Deck 14: Morality, Altruism, and Aggression

Question 1

Which component of morality involves the knowledge of ethical rules and the judgments of "goodness" or "badness" for various acts or behaviors?

A) Behavioral
B) Cognitive
C) Emotional
D) Religious

Answer 1

Cognitive

Question 2

Piaget investigated the developmental course of moral judgments by studying changes in children's attitudes toward rules in games and changes in children's

A) judgments of the seriousness of transgressions.
B) prosocial and altruistic behavior.
C) reactions to parental discipline.
D) ability to control their aggressive impulses.

Answer 2

judgments of the seriousness of transgressions.

Question 3

According to Piaget, children at what age begin to develop moral judgments and an understanding that social rules can be questioned or even changed?

A) 3 years
B) 5 years
C) 11 years
D) 15 years

Answer 3

11 years

Question 4

Which of the following stages of Piaget's theory of moral development occurs first?

A) Moral reciprocity
B) Moral realism
C) Moral reactionism
D) Retrograde morality

Question 5

Julie, who is 4 years old, and Simone, who is 5 years old, are playing marbles together. The winner is the person who hits the other person's marbles. When asked if they could change the rules so that the winner is the person who can shoot a marble the farthest, both emphatically yell "No!" and say that the marble rules cannot be changed. This examples illustrates Piaget's principle of

A) object permanence.
B) moral absolutism.
C) moral reciprocity.
D) immanent justice.

Question 6

When behavior is influenced more by personal standards of conduct and ethical beliefs than external factors, what process has occurred?

A) Extrapolation
B) Socialization
C) Internalization
D) Representation

Question 7

According to Piaget, when children understand and accept social rules as well as display concern for equality and reciprocity in human relationships, they are exhibiting

A) infantile morality.
B) subjective morality.
C) mature morality.
D) moral passivity.

Question 8

Initial control of very young children's behavior is maintained through ____________, but as children become older, behavior is increasingly monitored and controlled by ____________.

A) parents; instinctual processes
B) emotional inclinations; parents
C) external factors; internal standards of conduct
D) institutional rules; government regulations

Question 9

Children can use intentions as a basis for moral judgments at an earlier age than Piaget had determined if the stories used to measure moral judgment

A) combine good and bad intentions with good and bad outcomes.
B) do not require children to think about outcomes.
C) compare good and bad intentions with the same bad outcome.
D) contain humorous situations.

Question 10

According to Piaget, when children begin to exhibit a morality of reciprocity they recognize that

A) obedience to authority is necessary and desirable.
B) violation of rules is wrong.
C) social rules are arbitrary agreements.
D) punishment for violating rules should be consistent with the damage done.

Question 11

Kohlberg's theory is similar to Piaget's in that both

A) are based on children's reasoning while playing games.
B) are based on children's reactions to unfair situations.
C) contain six stages.
D) emphasize the ways in which children's moral reasoning builds on concepts grasped in preceding stages.

Question 12

According to Piaget, a child who shows little concern or awareness of rules is in which stage of moral development?

A) Moral realism
B) Morality of reciprocity
C) Premoral
D) Immoral

Question 13

Children begin to understand more about morality and the belief that social rules can be questioned and changed if necessary during which of Piaget's stages of moral development?

A) Imminent justice
B) Morality of reciprocity
C) Moral realism
D) Conventional morality

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of morality?

A) Social component
B) Emotional component
C) Cognitive component
D) Behavioral component

Question 15

A child who believes in moral absolutism and immanent justice would be in which of Piaget's stages of moral development?

A) Moral realism
B) Premoral
C) Autonomous morality
D) Morality of reciprocity

Question 16

Emma believes that someone will inevitably punish a "bad" behavior or that something will certainly happen to that person to get back at them for this "bad" deed. Emma's thinking illustrates Piaget's principle of

A) moral relativity.
B) moral absolutism.
C) immanent justice.
D) moral reciprocity.

Question 17

Jeff stole a sandwich from the cafeteria for his roommate who lost his meal card and didn't have any money. Jeff did not believe what he had done was wrong. Jeff is probably operating in what Piaget calls

A) moral absolutism.
B) moral realism.
C) morality of reciprocity.
D) objective responsibility.

