Deck 4: Philosophy of Science

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Question
According to Kuhn, the Copernican view replaced the Ptolemaic because:

A) it explained current data better.
B) it made more correct predictions.
C) it turned out to be true.
D) the Ptolemaic system had socially unacceptable implications.
E) None of the above
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Question
Newton's derivation of the laws of planetary and terrestrial motion from a single set of axioms was a n):

A) demonstration of the power of Bacon's methods.
B) important success of empirical science.
C) important success of the rationalist approach to science.
D) refutation of Kepler's work.
E) refutation of Galileo's work.
Question
Bacon was a:

A) relativist.
B) skeptic.
C) empiricist.
D) rationalist.
E) None of the above
Question
In an experiment:

A) two competing hypotheses are tested to see which is better.
B) some observations are relevant, and others aren't.
C) observations are always theory neutral.
D) every observation is relevant.
E) None of the above
Question
In Bacon's method, the next step after making Tables of Presence and Absence is to:

A) apply deductive logic to the Tables.
B) construct Tables of Increase and Decrease.
C) compare the Tables of Presence and Absence to each other.
D) make guesses about the form and check them against the Tables.
E) deduce the character of the form under investigation.
Question
What Bacon calls "forms" we would be more likely to call:

A) objects.
B) theories.
C) methods.
D) properties.
E) maxims.
Question
Bacon is best known for:

A) defending the idea that the earth revolves around the sun.
B) his famous debate with Galileo.
C) writing the Sidereus Nuncius.
D) laying the foundations of scientific method.
E) his contributions to the science of astronomy.
Question
If Bacon's view is correct:

A) observations he made in the 17th century are still useful today.
B) theory-neutral observations are impossible.
C) scientists must avoid religious questions.
D) pure science need not have any practical applications.
E) science, like art, never progresses, but only changes.
Question
According to the author, the most influential of the 19th century social thinkers was:

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Karl Marx.
C) Albert Einstein.
D) Thomas Kuhn.
E) Francis Bacon.
Question
Science became a dominant force in our lives:

A) at the time of Socrates.
B) in 13th century France.
C) soon after the publication of Bacon's New Organon.
D) in 1632, when Galileo published his astronomical views.
E) during the last century
Question
An organon is a n)

A) system of scientific investigation
B) kind of star chart.
C) early type of astronomical telescope.
D) religious publication.
E) musical composition.
Question
Bacon believed the key to scientific investigation was:

A) deductive reasoning.
B) mathematics.
C) proper instruments.
D) observation.
E) inspiration.
Question
According to a rationalist approach to science:

A) observation is pointless.
B) observations must be theory neutral.
C) celestial and terrestrial objects are fundamentally different.
D) the collection of empirical data must be guided by theory.
E) science is not independent of social influences.
Question
If you were a scientist planning a research project, Kuhn's theory would tell you that you should:

A) hire only young scientists.
B) be sure all your researchers share the same paradigm.
C) move as quickly as possible from one paradigm to the next.
D) avoid anomalies.
E) Kuhn says nothing about what we "should" do.
Question
Which of the following would Bacon not have considered suitable for scientific study?

A) Weight
B) Redness
C) Atoms
D) Happiness
E) Acidity
Question
If Bentham were to study the nature of sweetness, which of the following would not be part of his method?

A) Making a list of sweet substances
B) Making a list of substances that are not sweet
C) Specifying which things are more or less sweet
D) Checking hypotheses about the nature of sweetness against the lists
E) Making a list of all the other properties possessed by sweet things
Question
Bacon would agree that:

A) there is only one way to discover truth.
B) math is the basis of all science.
C) observations must be guided by theory.
D) deductive reasoning is the key to science.
E) empiricism is the best approach to science.
Question
Bacon believes the purpose of scientific inquiry is to:

A) gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
B) improve the human intellect.
C) gain control of nature.
D) understand nature.
E) help eliminate our false beliefs.
Question
Bacon believed that the scientists before him:

A) had the right method, but didn't apply it correctly.
B) were primarily empiricists.
C) derived their axioms "from the senses and particulars."
D) were using the same method in science that they used in mathematics.
E) None of the above
Question
According to Marx, "scientific" is a n)

