Deck 13: Gender Roles and Gender Differences

Question 1

Peter likes to play with trucks while his sister would rather play with her tea set. Their behavior is an example of

A) gender constancy.
B) gender-role preferences.
C) cross-sexed typing.
D) gender relations.

Answer 1

gender-role preferences.

Question 2

The process by which children learn values, motives, and behaviors viewed as appropriate for either males or females is

A) gender identification.
B) gender-reversal.
C) gender typing.
D) sexual appropriation.

Answer 2

gender typing.

Question 3

Anne and Frances both have moms who remain in the home to care for the children and keep house. Their dads work for the city in laborer positions. Which view on housekeeping and child-care tasks would these two children be LEAST likely to hold?

A) A woman's place is in the home.
B) Mothers should take care of children and fathers should earn the money.
C) Both mothers and fathers can take care of children.
D) Housekeeping is a woman's job.

Answer 3

Both mothers and fathers can take care of children.

Question 4

Which factor does NOT interact to shape the development of gender roles and gender differences in behavior?

A) Biological
B) Cognitive
C) Religious
D) Social

Question 5

studied gender stereotypes in 25 countries from around the world and found

A) that Western cultures have more gender stereotypes than Eastern cultures.
B) that more industrialized cultures have fewer gender stereotypes than developing cultures.
C) the concept of gender stereotypes to be mainly an Anglo-Saxon phenomenon.
D) similar patterns of gender stereotypes across most cultures.

Question 6

Four-year-old Saul tells his mother, "You can't mow the lawn because you're a girl." Saul is displaying a

A) gender identity.
B) gender role.
C) chauvinist belief.
D) gender stereotype.

Question 7

Which role is stereotypically passive, loving, and supporting in social relationships?

A) Male role
B) Female role
C) Father role
D) Mother role

Question 8

Who is most likely to perceive the feminine role as involving greater independence and achievement-striving?

A) Young, educated men
B) Single-earner fathers
C) Children whose mothers are not employed outside the home
D) College-educated women

Question 9

Beliefs held by members of a culture about the behaviors and attitudes appropriate for males and females are

A) gender prescriptions.
B) gender roles.
C) gender stereotypes.
D) customary taboos.

Question 10

Children in which country were less committed to maintaining traditional gender-role stereotypes?

A) Israel
B) Iraq
C) Taiwan
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 11

Which role is stereotypically oriented toward controlling and manipulating the environment?

A) Male role
B) Female role
C) Adult role
D) Sibling role

Question 12

found that when viewing aggression and interpersonal sensitivity, most people adhere to

A) stereotypical views, that is, males are seen as aggressive and females are seen as displaying more interpersonal sensitivity.
B) nonstereotypical views and are willing to acknowledge that both are independent of gender.
C) nonstereotypical views and report that females are now more aggressive and males are more interpersonally sensitive.
D) more extreme stereotypical views than have been previously seen in our culture as a result of newfound family values.

Question 13

The expression of warmth and the suppression of overt aggression and sexuality are regarded as more appropriate for

A) men than for women.
B) women than for men.
C) children than for adolescents.
D) teachers than for pupils.

Question 14

Behaviors typically exhibited by males or females in a culture are

A) gender assignments.
B) gender phenotypes.
C) gender roles.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 15

Which ethnic group within the United States adheres to the most clearly differentiated gender-role socialization process for its children?

A) European American families
B) African American families
C) Mexican American families
D) Native American families

Question 16

Laura and Ricky brought their baby boy home in a blue outfit, wrapped in a football-print blanket. The baby's room is decorated with baseball and football mobiles. Without even realizing it, Laura and Ricky are

A) creating a gender-free environment.
B) gender-role typing the baby.
C) encouraging androgyny.
D) displaying gender roles.

Question 17

Jake and Mallory's mother and father are both college professors. Which view on housekeeping and child-care tasks would these two children most likely hold?

A) A woman's place is in the home.
B) Mothers should take care of children and fathers should earn the money.
C) Both mothers and fathers can take care of children.
D) Housekeeping is a woman's job.

Question 18

At what age are gender role expectations most rigid?

A) 3-6 years
B) 6-12 years
C) 12-16 years
D) 16-18 years

Question 19

Arriane always dresses her baby Shawna in beautiful pink dresses from the best baby shops in town. Further, she has stuffed Shawna's room with every doll and Barbie imaginable. Arriane is

A) spoiling her daughter.
B) encouraging androgyny.
C) creating a gender-free environment.
D) gender-role typing her child.