Question 18

Danielle went and rode her bike throughout the neighborhood after her mother had told her emphatically not to leave the yard. While riding her bike, she got grease from the bike chain all over her pants and socks. She believed this mess was punishment for disobeying her mother. In Piagetian terms, Danielle has a belief in

A) autonomy.
B) imminent justice.
C) reciprocity.
D) revenge.

Question 19

Studies focusing on aspects of morality such as feelings of shame or guilt are examining the

A) cognitive component.
B) behavioral component.
C) emotional component.
D) punishment component.

Question 20

found that Native Americans

A) remain in the premoral stage until adolescence.
B) show increases in the belief of immanent justice over time.
C) show a greater flexibility in the conception of rules than Europeans.
D) advance through the stages more quickly than Europeans.

Question 21

In Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, responses to moral dilemmas are based on

A) the desire to gain rewards and avoid punishments.
B) the desire to maintain parental approval.
C) the desire to conform to the rules of society.
D) instincts and emotions.

Question 22

At the postconventional level of Kohlberg's theory, how is moral conflict resolved?

A) Through the need to conform
B) Through the desire to avoid punishment
C) Through the desire to obtain rewards
D) Through applying broad ethical principles

Question 23

Which aspect of Kohlberg's theory of moral development has received the most consistent support?

A) Moral reasoning advances in all people, from interpersonal concerns to a concern with individual rights.
B) Most adults reach the highest level of moral reasoning.
C) Children are not capable of any moral understanding until middle childhood.
D) Most people develop through the stages in the same sequence and do not regress to lower stages.

Question 24

When asked why she doesn't hit her sister, Hillary replies, "So my mom won't make me sit in the time-out chair." Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development does her answer exemplify?

A) Good boy morality
B) Morality of self-accepted moral principles
C) Naive hedonistic and instrumental orientation
D) Obedience and punishment orientation

Question 25

One piece of evidence that calls into question Gilligan's contention that men and women have different orientations to morality is that

A) when asked to recall real-life dilemmas, women have been found to recall more impersonal dilemmas than men.
B) women seem to endorse a power orientation toward morality more often than men.
C) a review of research on moral reasoning found little support for the notion that men and women differ in their levels of moral judgments.
D) women typically express more aggression than men do.

Question 26

Your best friend has just been arrested for demonstrating at a national forest that has recently been leased to a timber company that was to begin cutting down trees. Your friend feels strongly that we must protect the environment and that the policy of deforestation without replanting is harmful for all inhabitants of the earth. What level of Kohlberg's theory is your friend most likely experiencing?

A) Preconventional morality
B) Conventional morality
C) Postconventional morality
D) Unconventional morality

Question 27

A limitation of Kohlberg's theory is that the studies upon which his theory on moral development was built only included

A) boys.
B) girls.
C) adults.
D) middle-class people.

Question 28

When asked why he uses such good manners, Gregory says, "Because I want my parents to be proud of me." Gregory is probably in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Authority and social-order-maintaining morality
B) Good boy morality
C) Morality of self-accepted moral principles
D) Naive hedonistic and instrumental orientation

Question 29

During which level of Kohlberg's theory on moral development does a child identify with his parents and conform to what they regard as right or wrong?

A) Premoral
B) Preconventional morality
C) Conventional morality
D) Postconventional morality

Question 30

In a study of moral development of Indian and U.S. schoolchildren, researchers found that Indian children

A) displayed less consideration for interpersonal matters than U.S. schoolchildren.
B) were more justice-oriented than U.S. schoolchildren.
C) displayed more interpersonal consideration than U.S. schoolchildren.
D) displayed higher levels of moral reasoning than U.S. schoolchildren.

Question 31

David believes you should never drive above the speed limit, even in an emergency. He feels that the speed limit is the law and it must be obeyed. David is most likely in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Obedience and punishment orientation
B) Good boy morality
C) Authority and morality that maintains the social order
D) Morality of self-accepted moral principles

Question 32

Which of the following moral understandings have NOT been found among preschoolers?