A) term that should be applied only to theories about physics, chemistry, and biology.
B) unfamiliar term.
C) term of high praise for any theory.
D) term denoting rigid thought.
E) term no social theorist would want applied to his theories.
Question
If Kuhn is correct, then:

A) what counts as a fact is socially determined.
B) only theory neutral observations are scientifically valid.
C) science will end when we all accept the same paradigm.
D) experiments are irrelevant to science.
E) None of the above
Question
Kuhn says a paradigm succeeds when:

A) it is proven right.
B) it attracts enough important followers.
C) enough evidence accumulates in its favor.
D) it solves all the problems left by its predecessor.
E) None of the above
Question
Which of the following criteria are not standardly applied when evaluating competing scientific theories?

A) Testability
B) Predictive power
C) Plausibility
D) Simplicity
E) Relevance
Question
Which of the following would Kuhn say was a paradigm?

A) Hypnosis
B) Isaac Newton
C) Newtonian physics
D) Abstract art
E) Astrology
Question
The point of Ackerman's "lost children" example is to:

A) show that science progresses because of the efforts of a few exceptional individuals.
B) illustrate Kuhn's theory.
C) show how science should be done.
D) show that credit for successes belongs to science as an institution, rather than to individual scientists.
E) show that credit for successes belongs to individuals who employ original techniques.
Question
A pre-requisite for the conduct of Normal Science, Kuhn tells us, is:

A) fruitful disagreement among scientists.
B) constant questioning of fundamental assumptions.
C) a shared paradigm among researchers.
D) continual progress from each paradigm to its successor.
E) All of the above
Question
The period of time between a scientist's rejection of one paradigm and his acceptance of another:

A) is the only time theory neutral observations are possible.
B) is determined by the age of the scientist.
C) is a period of puzzle-solving.
D) occurs during a time of normal science.
E) There is no such period of time.
Question
Kuhn's view is that:

A) scientific views only appear to change.
B) scientific development consists of long periods of calm, punctuated by occasional periods of sudden forward progress.
C) scientific progress is slow but steady.
D) the most reasonable scientific view must ultimately triumph.
E) None of the above
Question
According to Kuhn, a scientific theory is rejected:

A) when a falsifying observation is encountered and publicized.
B) based on a comparison of the theory with the world.
C) anytime it begins to produce severe anomalies.
D) when it produces severe anomalies and an alternative view is available.
E) under no circumstances.
Question
According to Popper, all observation is:

A) theory neutral.
B) theory laden.
C) unfalsifiable.
D) underdetermined by theory.
E) relative to a particular paradigm.
Question
Kuhn's view is that science:

A) gives the truth about nature and is progressive.
B) gives the truth about nature and isn't progressive.
C) is progressive, but can't provide the truth about nature.
D) can be progressive if we follow his advice.
E) None of the above
Question
An important characteristic of a paradigm is that is:

A) it must be original enough to attract adherents.
B) it should be correct, or at least close.
C) it should resolve all important problems in its field.
D) it should not be "open-ended."
E) All of the above
Question
Kuhn says that paradigm change:

A) is an irrational process.
B) consists of a struggle between two competing paradigms.
C) is determined by subjective factors.
D) occurs within a single paradigm.
E) None of the above
Question
For Popper, science can be distinguished from pseudo-science:

A) only by recognized practitioners of science.
B) because the former is falsifiable.
C) because the latter has been proven false.
D) because all swans are white.
E) because the former fails to make predictions.
Question
According to Kuhn, a scientific revolution:

A) occurs when the old paradigm is proved false.
B) occurs when the new paradigm is proved true.
C) is something that ought to occur, but never does in actual scientific practice.
D) is when a new paradigm builds upon and extends an old one.
E) None of the above
Question
According to Kuhn, a progressive accumulation of knowledge takes place:

A) during periods of normal science.
B) during paradigm shifts.
C) during crises.
D) only outside of science.
E) Never
Question
Which of the following is not a technical term of Kuhn's view?