Question 20

Gender-role standards have been shown to shape behavior differences in boys and girls beginning in

A) infancy.
B) preschool.
C) elementary school.
D) middle school.

Question 21

on gender-role stereotypes and interest patterns have found

A) traditional gender-role behaviors still persist among boys and girls.
B) boys and girls display similar interests contrary to traditional stereotypes.
C) girls' interests reflect nontraditional stereotypes, while boys' interests reflect traditional stereotypes.
D) boys' interests reflect nontraditional stereotypes, while girls' interests reflect traditional stereotypes.

Question 22

In which of the following areas were real gender differences found to exist?

A) Atypical development
B) Suggestibility
C) Learning style
D) Achievement

Question 23

What relationship has been found between early gender typing in boys and later gender-typed activities in adulthood?

A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Irrelevant
D) Nonexistent

Question 24

Gender typing can best be viewed as a(n) __________ and __________ process coinciding with developmental changes.

A) terminal; stable
B) ongoing; changing
C) rigid; defined
D) ubiquitous; immutable

Question 25

In the United States, what role is seen as having greater esteem, privilege, and status?

A) Male role
B) Female role
C) Mother role
D) Child role

Question 26

In which of the following areas were no gender differences found to exist?

A) Learning styles
B) Vulnerability to stress
C) Self-esteem
D) Orientation to social stimuli

Question 27

What event is associated with a sharp divergence of gender roles?

A) Dating
B) Marriage
C) Parenthood
D) Divorce

Question 28

Masculinity and femininity have been found to be relatively

A) unnecessary characteristics.
B) stable characteristics.
C) unstable characteristics.
D) legitimate characteristics.

Question 29

Powerful and highly specialized chemical substances that interact with cells and target tissues and play a role in sex typing are called

A) eyrhythrocytes.
B) neurotranstides.
C) genes.
D) hormones.

Question 30

Who is most likely to respond negatively to feminine behaviors in boys?

A) Mothers
B) Fathers
C) Teachers
D) Siblings

Question 31

In which of the following areas has some evidence for gender differences been found?

A) Physiological vulnerability of the fetus
B) Sociability
C) Exploratory activity
D) Self-esteem

Question 32

In studying the characteristics between males and females, one notes

A) no overlap between the two sexes.
B) minimal overlap between the two sexes.
C) considerable overlap between the two sexes.
D) complete overlap between the two sexes.

Question 33

Which biological factor is most likely to affect sex-role typing?

A) Genetic mutations
B) Menarche
C) Hormones
D) Neurotransmitters

Question 34

The issue of gender equality initiated by the women's movement has

A) helped change stereotypes rapidly.
B) helped change stereotypes slowly.
C) had no effect on changing stereotypes.
D) created widely accepted changes in stereotypes.

Question 35

In the United States, compared to the female role, the male role is

A) more clearly defined, resulting in greater pressure for male conformity.
B) ambiguous, resulting in flexibility and a wide range of gender-appropriate standards.
C) more clearly defined, resulting in a more flexible range of gender-appropriate standards.
D) ambiguous, resulting in greater pressure for male conformity.

Question 36

As men age, they tend to

A) become more stereotypically masculine.
B) become more emotionally and behaviorally expressive.
C) become more socially conscious.
D) become more psychologically mature.

Question 37

Perhaps the best way to view gender typing is as

A) an ongoing and changing process throughout development.
B) an activity of childhood that once established remains the same throughout the life span.
C) an activity of adolescence and early adulthood.
D) an insignificant event that has little relevance to most individuals.

Question 38

The two areas that have received most of the attention in our search for biological factors on gender-role typing are

A) hormones and lateralization of brain function.
B) genetic differences in sperm and ova and maturational processes.
C) adult sexuality and longevity.
D) neurotransmitters and reproductive processes.

Question 39

Males dominate computer classes in California schools, perhaps because

A) computer fields offer little promotion for females.
B) of the myth that males are more competent in technical subjects.
C) teachers for these subjects are usually male.
D) computers are too challenging for females.

Question 40

Parents in the United States will typically respond more negatively to, and try to stop more quickly, opposite-sex behaviors displayed by

A) neighborhood children than by their own kids.
B) girls than by boys.
C) boys than by girls.
D) adolescents than by children.

Question 41

Female children can be artificially masculinized before birth through exposure to high levels of

A) noise.
B) estrogens.
C) androgens.
D) teratogens.

