of individual differences in fear reactions among infants has shown that

A) all children show distress around strangers, whether they are shy or outgoing.
B) some infants may be more fearful than others and these are the shy, "behaviorally inhibited" children.
C) children's initial reaction to strangers is one of curiosity.
D) all strangers scare children when they are between 7 and 9 months of age.

Question 24

studied emotional scripts in children. An important finding of this study was that

A) children are unable to make judgments regarding another's emotional reaction.
B) children's emotional scripts increase in complexity as they mature.
C) children could not identify issues related to sadness.
D) children could not identify issues related to either sadness or happiness.

Question 25

Nine-month-old Will was playing on the floor of his pediatrician's waiting room. His father was sitting behind him reading the paper. A child about 9 years old hopped into the chair next to Will's dad. Will's dad laughed and began teasing the older child about riding a horse indoors. What behaviors would Will most likely engage in at this time?

A) Ignore the whole situation.
B) Look at his dad, see his response, and then cry.
C) Look at his dad, see his response, and then smile or go back to playing.
D) Look at his dad and crawl away from the older child.

Question 26

Jerod is spending the summer away from home at camp and writes letters to his parents nearly every day. Jerod is exercising _______ control over his homesickness.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) solitary

Question 27

The term used to identify the way infants rely on emotional cues provided by their mothers or other significant caregivers to help guide their own behavior in uncertain settings is

A) social referencing.
B) norming.
C) mother approval.
D) attachment.

Question 28

Which of the following would be the most useful intervention for homesick children?

A) Telling them that running away from summer camp and boarding school is wrong
B) Helping them to understand that separation is not something to be upset about
C) Helping them understand their emotions and ways to cope with homesickness
D) Helping them to learn to avoid their feelings of homesickness by distracting themselves with television and other activities

Question 29

Cross-cultural research on fear suggests that because

A) certain kinds of fear occur at the same ages in different cultures, there is a maturational basis for it.
B) certain kinds of fear were not found across different cultures, fear must be culture-specific.
C) "performance anxiety" occurred in American children at about 24 months of age and not in Vietnamese children, fear must be a learned behavior.
D) children were afraid of other children their own age who were from different cultures, there is a biological basis for fear.

Question 30

Complex schemes that enable children to identify the type of emotional reaction that is likely to accompany a particular kind of event are

A) emotional roles.
B) emotional scripts.
C) display rules
D) emotional understanding

Question 31

Thompson found that younger (7 years of age) children's understanding of pride differed from older children's understanding in that

A) younger children said they were proud when they had accomplished a task.
B) younger children said they were proud even if the outcome resulted from luck or chance.
C) younger children said they were proud when an older sibling completed the task.
D) younger children did not use the word "pride" at all.

Question 32

The development of social, cognitive, and emotional capacities

A) are clearly different areas of development and the development of one does not affect the other.
B) are primarily dependent on cognitive functioning levels.
C) are mutually dependent.
D) occurs at the same rates for all children.

Question 33

Younger children differ from older children in their understanding of guilt in that they (the younger children) focus on

A) biological urges.
B) situational factors.
C) personal responsibility.
D) outcomes.

Question 34

In a series of research studies, Gunnar and colleagues found that 1-year-olds were less fearful

A) when their parents had control over when the monkey toy began clanging his symbols.
B) when they had some control over when the monkey toy began clanging his symbols.
C) in situations that were unpredictable.
D) after the clapping monkey started clanging his symbols erratically.

Question 35

Smiles that exhibit an upturned mouth and wrinkles around the eyes are called

A) mom smiles.
B) social smiles.
C) Duchenne smiles.
D) Dutch smiles.

Question 36

Facial features that are initially the most important in eliciting infant smiling are

A) the teeth.
B) the eyes.
C) the ears.
D) the cheeks.