A) Normal science
B) Falsification
C) Scientific revolution
D) Paradigm
E) All of the above
Question
Kuhn denies that:

A) science is progressive.
B) science is an institution.
C) scientific facts change over time.
D) science is productive.
E) None of the above.
Question
The efforts of a particular scientific researcher should be judged by:

A) his or her success or failure.
B) the success or failure of the research program he or she is taking part in.
C) how well the scientist carries out his or her role in the program.
D) the originality of his or her thought.
E) A scientist's efforts can't be judged.
Question
The discovery of a counter-instance to a paradigm:

A) falsifies the paradigm.
B) will cause the paradigm to be renounced by its followers.
C) provokes a crisis.
D) None of the above
E) All of the above
Question
Bacon thought that the same methods used in mathematics would provide a foundation for scientific method.
Question
According to Bacon, the proper objects of scientific investigation are characteristics of things readily apparent to the unaided senses.
Question
Bacon really didn't take sides in the debate between the rationalists and the empiricists.
Question
Bacon took an essentially rationalist approach to scientific inquiry.
Question
Bacon contributed more to the development of scientific method than to the accumulation of scientific fact.
Question
Bacon thought he could state, once and for all, how scientific investigations should be carried out.
Question
Richard Dawkins argues that evolution is a fact because:

A) it is consistent with the Bible. B most people believe it.
C) it is the best inference from the evidence.
D) there is no way to disprove it.
E) there is no other explanation of what we observe.
Question
What percentage of Americans reject evolution, believing instead that all of life was created by God within the last 10,000 years?

A) 10 B 20
C) 40
D) 60
E) 80
Question
Copernicus was the first thinker to publicly assert that the earth was not the center of the solar system.
Question
Bacon thought mathematical truths and truths of nature must be discovered in fundamentally different ways.
Question
According to Bacon, the first step in a scientific investigation is to carefully define the true nature of the "form" being studied.
Question
A theory-neutral observation would never need to be thrown out by later scientists.
Question
According to Bacon, the proper objects of scientific investigation are "forms."
Question
Bacon held that careful logical analysis was more important than mere observation.
Question
The composition of Tables of Presence and Absence must be guided by a clear understanding of the form under investigation.
Question
Which Philosopher argues for a "success" criterion in evaluating scientific theory?

A) Larry Laudan
B) P.D. Magnus
C) Irving Copi
D) Phillip Kitcher
E) Paul Feyerabend
Question
Ken Ham denies that evolution is a fact because:

A) it is not observable.
B) there is contrary evidence.
C) most people do not believe it.
D) it is too hard to understand.
E) he doesn't believe in facts.
Question
Bacon says a muster of instances must be made "in the manner of a history."
Question
The four most influential modern thinkers were all scientists.
Question
Bacon's advances were due in large part to the invention of the telescope and other scientific instruments.
Question
The word "experiment" comes from a Latin term meaning "to try."
Question
Bacon's gathering of observations into Tables was what rationalists would call an experiment.
Question
Kuhn denied the existence of any scientific facts.
Question
Bacon and Kuhn agree that scientific observations must be theory-neutral.
Question
Kuhn says nothing about how science ought to be conducted.
Question
In periods of normal science, scientists are primarily puzzle-solvers.
Question
According to Kuhn, research under a paradigm will inevitably lead to the abandonment of that paradigm.
Question
Kuhn's views were intended only to describe science in the 20th century.
Question
According to Kuhn, it is impossible to conduct research in the absence of a paradigm.
Question
It is impossible for a scientist who has been educated, trained, and conducted research under one paradigm to fully shift to another.
Question
Newton used Bacon's methods in deriving the laws of celestial and terrestrial motion.
Question
Bacon tells us how science ought to be conducted, rather than how it actually is.
Question
Kuhn showed that paradigm change always takes place within a larger, more inclusive paradigm.
Question
According to Kuhn, the scientists who turn out to be right are those whose theories best explain the available data.
Question
Kuhn deliberately portrayed scientific change as an irrational, subjective process.
Question
Kuhn says that it's good for a paradigm to leave a number of unsolved problems.
Question
If there are theory-neutral observations, then science should show steady progress.
Question
Kuhn shows us that there's no such thing as "normal science."
Question
Kuhn holds that textbooks play no meaningful role in science.
Question
The process of paradigm change involves a struggle between two opposed paradigms.
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Deck 4: Philosophy of Science
1
According to Kuhn, the Copernican view replaced the Ptolemaic because:

A) it explained current data better.
B) it made more correct predictions.
C) it turned out to be true.
D) the Ptolemaic system had socially unacceptable implications.
E) None of the above
E
2
Newton's derivation of the laws of planetary and terrestrial motion from a single set of axioms was a n):

A) demonstration of the power of Bacon's methods.
B) important success of empirical science.
C) important success of the rationalist approach to science.
D) refutation of Kepler's work.
E) refutation of Galileo's work.
C
3
Bacon was a:

A) relativist.
B) skeptic.
C) empiricist.
D) rationalist.
E) None of the above
C
4
In an experiment:

A) two competing hypotheses are tested to see which is better.
B) some observations are relevant, and others aren't.
C) observations are always theory neutral.
D) every observation is relevant.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
5
In Bacon's method, the next step after making Tables of Presence and Absence is to:

A) apply deductive logic to the Tables.
B) construct Tables of Increase and Decrease.
C) compare the Tables of Presence and Absence to each other.
D) make guesses about the form and check them against the Tables.
E) deduce the character of the form under investigation.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
What Bacon calls "forms" we would be more likely to call:

A) objects.
B) theories.
C) methods.
D) properties.
E) maxims.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
7
Bacon is best known for:

A) defending the idea that the earth revolves around the sun.
B) his famous debate with Galileo.
C) writing the Sidereus Nuncius.
D) laying the foundations of scientific method.
E) his contributions to the science of astronomy.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
If Bacon's view is correct:

A) observations he made in the 17th century are still useful today.
B) theory-neutral observations are impossible.
C) scientists must avoid religious questions.
D) pure science need not have any practical applications.
E) science, like art, never progresses, but only changes.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
9
According to the author, the most influential of the 19th century social thinkers was:

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Karl Marx.
C) Albert Einstein.
D) Thomas Kuhn.
E) Francis Bacon.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
10
Science became a dominant force in our lives:

A) at the time of Socrates.
B) in 13th century France.
C) soon after the publication of Bacon's New Organon.
D) in 1632, when Galileo published his astronomical views.
E) during the last century
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
11
An organon is a n)

A) system of scientific investigation
B) kind of star chart.
C) early type of astronomical telescope.
D) religious publication.
E) musical composition.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
12
Bacon believed the key to scientific investigation was:

A) deductive reasoning.
B) mathematics.
C) proper instruments.
D) observation.
E) inspiration.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
13
According to a rationalist approach to science:

A) observation is pointless.
B) observations must be theory neutral.
C) celestial and terrestrial objects are fundamentally different.
D) the collection of empirical data must be guided by theory.
E) science is not independent of social influences.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
14
If you were a scientist planning a research project, Kuhn's theory would tell you that you should:

A) hire only young scientists.
B) be sure all your researchers share the same paradigm.
C) move as quickly as possible from one paradigm to the next.
D) avoid anomalies.
E) Kuhn says nothing about what we "should" do.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
15
Which of the following would Bacon not have considered suitable for scientific study?

A) Weight
B) Redness
C) Atoms
D) Happiness
E) Acidity
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
16
If Bentham were to study the nature of sweetness, which of the following would not be part of his method?

A) Making a list of sweet substances
B) Making a list of substances that are not sweet
C) Specifying which things are more or less sweet
D) Checking hypotheses about the nature of sweetness against the lists
E) Making a list of all the other properties possessed by sweet things
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
17
Bacon would agree that:

A) there is only one way to discover truth.
B) math is the basis of all science.
C) observations must be guided by theory.
D) deductive reasoning is the key to science.
E) empiricism is the best approach to science.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
18
Bacon believes the purpose of scientific inquiry is to:

A) gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
B) improve the human intellect.
C) gain control of nature.
D) understand nature.
E) help eliminate our false beliefs.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
19
Bacon believed that the scientists before him:

A) had the right method, but didn't apply it correctly.
B) were primarily empiricists.
C) derived their axioms "from the senses and particulars."
D) were using the same method in science that they used in mathematics.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
20
According to Marx, "scientific" is a n)