A) The ability to justify their own actions
B) Awareness of rules
C) Awareness of human rights
D) Awareness of when others violate rules

Question 33

study is probably related to

A) the fact that most of the Indian participants were women.
B) the antigovernment sentiment held by many people in India.
C) the higher social status and reverence of women that is common in India.
D) the Hindu Indian emphasis on social duties as the starting point of society.

Question 34

Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg's theory is that many women emphasize maintaining the goodwill and approval of others, which places them at which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Obedience and punishment orientation
B) Good boy morality
C) Authority and morality that maintains the social order
D) Morality of individual principles and conscience

Question 35

Longitudinal research suggests that the dominant pattern of moral reasoning in most adults appears to be

A) preconventional morality.
B) conventional morality.
C) postconventional morality.
D) amorality.

Question 36

An internalized ethical code characterizes which of Kohlberg's levels?

A) Conventional morality
B) Postconventional morality
C) Obedience and punishment orientation
D) Authority and morality that maintains the social order

Question 37

What types of activities facilitated more mature moral judgments according to Kohlberg?

A) Religious activities
B) Parent-child discussion of moral issues
C) Peer interactions that involve sharing
D) Social activities that involve role taking

Question 38

Which of the following parental behaviors has been associated with more mature moral judgments?

A) The use of physical punishment
B) Discussions about the feelings of others
C) Establishing an authoritarian climate in the home
D) Discussions of political issues

Question 39

According to Gilligan, men rely on a(n) __________ to solve moral problems, whereas women are more likely to focus on a(n) __________.

A) individual rights orientation; caring orientation
B) caring orientation; individual rights orientation
C) power orientation; individual rights orientation
D) caring orientation; power orientation

Question 40

Kohlberg's stages are based on

A) whether children's responses to moral dilemmas emphasize obedience or the welfare of others.
B) children's decisions to emphasize obedience or welfare in response to moral dilemmas and their reasoning for their decision.
C) children's understanding of the rules of common games.
D) children reactions to parental punishment.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is NOT true of gender differences in prosocial behavior?

A) Boys display more instrumental helping than girls.
B) Girls experience more empathy than boys.
C) Gender differences in prosocial behavior are more pronounced in self-report studies than in observational studies.
D) Gender differences in prosocial behavior are more pronounced when reported by others such as parents and teachers than in observational studies.

Question 42

Which of the following are most viewed as arbitrary and relative and can vary across communities and cultures?

A) Moral issues
B) Social conventions
C) Monogamy issues
D) Political conventions

Question 43

At what age do children begin to approach a distressed person and offer specific help?

A) 8 months
B) 14 months
C) 24 months
D) 36 months

Question 44

Steven's mother just put a plate of cupcakes on the table and asked him not to touch them until his friends come over for the party. She leaves the room to prepare for the guests. Even though Steven really would like to have one of the cupcakes, he distracts himself by playing in the other room and is able to delay gratification. Which behavior regulation phase would Steven belong?

A) Control phase
B) Self-control phase
C) Self-regulation phase
D) Moral regulation phase

Question 45

Altruistic behaviors differ from prosocial behaviors in that

A) prosocial behaviors involve other people and are more social.
B) altruistic behaviors are voluntary and prosocial behaviors are not.
C) altruistic behaviors benefit other people while prosocial behaviors do not.
D) altruistic behaviors involve the willingness to help another without any expectation of reciprocity.

Question 46

A parental technique that is ineffective in promoting helping behavior is

A) pointing out that the child hurt someone.
B) reacting emotionally to the child's hurtful behavior.
C) physically moving the child away from someone the child has hurt.
D) telling their child they don't want to be near them when the child hurts someone.

Question 47

Which of the following statements has NOT been found as evidence for an evolutionary, biological, or genetic basis to prosocial behavior?

A) Studies suggest that identical twins are similar in empathetic concern for a victim in distress.
B) Helping and sharing has been observed among non-human primates.
C) Children with William's syndrome show increased aggressive behavior and decreased prosocial tendencies.
D) Neural structures associated with emotions are activated in response to sad stories.