Question 37

Studies on children's laughter have shown that it

A) tends to decrease with development.
B) tends to become more quiet and reserved as children get older.
C) tends to have a more social focus/purpose as children get older.
D) tends to have little effect on parent-child interactions.

Question 38

Which infant behavior plays a central role in attachment development according to psychoanalytic theory?

A) Crying
B) Smiling
C) Playing
D) Sucking

Question 39

Studies show that infants consider not only size as an important cue in evaluating strangers but also

A) facial features.
B) gender.
C) the amount of hair.
D) whether or not the stranger has a very high-pitched voice.

Question 40

In studies of the development of jealousy,

A) younger children expressed jealousy of a sibling receiving parental attention, but older children did not.
B) no changes in the expression of jealousy occurred across development.
C) younger children displayed distress in response to jealousy-provoking scenarios, whereas their older siblings displayed anger and sadness.
D) children who reacted with jealousy were more able to focus on play activities than children who showed less jealousy.

Question 41

The value of the ethological theory on attachment is found in its emphasis on the active role of the infant's early social signaling systems and

A) the emphasis on maturational processes in the formation of attachment.
B) its stress on the development of mutual attachment.
C) the focus on the cognitive skills used in forming the attachment relationship.
D) the importance of primary drive reduction.

Question 42

Fathers who are given a chance to have contact with their infants at the hospital

A) treat their babies with uncertainty and caution, unable to interact in the same way moms do.
B) treat their babies with as much touching, kissing, and vocalizing as the mothers do.
C) are embarrassed to interact with the baby because they are not prepared.
D) usually refuse contact during the first two days until they feel more confident.

Question 43

Research evaluating attachment relationships between fathers and infants and mothers and infants found that infants form attachments

A) only to mom.
B) only to dad.
C) to both mom and dad.
D) neither to mom nor dad since they tend to be overwhelmed by so much attention.

Question 44

The cognitive prerequisite for the development of attachment is the development of

A) object permanence.
B) object identity.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) memory.

Question 45

In the United States, fathers' unique special role in their children's lives is that of

A) playmate.
B) caregiver.
C) teacher.
D) disciplinarian.

Question 46

Of the following individuals, who is LEAST likely to play an active role in direct child care?

A) Mothers
B) Fathers
C) Grandmothers
D) Grandfathers

Question 47

The important feature of the learning theory explanation of attachment is

A) that attachment is an innate or instinctual process.
B) that attachment is the result of the reinforcement parents give infants for appropriate behavior.
C) that attachment develops over time as a result of satisfying interactions with key people in the child's environment.
D) that attachment results from the primary drive of hunger being consistently satisfied.

Question 48

Susan, Becky, and Sally are in a room with several adults. Some of the adults are familiar to the infants and others are not. Sally smiles only at the adults she knows. Susan smiles at any of the adults who attract her attention. Becky makes an effort to be with the adults she knows and cries when a familiar adult leaves the room. Which infant is probably the oldest of the three?

A) Susan
B) Becky
C) Sally
D) All three are approximately the same age.

Question 49

Over time, the orphan children's relationships with their caretakers at Bulldog Banks in England were

A) positive and based on the children's feelings as a group.
B) as intense as young children with their own mothers.
C) demanding and possessive.
D) equally as intense as their attachments to each other.

Question 50

The research technique used by Mary Ainsworth to study the development of attachment was

A) the need reduction paradigm.
B) the strange situation.
C) the separation situation.
D) the maternal permanence scenario.

Question 51

The "strange situation" sequence was developed and employed by

A) Bowlby.
B) Stern.
C) Ainsworth.
D) Kagan.

Question 52

The primary advocate of the ethological theory of attachment is

A) Bowlby.
B) Belsky.
C) Freud.
D) Kagan.

Question 53

study of cloth-and-wire surrogate-mother monkeys illustrated

A) that infant monkeys preferred the "mothers" that were responsible for feeding.
B) that infant monkeys can develop multiple attachments.
C) that the feeding situation is critical for the development of attachment.
D) that hunger reduction is not necessary for the development of attachment.