A) term that should be applied only to theories about physics, chemistry, and biology.
B) unfamiliar term.
C) term of high praise for any theory.
D) term denoting rigid thought.
E) term no social theorist would want applied to his theories.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
21
If Kuhn is correct, then:

A) what counts as a fact is socially determined.
B) only theory neutral observations are scientifically valid.
C) science will end when we all accept the same paradigm.
D) experiments are irrelevant to science.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
22
Kuhn says a paradigm succeeds when:

A) it is proven right.
B) it attracts enough important followers.
C) enough evidence accumulates in its favor.
D) it solves all the problems left by its predecessor.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
23
Which of the following criteria are not standardly applied when evaluating competing scientific theories?

A) Testability
B) Predictive power
C) Plausibility
D) Simplicity
E) Relevance
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
24
Which of the following would Kuhn say was a paradigm?

A) Hypnosis
B) Isaac Newton
C) Newtonian physics
D) Abstract art
E) Astrology
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
25
The point of Ackerman's "lost children" example is to:

A) show that science progresses because of the efforts of a few exceptional individuals.
B) illustrate Kuhn's theory.
C) show how science should be done.
D) show that credit for successes belongs to science as an institution, rather than to individual scientists.
E) show that credit for successes belongs to individuals who employ original techniques.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
26
A pre-requisite for the conduct of Normal Science, Kuhn tells us, is:

A) fruitful disagreement among scientists.
B) constant questioning of fundamental assumptions.
C) a shared paradigm among researchers.
D) continual progress from each paradigm to its successor.
E) All of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
27
The period of time between a scientist's rejection of one paradigm and his acceptance of another:

A) is the only time theory neutral observations are possible.
B) is determined by the age of the scientist.
C) is a period of puzzle-solving.
D) occurs during a time of normal science.
E) There is no such period of time.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
28
Kuhn's view is that:

A) scientific views only appear to change.
B) scientific development consists of long periods of calm, punctuated by occasional periods of sudden forward progress.
C) scientific progress is slow but steady.
D) the most reasonable scientific view must ultimately triumph.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
29
According to Kuhn, a scientific theory is rejected:

A) when a falsifying observation is encountered and publicized.
B) based on a comparison of the theory with the world.
C) anytime it begins to produce severe anomalies.
D) when it produces severe anomalies and an alternative view is available.
E) under no circumstances.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
30
According to Popper, all observation is:

A) theory neutral.
B) theory laden.
C) unfalsifiable.
D) underdetermined by theory.
E) relative to a particular paradigm.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
31
Kuhn's view is that science:

A) gives the truth about nature and is progressive.
B) gives the truth about nature and isn't progressive.
C) is progressive, but can't provide the truth about nature.
D) can be progressive if we follow his advice.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
32
An important characteristic of a paradigm is that is:

A) it must be original enough to attract adherents.
B) it should be correct, or at least close.
C) it should resolve all important problems in its field.
D) it should not be "open-ended."
E) All of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
33
Kuhn says that paradigm change:

A) is an irrational process.
B) consists of a struggle between two competing paradigms.
C) is determined by subjective factors.
D) occurs within a single paradigm.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
34
For Popper, science can be distinguished from pseudo-science:

A) only by recognized practitioners of science.
B) because the former is falsifiable.
C) because the latter has been proven false.
D) because all swans are white.
E) because the former fails to make predictions.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
35
According to Kuhn, a scientific revolution:

A) occurs when the old paradigm is proved false.
B) occurs when the new paradigm is proved true.
C) is something that ought to occur, but never does in actual scientific practice.
D) is when a new paradigm builds upon and extends an old one.
E) None of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
36
According to Kuhn, a progressive accumulation of knowledge takes place:

A) during periods of normal science.
B) during paradigm shifts.
C) during crises.
D) only outside of science.
E) Never
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
37
Which of the following is not a technical term of Kuhn's view?