Question 48

Self-regulating children

A) are good at inhibiting their actions
B) make conscious choices to control their behavior
C) have a strong moral self
D) All of these

Question 49

Studies of prosocial behavior in children have found which of the following statements to be correct?

A) Children engage in fewer prosocial behaviors as they get older.
B) Increases in emotional knowledge are related to increases in prosocial behavior.
C) Children require more direct cues in order to appropriately respond as they become older.
D) All children exhibit similar emotional reactions to another's distress.

Question 50

The parental strategy most highly correlated with evidence of conscience in young children who are fearless is

A) gentle discipline that deemphasizes power.
B) positive motivation.
C) strong and stern discipline.
D) verbal criticism.

Question 51

came to which of the following conclusions?

A) Each child will respond to "moral" demands differently regardless of the situation.
B) No pattern of moral responding can be established because each situation is unique.
C) Each child does have a general predisposition to behave morally or immorally in a variety of situations.
D) Children only have predispositions to behave immorally, since they are really noble savages.

Question 52

Children and adolescents view

A) moral violations as more serious than violations of social conventions.
B) violations of social conventions as more serious than moral violations.
C) social conventions as part of the personal domain.
D) moral issues as more arbitrary and likely to vary across communities than social conventions.

Question 53

According to the developmental theorist Kopp, children show awareness of social demands defined by caregivers during which phase of self-control?

A) Control phase
B) Restraint phase
C) Self-control phase
D) Self-regulation phase

Question 54

Which of the following statements is NOT true of guilt?

A) Boys experience more guilt than girls.
B) Fearful individuals experience more guilt than fearless individuals.
C) The anticipation of guilt serves as a deterrent to misbehavior in fearful children.
D) Children who show a stronger sense of self demonstrate more guilt.

Question 55

found that when tested five years later, most children

A) changed from a defensive prosocial approach to an emotional approach.
B) changed from an emotional prosocial approach to a cognitive problem-solving approach.
C) changed to a different prosocial style, but there was no dominant pattern of change.
D) showed the same style of prosocial behavior.

Question 56

A child who demonstrates moral reasoning at the conventional level

A) is much more likely to demonstrate moral behavior than a child at the preconventional morality level.
B) may or may not show more moral behavior than a child at the preconventional morality level.
C) is much less likely to demonstrate moral behavior than a child at the preconventional level.
D) is unlikely to demonstrate any moral behavior at all.

Question 57

Lying or stealing is considered to be a __________ violation, whereas addressing a professor by his/her first name is a __________ violation.

A) legal; courtesy
B) social convention; moral
C) moral; social convention
D) religious; common sense

Question 58

The ability to inhibit or direct one's actions to conform to social or moral rules without reminders from others is called

A) inhibition.
B) self-regulation.
C) convention.
D) modulation.

Question 59

Adriana's mother saw her hit another child, Gabriel. Adriana's mothers said to her, "You made Gabriel cry because you hit him." What effect is this likely to have on Adriana's behavior?

A) No effect
B) Increase prosocial behavior
C) Decrease prosocial behavior
D) Increase aggressive behavior

Question 60

Mothers' responses to children's violation of moral transgressions are most likely to focus on

A) the disorder that the act created.
B) the social convention that was violated.
C) the consequences of the act on the rights and welfare of others.
D) the ways in which the children have disappointed and saddened the mothers.

Question 61

Fifteen-year-old Bonnie's mother has requested that she volunteer to play with and read to sick children at the local pediatric clinic. As a result of this experience, Bonnie is likely to

A) rebel against her mother's wishes.
B) have improvements in her academic achievement and want to become a pediatrician.
C) develop more prosocial attitudes and behaviors.
D) become depressed over the lack of control over her life.

Question 62

Wayne hits every little boy or girl who attacks or threatens him on the playground. Wayne is displaying __________ aggression when he strikes back at others.

A) proactive
B) antroactive
C) reactive
D) pathological

Question 63

Olweus and colleagues found that testosterone was indirectly linked to aggressive behavior through

A) irritability.
B) depression.
C) intelligence.
D) openness to experience.

