Deck 5: Development and Socialization

Question 1

Shuang is a Chinese mother.Compared with Shuang,Alex,an American mother,is more likely to

A)lead interactions with her children.
B)introduce topics.
C)acknowledge her children's perspectives.
D)discuss her children's successes.
E)focus on relationships in discussions with her child.

Answer 1

acknowledge her children's perspectives.

Question 2

Xiao,a 7-year-old Chinese child,and Jess,a 7-year-old American child,are each listening to an audio tape in their individual rooms.At one point,the audio on both tapes gets covered by static.Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said.Which of the following is the likeliest to happen?

A)They both guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
B)Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb;Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
C)Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun;Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
D)They both guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
E)There is no reason to expect that their guesses would either be the same or different.

Answer 2

Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb;Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun.

Question 3

Shawna,a mother from the United Kingdom,is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child to maximize the child's school achievement,autonomy,and self-reliance.According to Baumrind's typology as found among Western samples,which parenting style should she use?

A)laissez-faire parenting
B)jiào xun parenting
C)permissive parenting
D)authoritarian parenting
E)authoritative parenting

Answer 3

authoritative parenting

Question 4

Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives.According to Cheung,Chudek,and Heine,which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?

A)The longer they stay in Canada,the more they identify with being Canadian.
B)The longer they stay in Canada,the less they identify with being Canadian.
C)The shorter their stay in Canada,the more they identify with being Canadian.
D)There is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian.
E)The younger they are when they move to Canada,the more they identify with being Canadian.

Question 5

The Singhs,an Indian family,are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building.Which of the following moral principles is likely to be the least important for this family?

A)protection of the vulnerable
B)the sacred couple
C)female chastity anxiety
D)respect for hierarchy
E)incest avoidance

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is TRUE?

A)Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted.
B)Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.
C)Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth.
D)Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.
E)Both help the child to be psychologically well adjusted.

Question 7

In what way does exposure to a language at a young age affect our abilities to discriminate between different sounds?

A)Infants have poor ability to distinguish between similar phonemes;however,with exposure in their first year of life,they learn how to make distinctions between sounds in their own languages.
B)Infants have the ability to distinguish between similar phonemes;however,starting from the age of 6 years old,they begin to have difficulty distinguishing between similar phonemes that are not in their own language.
C)People who grew up speaking different languages may differ in their perceptions of some consonants,but not in terms of their perceptions of some vowels.
D)Infants as young as 1 year differ in their perception of some phonemes compared with those raised to speak a different language.
E)Infants perceive sound categories categorically,but later lose those categories with repeated exposure to the first language.

Question 8

What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition?

A)Children do not start to acquire any language input before the age of 1 year.
B)People can learn to speak languages equally well,regardless of age of acquisition.
C)Some aspects of language,such as accents,do not show any evidence for sensitive windows for acquisition.
D)People who are raised bilingually have two distinct language centers in their brain that do not overlap.
E)Learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language.

Question 9

Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that

A)very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language,whereas older infants can distinguish them.
B)from birth on,infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize,until they have learned all of the phonemes in their language.
C)the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.
D)1-year-old infants can distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language,whereas 6-year-olds cannot.
E)infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.

Question 10

Adolescent rebellion

A)is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures.
B)is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities.
C)is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies.
D)is universal,although adolescent violence is not.
E)may be seen in different societies,but it serves a different purpose in every culture.

Question 11

The Blurgs,an alien family from Neptune,want to build a new house.This family consists of a father,a mother,an older brother,a younger brother,and a baby sister.According to customs on Neptune,people greatly value respect for hierarchy,as defined by Schwartz and colleagues,when deciding on sleeping arrangements.Which of the following most accurately reflects this value?

A)The parents sleep in their own room.
B)The oldest person in the family gets a room to him/herself.
C)The parents decide where everyone sleeps.
D)Everyone gets a different room except for the parents.
E)The older brother sleeps in his own room.

Question 12

The term "noun bias" means that

A)people describe themselves more with nouns than with adjectives.
B)the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words.
C)people attend more to nouns than to other words in conversations.
D)nouns can be dropped in many languages,while still preserving the meaning of a sentence.
E)East Asian children tend to remember nouns better than do North American children.

Question 13

The Parkers are an American family planning for how its family members will be sleeping.The moral value that won't be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is

A)protection of the vulnerable.
B)incest avoidance.
C)the autonomy ideal.
D)the sacred couple.
E)All of these are values reflected in American sleeping arrangements.

Question 14

Yuexi,a Chinese mother,wants to use strong parental control with her child.Based on the textbook,which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?

A)Her child feels a lack of family cohesion.
B)Her child is less happy than with less parental control.
C)Her child perceives more parental warmth than with less parental control.
D)Her child has better academic achievement than with less parental control.
E)Her child feels more parental acceptance than with less parental control.

Question 15

Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents.Given their studies,which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results?

