Deck 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes

Question 1

 Alyson looks at a picture of arrows and sees white arrows pointing to the right against a black background. She looks at the picture longer, and then sees black arrows pointing to the left against a white background. Her perception of this stimulus is an example of _____.

A) perceptual segregation
B) binocular rivalry?
C) view invariance?
D) orientation invariance?

Answer 1

A

Question 2

 A masking stimulus is primarily used to _____.

A) stop persistence of vision
B) increase the duration of persistence of vision?
C) increase the area of the "region-of-interest"
D) hide the purpose of the experiment from participants

Answer 2

A

Question 3

 Which of the following is a general determinant of figure-ground segregation

A) The right side is more likely to be perceived as a figure than the left.
B) Small stimuli are more likely to be perceived as ground than figure.
C) Near the shared borders, figure is seen as unformed material.
D) A lower region is more likely to be perceived as figure than an upper region.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

 Structuralists would be most likely to endorse which of the following statements

A) Sensations and perceptions are the same "unit" of thought.
B) The whole of something is greater than its parts.?
C) The starting point for perceptions is the sensations that make them up.?
D) Past experience plays little or no role in perception formation.?

Question 5

 In one reversible figure/ground study, Gibson and Peterson (1994) used an image in which one area looks like a woman when upright, but does not resemble anything when turned upside down. Their general finding was that _____.

A) meaningfulness of an image had a large effect on figure-ground segregation
B) meaningful images were just as likely to be seen as figure or ground?
C) inverting the entire image lead to slower response times?
D) meaningfulness only had an effect when they appeared on the left side?

Question 6

 The principle of _____ can account for grouping of stimuli that share orientation, shape, and/or size.

A) segregation
B) shape?
C) identity?
D) similarity

Question 7

 Border ownership means that when figure-ground segregation occurs, the border between the figure and background _____.

A) seems to change color
B) is perceived to be associated with the background?
C) is perceived to be associated with the figure?
D) seems to disappear?

Question 8

 Corey looks at a flock of seagulls flying in one direction, when suddenly, five of the seagulls start flying in another direction. He now perceives two groups of birds, because of the Gestalt principle of _____.

A) common fate
B) uniform connectedness?
C) synchrony?
D) pragnanz.?

Question 9

 Jimmy looks at a moderately blurred picture of Princess Diana's face. Jimmy will most likely _____.

A) not be able to identify the face
B) identify the face as male rather than female
C) be able to correctly identify the face
D) need a computer to scan the image to correctly identify it

Question 10

 The demonstration of apparent movement provides support for the Gestalt approach because _____.

A) the phenomenon cannot be explained by sensations alone
B) the phenomenon relies exclusively on the perceiver's past experience?
C) the images used do not follow the principle of common region?
D) the phenomenon relied on figure/ground segregation?

Question 11

 The Bev Doolittle print of "The Forest Has Eyes" exemplifies the way _____ affects perceptual organization.

A) proximity
B) common region?
C) Meaningfulness
D) common fate

Question 12

 Current computer programs are able to identify some objects _____.

A) and require only brief "training" on a few images
B) and are considered remarkably successful
C) but they perform only slightly above chance
D) but they often make errors that a human would never make

Question 13

 The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt principle of _____.

A) proximity
B) pragnanz?
C) common fate?
D) synchrony?

Question 14

 "Viewpoint invariance" means that _____.

A) children can only represent one perceptual viewpoint at a time
B) computers can invert images to easily perform object recognition
C) humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints
D) monkeys can only recognize other monkey faces from a frontal view

Question 15

 Wundt is to _____ as Wertheimer is to _____.

A) structuralism; Gestalt psychology
B) Gestalt psychology; structuralism
C) functionalism; structuralism
D) psychophysics; metaphysics

Question 16

 Humans need approximately _____ to perceive the gist of a scene.

A) 250 milliseconds
B) 1000 milliseconds?
C) 2 seconds?
D) 5 seconds?

Question 17

 Sally recently looked at some visual illusions. In one reversible-image illusion, she saw a vase in the middle of a blue box. What is Sally most likely to remember about this illusion

A) details about the box
B) the two faces on the side of the face?
C) the vase she saw in the illusion?
D) the lower half of the image?

Question 18

 In a scene, the objects in the foreground are best described as _____, whereas the image making up the background is best described as the _____.

A) object; setting
B) ground; figure
C) near point; distance
D) figure; ground

Question 19

 Gestalt psychologists used the example of illusory contours to support the claim that _____.

A) perceptions are formed by combining sensations
B) vision can be modeled on computer processing
C) the whole is different than the sum of its parts
D) experience determines perceptual interpretation

Question 20

 The _____ problem shows that numerous physical stimuli can create exactly the same image on the retina.

A) correspondence
B) inverse projection
C) occlusion
D) ambiguity

Question 21

 Humans use the _____ to distinguish shape from shading.

A) environmental assumption
B) light-from-above assumption?
C) proximity principle?
D) delayed-matching principle?