Question 54

study of war orphans placed in an institution (Bulldog Banks) in England suggests that

A) children don't develop attachment relationships to peers until they have done so with an adult, an authority figure, or a caregiver.
B) children easily developed attachments with their new caretakers in spite of the absence of such relationships previously.
C) the children's attachments to each other remained consistent even with the availability of adult caregivers.
D) after a year in the orphanage, children still were unable to form attachment relationships with adults.

Question 55

During the developmental course of attachment, infants learn to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people before they

A) show an attraction to all social objects.
B) express a preference for humans.
C) express a preference for inanimate objects.
D) develop specific attachments.

Question 56

The drive reduction model of attachment is closely associated with

A) the psychoanalytic viewpoint.
B) cognitive theory.
C) behaviorism.
D) the ethological viewpoint.

Question 57

When preschool children are transferred to new schools they

A) will probably be happy to leave their classmates and find new experiences and friends.
B) will probably show some sadness because they have learned it is appropriate to display that emotion even if they do not feel sad.
C) will probably experience some stress associated with separation from their peers to whom they have become attached.
D) are likely to act indifferently because they are too young to have developed emotional relationships with their peers.

Question 58

As the child gets older, his distress reaction to separation from his parent

A) increases and becomes more expressive because he is more cognitively aware of what is happening.
B) decreases and becomes less of a problem because he is more cognitively aware of what is going on and understands the temporary nature of the separation.
C) increases because proximity to his parent becomes more important at this age.
D) decreases because the child becomes less attached to the parent.

Question 59

The children's attachment to each other in Freud and Dann's study of orphans during WWII is a demonstration of the existence of

A) insecure attachment.
B) antisocial behavior in the absence of consistent adult caregivers.
C) peer attachment.
D) childhood pathology due to lack of maternal attachment.

Question 60

The fact that fathers are preferred as playmates over mothers is important because it shows

A) that children are more attached to fathers than mothers.
B) that fathers of these children probably spend more time at home with them.
C) that infants are also attached to their fathers.
D) that play is relatively unimportant in the child's development.

Question 61

Cross-cultural studies on attachment indicate differences in classification due to parental availability, which may be considered

A) irrelevant to attachment.
B) deviant from the normal course of attachment.
C) maladaptive to attachment relationships.
D) adaptive in different cultures.

Question 62

found that

A) most of the infants rated as securely attached at 12 months were rated as insecure-resistant at 6 years.
B) most of the infants rated as securely attached at 12 months were rated as insecure-avoidant at 6 years.
C) half of the infants rated as securely attached at 12 months were rated as securely attached at 6 years.
D) all of the infants rated as securely attached at 12 months were rated as securely attached at 6 years.

Question 63

Studies on infant attachment have shown

A) that the early interactions between parent and child influence the quality of later attachment behaviors.
B) children and parents who had an insecure attachment relationship were found to engage in synchronous behaviors that were reciprocal and mutually rewarding.
C) parent-child attachment to be independent of other relationships in the family.
D) secure attachments to be more frequent in families with poor marital adjustment.

Question 64

Jennifer is 9 years old and has always done things independently. However, her parents find it even more bothersome that she has a total lack of concern about their approval or disapproval of the things she does. Jennifer appears

A) to have developed a healthy attachment to her parents.
B) to have failed to develop a healthy attachment to her parents.
C) to have no need for an attachment with her parents.
D) to be overly attached to her parents.

Question 65

Ainsworth found that the majority of the children she studied were

A) insecure-avoidant.
B) secure.
C) insecure-resistant.
D) insecure-disorganized.

Question 66

Studies evaluating attachment across generations have concluded that early experience shapes later parental behavior. Additionally, these researchers have also acknowledged the importance of

A) the way adults come to terms with their own childhood experiences.
B) the number of childhood memories an adult can recall.
C) the presence of a father figure to mediate mother-child difficulties.
D) the availability of multiple-generation caregivers.