A) Normal science
B) Falsification
C) Scientific revolution
D) Paradigm
E) All of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
38
Kuhn denies that:

A) science is progressive.
B) science is an institution.
C) scientific facts change over time.
D) science is productive.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
39
The efforts of a particular scientific researcher should be judged by:

A) his or her success or failure.
B) the success or failure of the research program he or she is taking part in.
C) how well the scientist carries out his or her role in the program.
D) the originality of his or her thought.
E) A scientist's efforts can't be judged.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
40
The discovery of a counter-instance to a paradigm:

A) falsifies the paradigm.
B) will cause the paradigm to be renounced by its followers.
C) provokes a crisis.
D) None of the above
E) All of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
41
Bacon thought that the same methods used in mathematics would provide a foundation for scientific method.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
42
According to Bacon, the proper objects of scientific investigation are characteristics of things readily apparent to the unaided senses.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
43
Bacon really didn't take sides in the debate between the rationalists and the empiricists.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
44
Bacon took an essentially rationalist approach to scientific inquiry.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 99 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
45
Bacon contributed more to the development of scientific method than to the accumulation of scientific fact.
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46
Bacon thought he could state, once and for all, how scientific investigations should be carried out.
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47
Richard Dawkins argues that evolution is a fact because:

A) it is consistent with the Bible. B most people believe it.
C) it is the best inference from the evidence.
D) there is no way to disprove it.
E) there is no other explanation of what we observe.
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48
What percentage of Americans reject evolution, believing instead that all of life was created by God within the last 10,000 years?

A) 10 B 20
C) 40
D) 60
E) 80
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49
Copernicus was the first thinker to publicly assert that the earth was not the center of the solar system.
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50
Bacon thought mathematical truths and truths of nature must be discovered in fundamentally different ways.
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51
According to Bacon, the first step in a scientific investigation is to carefully define the true nature of the "form" being studied.
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52
A theory-neutral observation would never need to be thrown out by later scientists.
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53
According to Bacon, the proper objects of scientific investigation are "forms."
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54
Bacon held that careful logical analysis was more important than mere observation.
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55
The composition of Tables of Presence and Absence must be guided by a clear understanding of the form under investigation.
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56
Which Philosopher argues for a "success" criterion in evaluating scientific theory?

A) Larry Laudan
B) P.D. Magnus
C) Irving Copi
D) Phillip Kitcher
E) Paul Feyerabend
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57
Ken Ham denies that evolution is a fact because:

A) it is not observable.
B) there is contrary evidence.
C) most people do not believe it.
D) it is too hard to understand.
E) he doesn't believe in facts.
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58
Bacon says a muster of instances must be made "in the manner of a history."
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59
The four most influential modern thinkers were all scientists.
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60
Bacon's advances were due in large part to the invention of the telescope and other scientific instruments.
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61
The word "experiment" comes from a Latin term meaning "to try."
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62
Bacon's gathering of observations into Tables was what rationalists would call an experiment.
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63
Kuhn denied the existence of any scientific facts.
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64
Bacon and Kuhn agree that scientific observations must be theory-neutral.
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65
Kuhn says nothing about how science ought to be conducted.
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66
In periods of normal science, scientists are primarily puzzle-solvers.
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67
According to Kuhn, research under a paradigm will inevitably lead to the abandonment of that paradigm.
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68
Kuhn's views were intended only to describe science in the 20th century.
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69
According to Kuhn, it is impossible to conduct research in the absence of a paradigm.
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70
It is impossible for a scientist who has been educated, trained, and conducted research under one paradigm to fully shift to another.
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71
Newton used Bacon's methods in deriving the laws of celestial and terrestrial motion.
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72
Bacon tells us how science ought to be conducted, rather than how it actually is.
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73
Kuhn showed that paradigm change always takes place within a larger, more inclusive paradigm.
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74
According to Kuhn, the scientists who turn out to be right are those whose theories best explain the available data.
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75
Kuhn deliberately portrayed scientific change as an irrational, subjective process.
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76
Kuhn says that it's good for a paradigm to leave a number of unsolved problems.
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77
If there are theory-neutral observations, then science should show steady progress.
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78
Kuhn shows us that there's no such thing as "normal science."
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79
Kuhn holds that textbooks play no meaningful role in science.
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80
The process of paradigm change involves a struggle between two opposed paradigms.
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