Deck 13: Morality, Religion, and Justice

Question 1

A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook for them by Christmas,after which he will be paid $15,000.What is this an example of?

A)the reasoning of the ethic of community
B)the relationships in Gesellschaft groups
C)the reasoning of conventional morality
D)the relationships in Gemeinschaft groups
E)the reasoning of the ethic of divinity

Answer 1

the relationships in Gesellschaft groups

Question 2

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

A)Marian stabs Roland in the arm.
B)Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face.
C)Peter throws a plastic bottle into the trash.
D)Andrea locks her sister in her room so that she cannot vote in the election.
E)Jack disobeys his father's commands.

Answer 2

Jack disobeys his father's commands.

Question 3

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development,someone is considered moral when she

A)refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
B)decides to give money to the poor because it's very exciting.
C)chooses to do one of two good deeds because she is more likely to be recognized by doing the chosen deed.
D)donates money to AIDS research because she has AIDS.
E)helps her little sister with homework rather than her little sister's friend.

Answer 3

refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.

Question 4

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans,the researchers did NOT find that

A)Indians are equally likely as Americans to use the principle of equality.
B)Americans are more likely than Indians to use the principle of merit.
C)Indians are more likely than Americans to make decisions based on seniority.
D)Indians consider people's needs more than do Americans in allocating rewards.
E)All of these statements are true.

Question 5

Clarice believes that people in all cultures follow a progression whereby they must first develop preconventional thinking before attaining conventional thinking,which then allows them to develop postconventional thinking.However,she believes that people in some cultures progress further than those in other cultures.What is this an example of?

A)ethnocentrism
B)evolutionism
C)relativism
D)universalism
E)anthropomorphism

Question 6

Which of the following is not part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning?

A)ethic of autonomy
B)ethic of justice
C)ethic of community
D)ethic of divinity
E)All of these ethics were proposed in Shweder's model.

Question 7

Confucian scholars in 17th-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors,thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature.This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of:

A)ethic of community
B)preconventional reasoning
C)conventional reasoning
D)ethic of divinity
E)ethic of autonomy

Question 8

Benny and Matthew are good friends.Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant.Given this information,which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?

A)Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.
B)Benny is less likely than Matthew to emphasize religious practices.
C)Matthew is less likely to believe that thinking about baseball will lead to him playing baseball.
D)Matthew is more upset about people committing adultery than Benny is.
E)Benny is more likely than Matthew to praise one's ability to stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.

Question 9

Pidgin languages and creole languages differ in that

A)pidgin languages lack the grammatical structure found in creole languages.
B)creole languages dissipate after one generation,whereas pidgin languages persist across many generations.
C)pidgin language speakers learn their language from creole-speaking parents.
D)pidgin languages are highly similar in structure to Indo-European languages.
E)pidgin languages are linguistically much more complex than creole languages.

Question 10

The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with

A)the ethic of community.
B)preconventional moral reasoning.
C)the ethic of autonomy.
D)postconventional moral reasoning.
E)the ethic of divinity.

Question 11

According to the textbook,which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?

A)How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?
B)When all cultures around the world have the same psychological phenomenon,it is difficult to say what survival advantage(s)that psychological phenomenon conferred.
C)With different cultures exhibiting variation on a given psychological phenomenon,it is hard to determine if there exists some underlying construct.
D)How can cultural diversity exist if humans all evolved from a common ancestor?
E)It is far too complicated an explanation of cultural diversity than a creationist account of cultural diversity.

Question 12

Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

A)conventional reasoning is not evident in many folk village populations.
B)in Western urban environments almost all adults reason in postconventional moral terms.
C)adults in folk village populations most commonly reason in preconventional terms.
D)in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.
E)the ethic of autonomy is not a moral principle in many cultures.

Question 13

The claim that all cultures have the concept of marriage,because people from all cultures recognize exclusive sexual access rights among certain,enduring relationships between men and women,despite the fact that in some cultures people practice monogamy,others practice polygyny (one husband,multiple wives),and others practice polyandry (one wife,multiple husbands),is an example of which perspective?

A)ethnocentrism
B)evolutionism
C)relativism
D)universalism
E)anthropocentrism

Question 14

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development,someone is considered moral when he

A)refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
B)decides to give money to the poor because it's very exciting.
C)chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.
D)donates money to AIDS research because he has AIDS.
E)helps his little sister with homework rather than his little sister's friend.

Question 15

Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is TRUE?

A)The more conservative one is,the more one is concerned about all five moral institutions.
B)The more liberal one is,the more one is concerned about protecting fairness.
C)The more liberal one is,the less one is concerned about loyalty to the ingroup.
D)Regardless of political identity,people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they are about purity.
E)Regardless of political identity,people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they are about loyalty to the ingroup.