Question 67

In your study of intergenerational continuity, you interview mothers who have avoidant relationships with their infants. These mothers frequently cannot recall incidents from their own childhood, yet idealize their parents. According to studies of adult attachment, you classify these mothers as

A) autonomous.
B) dismissing.
C) preoccupied.
D) unattached.

Question 68

The universality of Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" has been questioned because of cultural differences found in

A) parents' awareness of infants' need for contact.
B) the proportion of infants categorized as having secure and insecure relationships.
C) parents' needs for contact with their infant.
D) the definition of what is considered an emotional bond.

Question 69

The Attachment Q Sort

A) is a self-report-based measure.
B) is used to make ratings of children's attachment-related behaviors.
C) is primarily useful for children between the ages of 6 and 10.
D) is a questionnaire about children's attachment behaviors.

Question 70

study of infant care in Israeli kibbutzim,

A) the rate of insecure-avoidant attachments was equal to the rate in the United States.
B) infants who spent the night at home were more likely to develop secure attachments than infants who spent the night in the infant center.
C) mothers' sensitivity to their infants had no effect on the attachment styles.
D) close to half of the children had an insecure-resistant attachment style with their parents.

Question 71

In your first-grade classroom, you notice several children who are depressed and self-critical. From your child development course, you hypothesize that these children's attachments to their parents are

A) secure.
B) insecure-resistant.
C) insecure-avoidant.
D) withdrawn.

Question 72

Cross-cultural differences in attachment relationships are related to characteristics of the infant and

A) genetic differences between parents.
B) parental knowledge of infant development.
C) parental expectations of distress.
D) birth order.

Question 73

You are an international exchange student in Germany studying parent-infant interactions for your psychology course. After analyzing your data from Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," you notice that there is a higher proportion of _______ attachments in your German sample than in the United States.

A) secure
B) anxious-resistant
C) anxious-avoidant
D) anxious-depressed

Question 74

The attachment classifications used by Ainsworth are

A) characteristic of the parent.
B) characteristic of the child's personality.
C) reflections of the quality of the parent-child relationship.
D) maternal traits.

Question 75

Robin is 6 years old and generally a pleasant child to interact with. She enjoys being with and near her parents. She is easily conversant. Which of Ainsworth's classifications best fits Robin?

A) Insecure-avoidant
B) Secure
C) Insecure-resistant
D) Insecure-disorganized

Question 76

Research on the interaction patterns between infants and their caretakers has shown that infants regulate their part of the interaction

A) by exaggerating their speech.
B) through controlling their gaze.
C) by falling asleep.
D) by crying and shaking their heads.

Question 77

With which of the following adults is an infant most likely to form an attachment?

A) An unstimulating mother who provides routine physical care
B) A depressed, withdrawn father
C) A happy mother who responds inconsistently to the infant's needs
D) An attentive, stimulating father

Question 78

Timmy has just had his first birthday. Even though he is a "big boy" now, Timmy still becomes very upset whenever his parents leave him with a sitter, even for short periods of time. Upon their return, Timmy still appears to be distressed and is not easily soothed. Even though he seems to want his parents to hold him, he fidgets or pulls away once in their arms. Which of Ainsworth's classifications best fits Timmy?

A) Insecure-avoidant
B) Secure
C) Insecure-resistant
D) Insecure-disorganized

Question 79

Parents who respond to their babies' needs at times, but not at other times, tend to produce children with

A) insecure-disorganized attachments.
B) insecure-avoidant attachments.
C) secure attachments.
D) insecure-resistant attachments.

Question 80

As part of your undergraduate thesis you are interviewing mothers on their perceptions of their families of origin. These mothers are realistic in their understandings of their parents and value close relationships. Their relationships with their own infants is likely to be

A) insecure-resistant.
B) insecure-avoidant.
C) secure.
D) permissive.