Question 42

Bob has been in three fights over the last two days. He lost all of them and was actually hurt quite badly the last time. As a result of losing, Bob will probably experience

A) a drop in levels of testosterone.
B) an increase in level of testosterone.
C) a drop in levels of estrogren.
D) an increase in levels of estrogen.

Question 43

Studies performed by Young and colleagues, using injections of male hormones in pregnant monkeys, resulted in strange pseudohermaphroditic female offspring. The hormone these researchers injected into the pregnant monkeys was

A) iodine.
B) radioactive estrogen.
C) testosterone.
D) progesterone.

Question 44

Adolescents and adults have been found to conform to gender stereotypes

A) more in private than when they are observed by others.
B) less in private than when they are observed by others.
C) more when with friends than when they are with their family.
D) more when at school than when they are at work.

Question 45

The hemisphere of the brain mainly involved with language and verbal processing in humans is the

A) left hemisphere.
B) top hemisphere.
C) right hemisphere.
D) bottom hemisphere.

Question 46

Which of the following differences in mathematical abilities between males and females is NOT correct?

A) Males are superior to females only in geometry.
B) Males are superior to females in both geometry and algebra.
C) Girls do better than boys in computational skills.
D) There are no sex differences in tests of basic math knowledge.

Question 47

Relationships between sexual identity and androgens demonstrate the complex interactions between

A) masculine and feminine factors.
B) biological and environmental factors.
C) social and genetic factors.
D) cognitive and hormonal factors.

Question 48

During which age range are children more gender stereotyped than adults?

A) 1-3 years
B) 3-6 years
C) 6-8 years
D) 8-10 years

Question 49

Which of the following are male hormones?

A) Progesterones
B) Masculines
C) Androgens
D) Estrogens

Question 50

An example of a female hormone is

A) premenstrin.
B) estrogen.
C) androgen.
D) progonatine.

Question 51

According to Kohlberg's cognitive theory of the development of gender typing, children's differentiation of gender roles and their perception of themselves as more similar to same-sex models occurs before

A) stereotyping.
B) gender identification.
C) a gender schema develops.
D) completion of the Oedipus complex.

Question 52

An example of an androgen is

A) serum albumin.
B) cytoplasmic reticulin.
C) thyroxin.
D) testosterone.

Question 53

Greater bilaterality in brain function has been observed in

A) boys.
B) girls.
C) children.
D) adults.

Question 54

Gender roles in males and females are probably shaped most heavily by interplay between

A) parental advice and education.
B) social status and education.
C) biology and the environment.
D) genetics and eugenics.

Question 55

The correct sequence in gaining an understanding of gender based upon Kohlberg's theory is

A) gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy.
B) gender constancy, gender identity, gender stability.
C) gender stability, gender identity, gender constancy.
D) gender identity, gender constancy, gender stability.

Question 56

The difference in hemispheric specialization of the brain's determination of various behaviors is

A) encephalis.
B) lateralization.
C) convolution.
D) synaptic regeneration.

Question 57

A primary role of hormones with regard to gender differences is to

A) organize the psychological and biological predispositions to be masculine or feminine in the prenatal period.
B) determine and establish masculinity and femininity.
C) minimize the role of environmental influences on gender differences.
D) eliminate the impact of learning and cognition on gender differences.

Question 58

With respect to hemispheric organization, the hemisphere more involved in spatial information processing is the

A) front hemisphere.
B) bottom hemisphere.
C) right hemisphere.
D) left hemisphere.

Question 59

The two periods of development that appear to be critical for hormonal influence are

A) the prenatal period and childhood.
B) infancy and adolescence.
C) puberty and old age.
D) the prenatal period and puberty.

Question 60

Recent research evaluating the differences in spatial ability between males and females suggests the gap between males and females

A) is decreasing.
B) is increasing.
C) has remained the same.
D) has disappeared.

Question 61

Recent research on children of gay and lesbian parents suggests that

A) boys reared in lesbian families are more likely to play with toys traditionally associated with girls.
B) children raised in homosexual families differ in gender-role behavior from children raised in heterosexual families.
C) children raised in homosexual families are more likely to develop a gay or lesbian sexual orientation.
D) more research needs to be conducted regarding the role of biological and environmental influences on the development of gender-related behaviors.

Question 62

According to Kohlberg, children recognize that they are either boys or girls during the stage of

A) gender schemas.
B) basic gender identity.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender stability.

Question 63

During which stage of Kohlberg's gender development does a child know that wearing a dress does not change the child's sex into a girl or boy?