Question 16

Cross-cultural investigations of Kohlberg's model reveal that

A)postconventional moral reasoning is found among at least some individuals in every society that has been investigated.
B)in some cultures,people reason at conventional levels before they reason at preconventional levels.
C)conventional moral reasoning is found among at least some adults in every society that has been investigated.
D)preconventional moral reasoning is only found in Western,urban societies.
E)there are rare instances in which young children in some societies have achieved postconventional moral reasoning.

Question 17

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens)find that

A)lower-SES Americans are rather unique in that they do not view these behaviors as immoral.
B)Brazilians,regardless of social class,do not tend to view these behaviors as unique.
C)upper-SES Americans are more likely than upper-SES Brazilians to view these behaviors as immoral.
D)lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.
E)upper-SES Brazilians view these behaviors to be more immoral than lower-SES Brazilians.

Question 18

Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms.This is an example of

A)the morality of personal choice.
B)preconventional moral reasoning.
C)conventional moral reasoning.
D)postconventional moral reasoning.
E)the ethic of autonomy.

Question 19

Inderjit,an Indian villager,came across a pot of gold while working in the fields.How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?

A)The amount people receive depends on their contribution to the village.
B)People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.
C)Older villagers are seen as deserving more pieces of gold.
D)Everyone gets five pieces of gold.
E)The amount people receive should be distributed based on a lottery system.

Question 20

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans,which of the following would you expect to occur?

A)Eric,an American,is more likely than Rahul,an Indian,to view a duty to attend a friend's birthday celebration in full moral terms.
B)Rahul,an Indian,is likely not concerned about reporting a crime that he has just witnessed.
C)Rahul,an Indian,feels that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.
D)Rahul,an Indian,likely bases his morality largely on whether something is natural or not.
E)None of these choices would be expected.

Question 21

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor.They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture,and they also share the same office during office hours.Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their case to get some extra points for their essay.Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?

A)If the student's claim was "I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of sleepless nights doing practice questions"
B)If the student's claim was "I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better student than the grade indicates"
C)If the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"
D)If the student's claim was "I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few extra points as well"
E)If the student's claim was "The essay was not fair because it did not ask us to write about something we were actually interested in"

Question 22

Which of the following statements would be the least important to someone who is very conservative?

A)"Pornography should be banned outright because it promotes lust."
B)"There is nothing you can offer me that would make me want to leave my team and join yours."
C)"I am willing to die for my country if someone chooses to attack it."
D)"The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."
E)"This is wrong because it's causing people a lot of pain."

Question 23

What will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

A)The man deserves to be punished.
B)The man has violated the ethic of divinity.
C)The man has violated the ethic of autonomy.
D)The man has failed to achieve purity.
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 24

According to research on political identity and morality,which of the following is TRUE?

A)People who are the most conservative value the ethic of divinity the most.
B)People from most political identities value the ethic of community the least.
C)People from most political identities value protecting fairness less than they do avoiding harm.
D)People who are the most liberal value the ethic of divinity the least.
E)People from all political identities value all aspects of the ethic of autonomy more than any other codes of ethics.

Question 25

Lloyd is politically very conservative,scores highly on the "loyalty to ingroup" moral institution,and greatly respects hierarchy.Thus,there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is characterized by

A)the ethic of divinity.
B)secularization.
C)Gemeinschaft.
D)the principle of equity.
E)Gesellschaft.

Question 26

While traveling in China,a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's Great Firewall to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube.Which of the following is NOT something that he would invoke in making the decision,based on Kohlberg's model of moral development?

A)I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because there is no way that I will get caught.
B)I won't try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it is against the law.
C)I won't try to circumvent the Great Firewall because they are always monitoring internet traffic and will easily find me.
D)I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide by is that which was created by God.
E)I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it infringes on my rights to freely explore the Internet.

Question 27

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others.One day,a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger.You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger.Based on all the information given in this question,which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?

A)$0
B)$5
C)$13
D)$15
E)$25

Question 28

According to the secularization theory,which of the following findings seem the likeliest?

A)a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
B)94% of Americans reporting belief in God(s)in some form
C)a move toward a balance between Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft groups
D)meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution
E)an increase in the belief that one's thoughts have nothing to do with morality

Question 29

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?

A)justice
B)community
C)divinity
D)autonomy
E)orthodoxy

Question 30

Hosea is an orthodox Baptist,and his neighbor,Henry,is a progressive Baptist.They are watching news coverage of China's ban on internet pornography.According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality,which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?

A)They are equally likely to say,"That ban is immoral because it infringes on people's ability to act as autonomous individuals."
B)Henry is less likely than Hosea to say,"That ban is immoral because it does not allow people to become educated about sex."
C)Henry is less likely than Hosea to say,"That ban is moral because it shows a lack of respect between people who are in a relationship with each other."
D)They are equally likely to say,"That ban is moral because it prevents people's computers from becoming harmed by malicious software."
E)Hosea is likelier than Henry to say,"That ban is moral because it prevents people from succumbing to the sin of lust."