A)American houses have more rooms than Indian ones.
B)Americans are more fearful of smothering their babies by rolling on top of them.
C)Americans are more concerned about avoiding incest.
D)Americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space.
E)Indian parents place more value on the moral good of interpersonal harmony.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is TRUE about parent-child interactions across cultures?

A)Children in every culture lead their interactions with their mothers,and their mothers play a supporting role.
B)Children in every culture see themselves as relational beings and respond to their mothers.
C)Urban European mothers generally have less face-to-face contact with their infants than do rural mothers.
D)Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants,as compared with rural mothers.
E)Mothers from all cultures spend at least half of their time in contact with their infants.

Question 17

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

A)East Asian children perform better than American children on arithmetic but not trigonometry.
B)the cultural differences in math achievement are pronounced in elementary school but largely disappear by the time of high school graduation.
C)East Asian teachers teach more hours per day on average than American teachers.
D)Americans spend more hours on math homework per week than do East Asians.
E)Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians.

Question 18

Which of the following are accessibility universals?

A)noun biases
B)the "terrible twos"
C)protection of the vulnerable
D)adolescent rebellion
E)incest avoidance

Question 19

The "terrible twos" is a developmental stage that

A)signals adolescent rebellion later in life.
B)is an existential universal.
C)is a nonuniversal.
D)is an accessibility universal.
E)is a functional universal.

Question 20

Which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?

A)East Asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten.
B)East Asian students are at school for more hours per year than American children.
C)East Asian mothers tend to demand higher standards of achievement than American mothers.
D)East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers.
E)East Asian children get more math homework than American children.

Question 21

American and Chinese children were recruited for a study.All children were either 13 years old or 5 years old.They were first told that a child is always happy,then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow.To analyze the data,researchers matched 13-year-old American children's responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children.The same was done with the 5-year-old children's responses.Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis?

A)Everyone would equally likely predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow.
B)Everyone would equally likely predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
C)Chinese children would predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow;American children would predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
D)The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children has a consistent magnitude throughout the age groups.
E)The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.

Question 22

Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter,a 3-year-old son,and a 2-year-old daughter.They decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone,while the 15-year-old and the 3-year-old would sleep in the same room.The parents would sleep separately.According to this arrangement,which of the following principles was violated?

A)respect for hierarchy
B)female chastity anxiety
C)incest avoidance
D)the sacred couple
E)protection of the vulnerable

Question 23

The Westermarcks,a large American family with growing sons and daughters,need to build a new house,and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements.Based on Schweder and colleagues' research,which moral principle will the family consider the most important?

A)the sacred couple
B)female chastity anxiety
C)incest avoidance
D)protection of the vulnerable
E)the autonomy ideal

Question 24

As a parent,Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible,and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need.What parenting style is this indicative of?

A)authoritative parenting
B)permissive parenting
C)authoritarian parenting
D)jiào xun
E)None of these are the parenting style described.

Question 25

According to Stevenson and Stigler's study on cultural differences in math performance at school,East Asian children are more likely than American children to

A)have a desk at home.
B)be taught numbers and math before entering kindergarten.
C)wish they had less school.
D)have a wider distribution of math scores.
E)meet the expectations of their own mothers.

Question 26

A 7-year-old East Asian child is likely to have all of the following EXCEPT

A)lack of family cohesion from strong parental control.
B)a tendency not to meet his or her mother's expectations for school.
C)an inability to distinguish all human phonemes.
D)an expectation of nonlinear trends.
E)a desk at home.

Question 27

Xing,a Chinese stock broker,and Joe,a Canadian stock broker,are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years.Xing likely thinks the stock will ______,and Joe likely thinks the stock will ______.

A)continue to go up;continue to go up
B)continue to go up;go down
C)go down;continue to go up
D)go down;go down
E)make your professor rich;bankrupt your professor

Question 28

Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ and a /p/ phoneme,whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme.To many Koreans,these two phonemes sound the same.Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su,a Korean,which of the following would you most likely expect to occur?

A)If Ji-su learns English,Korean and English will both be represented in separate,non-overlapping areas in the brain.
B)Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ up to a certain age.
C)Ji-su can learn to master English grammar,but will not be able to perceive /f/ and /p/ differently,regardless of age of acquisition.
D)Ji-su will have Korean and English both represented in the same area in the brain.
E)Ji-su can learn to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ well,regardless of age of acquisition.

Question 29

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child.What is she NOT likely to do?

A)devote lots of time to nurture her child's musical talents
B)show her child that he must bow when speaking to his grandparents
C)try to ensure that her child steers away from socially undesirable behaviors
D)allow her child to play games,while watching him like a hawk
E)watch her child closely while he does his homework

Question 30

If two parents place great emphasis on having the parents sleep in the bedroom alone,separate from the children,what principle are they following?

A)the autonomy ideal
B)respect for hierarchy
C)the sacred couple
D)female chastity anxiety
E)incest avoidance