A) Gender stability
B) Gender rigidity
C) Gender constancy
D) Gender permanency

Question 64

When parents endorse gender egalitarian attitudes,

A) they balance treatment of boys and girls equally.
B) girls tend to do better in math and science.
C) children's performance tends to match parental expectations.
D) All of these

Question 65

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Children who have an older sibling of the opposite sex have less stereotypical gender-role concepts.
B) Girls with older sisters have more stereotyped bedroom decorations than any other group of infants or children.
C) Older sister-younger brother pairs interact in more feminine play.
D) There are stronger associations between siblings' attributes than there are between a child's and his/her parents' attributes.

Question 66

Who is thought to play a more important role or serve as the principal agent of gender-role socialization?

A) Mothers
B) Fathers
C) Media
D) Peers

Question 67

Stanley realizes that, just because the girl on his baseball team dresses in a boy's uniform and is a great catcher, she is still a girl. Stanley has achieved

A) egalitarianism.
B) gender identity.
C) gender stereotypes.
D) gender constancy.

Question 68

Nicholas loves to help his mom in the kitchen and in fact is quite a good cook and table-setter. He also helps his mom do the laundry, and sometimes he even plays dress-up in the dirty clothes that are waiting to be washed. His older brothers often tease him that he's going to turn into a girl one of these days. Nicholas ignores them, content in knowing who he is. Nicholas is probably functioning in which of Kohlberg's stages of gender development?

A) Gender identity
B) Gender reversal
C) Gender stability
D) Gender constancy

Question 69

Which of the following sex differences has been observed in the way parents treat their children?

A) Girls are encouraged equally as boys to be independent and achieve.
B) Girls are allowed to run errands and engage in venturesome activities as often as boys.
C) Parents tend to be more apprehensive about their sons as opposed to daughters.
D) Boys are more likely to be left unsupervised after school in comparison to girls.

Question 70

Which of the following research findings regarding gender-schema theory is INCORRECT?

A) Young children appear to rely more on gender schemas than older children.
B) "Gender-schematic" children display better memories for gender-consistent information.
C) "Gender-aschematic" children focus more on nongender aspects of information.
D) Children show little variations in the extent to which they have well-formed gender schemas.

Question 71

Daughters who experienced father absence, regardless of the reason, have been found to exhibit

A) sexual precocity.
B) excessive anxiety about sexuality.
C) shyness around males.
D) disruptions in relationships with males.

Question 72

, girls who were less rigid in their choice of playmates and played with either boys or girls were

A) at the highest level of gender understanding (gender constancy).
B) at the lowest level of gender understanding (gender recognition).
C) girls who exhibited gender stability.
D) girls who had achieved gender identity.

Question 73

Information-processing perspectives directly influenced which theory of gender development?

A) Kohlberg's developmental theory
B) Hormonal theory
C) Gender-schema theory
D) Social learning theory

Question 74

The Haywoods have a son and a daughter. What will they most likely do in terms of their children's career choices?

A) Pay less attention to their son's career choice
B) Encourage their daughter to go into a technical field, such as engineering
C) Focus on their son's career choice more than their daughter's
D) Emphasize each child's career choice equally

Question 75

Jacob's father walks into his son's playroom to find Jacob playing with a doll. Jacob's father will most likely

A) give Jacob something masculine to play with.
B) play with Jacob and his doll.
C) yell at Jacob's mother for giving him a doll.
D) talk to Jacob and cuddle him.

Question 76

Research has found that compared to those who had a feminine gender identity, children who were androgynous or masculine had

A) higher self-esteem.
B) lower self-esteem.
C) equal self-esteem.
D) unrealistic self-esteem.

Question 77

The most marked differential treatment of infants and children because of gender is exhibited by

A) mothers.
B) fathers.
C) siblings.
D) grandparents.

Question 78

The effects of father absence on gender typing in boys seems to be the most severe

A) when the separation occurred before the son was 5 years old.
B) when the separation occurred during puberty.
C) if a surrogate father figure is available who seems to remind the child of his loss.
D) if the child has a wide range of social contacts.

Question 79

Television tends to portray gender roles

A) in an egalitarian fashion.
B) responsibly.
C) stereotypically.
D) infrequently.

Question 80

Robert likes to watch football on TV, along with numerous other sports. He believes that men who do not enjoy sports are not "real men." Robert is

A) gender aschematic.
B) gender schematic.
C) identity stable.
D) identity stereotypical.