Question 22

 The _____ effect is that humans perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.

A) Turing
B) Oblique?
C) spreading?
D) visual persistence

Question 23

 The _____ decoder is intended to discriminate between different categories of images, such as outdoor scenes and portraits.

A) orientation
B) structure?
C) scene
D) semantic

Question 24

 The preferential looking technique showed that infants as young as _____ will look at their mother's face than a stranger's face.

A) two-days-old
B) one-week-old?
C) one-month-old?
D) six-months-old?

Question 25

 Based on Fei-Fei et al. (2007), smaller objects within a scene are typically recognized within _____.

A) 50 milliseconds
B) 150 milliseconds?
C) 500 milliseconds
D) 1000 milliseconds

Question 26

 Global image features are _____.

A) individualistic
B) slowly perceived?
C) slowly processed
D) holistic?

Question 27

 A voxel is _____.

A) a small cube-shaped area of the brain about 2 mm on each side
B) an electrode used to measure brain activity?
C) the basic unit of sensation?
D) the retinal area on which an image is projected?

Question 28

 Suppose you were to review dozens of photographs of various natural and manmade scenes on social media. You would expect that _____.

A) horizontal and vertical orientations would be most common
B) diagonal orientations would be most common?
C) the major environmental regularities would be incompatible with Gestalt principals?
D) environmental irregularities would be more salient than environmental regularities?

Question 29

 When Palmer (1975) showed observers a kitchen scene and then a target picture, which picture was identified correctly 80% of the time

A) A loaf of bread, because it matches the context of the scene
B) A mailbox, because it seems so out-of-context, that it "pops-out"?
C) A drum, because participants were music majors?
D) A bedroom, because it is from the same category?

Question 30

 Tong et al. (1998) used binocular rivalry to test brain responses when the person perceived a house or a face. When the person perceived the house, activity in the _____.

A) PPA increased, but not in the FFA
B) FFA increased, but not in PPA?
C) PPA and the FFA increased?
D) PPA and the FFA decreased

Question 31

 Kamitani and Tong (2005) developed "orientation decoders". When eight orientations were tested, the decoders were able to correctly predict what orientation a person was looking at for _____ of the eight gratings.

A) two
B) four?
C) six?
D) eight?

Question 32

 Jimmy looks at a picture of a side of a submarine that has dents and bumps on it. When he turns the picture upside-down, what he originally perceived as bumps, now look like dents, and vice versa. This is due to _____.

A) figure-ground reversal
B) the oblique effect?
C) accidental properties of light
D) the "light-from-above" assumption

Question 33

 Research has shown that an infant can visually recognize his/her mother's face from _____.

A) the contrast between her eye color and face
B) her smile
C) the contrast between her hairline and forehead
D) her overall head shape

Question 34

 Which of the following is true regarding inversion effects?

A) Faces and other objects are equally affected by inversion.
B) Face processing is slowed more than that of other objects.
C) Object identification is not affected by inversion.
D) They demonstrate that faces are processed by feature.

Question 35

 _____ objects are ones that, when seen or imagined in isolation, evoke a strong sense of surrounding space.

A) Idiosyncratic
B) Spatially-bound?
C) Characteristic?
D) Space defining?

Question 36

 If two eyes receive totally different images and the brain can't combine the two images, a condition called _____ results.

A) delayed processing
B) persistence of vision?
C) binocular rivalry?
D) visual masking?

Question 37

 Naselaris et al. (2009) developed the _____ decoder, which is used to make predictions about characteristics of a scene such as contrast and shape.

A) form
B) structural?
C) orientation?
D) semantic?

Question 38

 The ability to recognize faces, including identifying expressions, is not fully developed until approximately _____.

A) late infancy
B) early childhood
C) late childhood
D) adolescence or early adulthood

Question 39

 The theory of unconscious inference _____.

A) replaced the Bayesian inference approach
B) is closely related to the "likelihood principle"?
C) describes the use of algorithms in perception?
D) is incompatible with Gestalt psychology.?

Question 40

 Perceiving the emotional aspects of a face are reflected by activation in the brain structure called the _____.

A) amygdala
B) medulla
C) IT cortex
D) superior temporal sulcus

Question 41

 Describe two image-based factors that determine what area is seen as "figure" in an image with reversible figure-ground. Draw an example that demonstrates each factor.

Question 42

 Define semantic regularities and describe their effect on perceptual organization.

Question 43

 State, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) for each of five Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.

Question 44

 Describe the how Bayesian inference can be used to understand perception.

Question 45

 Explain how grouping and segregation work together to organize perception.

Question 46

 Name and describe five "global image features".

Question 47

 Describe the decoders developed by Naselaris et al. (2009), how they were established, and what they can be used for.

Question 48

 Describe the main finding from binocular rivalry research and explain why that finding is important.

Question 49

 Discuss three reasons why object perception is difficult for computer vision.

Question 50

 Describe what is known about the ability of infants to perceive human faces.