Question 64

Cross-cultural comparisons of the development of prosocial reasoning are difficult to make because

A) prosocial behaviors are not found in many cultures.
B) prosocial behaviors are not valued by most cultures.
C) all children are prosocial and there is no variability in prosocial behavior in some cultures.
D) cultural norms relevant to issues of social responsibility vary widely.

Question 65

Gender differences in most forms of aggression

A) disappear in adolescence.
B) decrease somewhat in adolescence.
C) increase in adolescence.
D) are not found until adolescence.

Question 66

Which type of aggression increases in childhood?

A) Instrumental aggression
B) Hostile aggression
C) Proactive aggression
D) Physical aggression

Question 67

Sarah's mother offered her one dollar to help her little brother with his chores. Sarah's choice to help her brother is based on

A) perspective taking.
B) moral reasoning.
C) needs-oriented reasoning.
D) hedonistic reasoning.

Question 68

The form of aggression that involves the exclusion from social cliques, more commonly seen in girls than boys, is

A) relational aggression.
B) direct confrontation.
C) instigation.
D) hair pulling.

Question 69

The attributions of aggressive boys to expect that peers will be biased in aggressing toward them is

A) probably consistent with their experiences.
B) the result of their feelings of learned helplessness.
C) based on conscious decisions on the part of aggressive boys to provoke more aggression in others.
D) the result of low self-esteem.

Question 70

Billy is the grade-school bully. He regularly harasses the other students, particularly the younger ones. He usually threatens to beat them up if they don't pay him 50 cents a day. Billy is using

A) reactive aggression.
B) retroactive aggression.
C) proactive aggression.
D) psychological aggression.

Question 71

Behavior that intentionally harms or injures another person is

A) altruism.
B) aggression.
C) psychosis.
D) conflict.

Question 72

The hormones linked with expressions of anger and aggression are

A) testosterone and progesterone.
B) estrogen and thyroxin.
C) progesterone and FSH.
D) testosterone and estradiol.

Question 73

Performing household tasks and caring for siblings is related to increases in

A) prosocial behaviors in the Unites States, but not in other cultures.
B) prosocial behaviors in other cultures, but not in the United States.
C) prosocial behaviors in the United States and cross-culturally.
D) child frustration and rebelliousness.

Question 74

In addition to describing the differences in cognitive processes between rejected and non-rejected children, the social information processing model can be used to understand

A) prosocial behavior.
B) aggressive behavior.
C) academic performance.
D) self-esteem.

Question 75

High levels of aggression in childhood is

A) related to increased aggression and marital problems in adulthood, but only for men.
B) related to increased aggression and marital problems in adulthood, but only for women.
C) related to increased aggression and marital problems in adulthood for men and women.
D) not consistently related to any negative outcomes in adulthood for men or women.

Question 76

Relational aggression is

A) any aggression aimed at someone with whom you are in a relationship.
B) any aggression displayed towards family members.
C) causing damage to or destruction of interpersonal relationships through gossip, exclusion, or besmirching someone's reputation.
D) causing physical harm to someone as opposed to more indirect forms of abuse.

Question 77

From her research on how children's thinking about prosocial activities changes across development, Eisenberg concluded that prosocial reasoning and moral reasoning

A) were identical processes.
B) were related but independent.
C) showed no similarities until adulthood.
D) were negatively related.

Question 78

Hedonistic reasoning is

A) related to increases in sharing and empathy.
B) related to decreases in sharing and empathy.
C) the same as needs-oriented reasoning.
D) a higher level of prosocial reasoning than needs-oriented reasoning.

Question 79

What differentiates instrumental aggression from hostile aggression?

A) Instrumental aggression is object-oriented, whereas hostile aggression is more person-oriented.
B) Instrumental aggression involves a weapon, whereas hostile aggression does not.
C) Instrumental aggression is more common in adults, whereas hostile aggression is more common in children.
D) Instrumental aggression refers to girls, whereas hostile aggression refers to boys.

Question 80

Children who are low in prosocial behaviors typically have friends who

A) are also low in prosocial behaviors.
B) model empathy and prosocial behaviors.
C) encourage them to be more helpful and prosocial.
D) feel sorry for them.