Deck 10: Political and Legal Systems

Question 1

The category of big-man/big-woman leadership is most characteristic of which cultural region?

A)Central America
B)Middle East
C)mainland Southeast Asia
D)Melanesia and the South Pacific
E)Japan

Answer 1

Melanesia and the South Pacific

Question 2

A band is a form of political organization associated with __________.

A)pastoralists
B)horticulturists
C)foragers
D)agriculturalists
E)industrialists

Answer 2

foragers

Question 3

The two countries most centrally involved in the Tisza River pollution are __________.

A)Hungary and Romania
B)Hungary and Ukraine
C)Romania and Bulgaria
D)Romania and the Britain
E)Romania and Moldova

Answer 3

Hungary and Romania

Question 4

Social control in small-scale societies is centered around __________.

A)maintenance of social relationships
B)norms
C)informal enforcement
D)the use of personalized mechanisms such as gossip or shunning
E)all of the above

Question 5

Moka is associated with which form of political organization?

A)bands
B)tribes
C)chiefdoms
D)big-man/big-woman systems
E)emerging nations

Question 6

Cultural anthropologists who focus on revealing how legal systems discriminate against certain groups are referred to as __________.

A)applied anthropologists
B)clinical legal anthropologists
C)critical legal anthropologists
D)legal pluralists
E)all of the above

Question 7

The major religion of people of the Central Asian states is __________.

A)Buddhism
B)Islam
C)Confucianism
D)Christianity
E)none of the above: the people mainly follow localized tribal traditions

Question 8

Cross-national review of women's leadership roles in states indicates that __________.

A)the number of women leaders is proportional to their numbers in the population
B)many women leaders have attained a prominent position due to their relationships with men
C)women leaders are generally associated with feminist political agendas
D)countries in all world regions except Asia have had women as heads of state
E)states with the highest levels of education have the most women leaders

Question 9

The form of political organization called the state is characterized by __________.

A) a standing army
B) control of information (propaganda)
C) a way of maintaining demographic records about its citizens
D) its ability to define citizenship
E) all of the above

Question 10

A big-man's position depends on __________.

A)his personality
B)his generosity
C)many supporters working on his behalf
D)having at least one wife
E)all of the above

Question 11

In terms of traditional political organization, pastoralism is most associated with __________.

A)a state-level form of government
B)a tribal or chiefdom model of political organization
C)band organization
D)big-woman politics
E)no formal leadership

Question 12

The country of ________________ imprisons more people than any other country in the world.

A)Russia
B)the United States
C)Japan
D)France
E)Mexico

Question 13

The biological determinist (or Darwinian) view explains high rates of warfare among the Yanomami by emphasizing __________.

A) how warfare contributes to land acquisition and higher nutritional status of the winners
B) women's role in starting wars through their demand for meat
C) that successful warriors have more wives and thus have greater "reproductive success" than other men
D) the role of meat availability in regulating nutritional status and group size
E) all of the above

Question 14

Formal taxation most characterizes which form of political organization?

A)tribe
B)band
C)state
D)chiefdom
E)all of the above: all forms of political organization must be able to raise resources from their people

Question 15

An example of a political confederacy is __________.

A)pre-colonial Hawai'i
B)the Cherokee
C)the Iroquois
D)the Algonquins
E)all of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of a tribal headman?

A) He is responsible for internal conflict resolution.
B) Authority is based on power rather than persuasion.
C) The position is hereditary.
D) He has more responsibilities than the leader of a chiefdom.
E) It is a full-time commitment.

Question 17

The leader of a band __________.

A)usually gets his title from his mother
B)forces band members to follow his directions with song contests
C)is distinguished by certain privileges and property
D)is "first among equals"
E)sponsors lavish feasts

Question 18

Leadership in bands is __________.

A)informal
B)restricted to men
C)based on a person's greater access to material resources
D)symbolized by elaborate armbands and necklaces
E)linked to the ability to go into trance

Question 19

The use of a physically painful procedure for determining guilt or innocence is called __________.

A)jury trial
B)trial of endurance
C)trial by ordeal
D)feuding
E)informal social control

Question 20

The subfield of anthropology that addresses issues of social order and conflict resolution cross-culturally is called __________.

A)political anthropology
B)legal anthropology
C)critical anthropology
D)organizational anthropology
E)social anthropology

Question 21

The use of prisons to punish people emerged only with the state.

Question 22

The Tisza disaster was the first environmental disaster in Europe in which the EU played a prominent role.

Question 23

According to the textbook, a nation is a group of people who share a __________.

A)language
B)culture
C)territorial base
D)political organization
E) all of the above

Question 24

While there are many examples of women leaders in states, anthropologists have found no examples of women leaders in other forms of political organization.

Question 25

Japan's crime rate is lower than the United States' crime rate.

Question 26

In chiefdom forms of political organization, a combination of achievement and ascription is typically the basis of leadership.

Question 27

Influence refers to a way of gaining a desired end without the use of force.

Question 28

In large-scale societies, punishment is often legitimized through supernatural forces and their ability to affect people.

Question 29

The Kayapo tribal groups are found in Melanesia.

Question 30

Despite Carneiro's views, cultural anthropologists have shown that war is __________.

A)inevitable
B)necessary
C)not a cultural universal
D)part of evolution
E)all of the above

Question 31

The historical view of high rates of violence among the Yanomami emphasizes __________.

A) the unbalanced sex ratio (scarcity of women) as a motivation for conflict
B) how high rates of warfare are a response to "protein hunger"
C) the role of the increased presence of Westerners in the region
D) its adaptive role in keeping population growth rates down
E) how such warfare has increased the biological adaptiveness of the population by favoring the reproduction of strong males

Question 32

Australia's juvenile justice system is an example of a legal system that has managed to avoid discrimination against Aboriginal peoples.

Question 33

A big man's leadership position depends on, among other factors, the productivity of his wife or wives.

Question 34

In England and France, a disproportionate number of prisoners are Muslims.

Question 35

Capital punishment is most commonly used in tribal forms of political organization.

Question 36

Big-man and big-woman leadership is most closely associated with a form of exchange called redistribution.

Question 37

Band leaders have authority and influence but no power.

Question 38

Prisons are the oldest form of social control.

Question 39

The form of political organization typically found among horticulturalists is the band.

Question 40

In the United States, southern states have higher rates of incarceration

Question 41

In contrast to laws that are formal and written, __________ are unwritten and informal understandings about proper behavior.

Question 42

An example discussed in the textbook of a social group that cultural anthropologists have shown to be discriminated against by legal systems is __________.

Question 43

Traditionally, most Kurds are farmers.

Question 44

Because more than half of the "nation" of Puerto Rico lives outside the home island, most Puerto Ricans have a __________ identity.

Question 45

In the premodern period, warfare was a more effective way to gain domination over new regions than it is now.

Question 46

A __________ is a requirement that a certain number of leadership positions be reserved for women.

Question 47

Warfare as defined in the text is conducted between and among each form of political organization.

Question 48

Anthropologist Robert Carneiro is pessimistic about the future of world peace and about anthropology's ability to contribute to world peace.

Question 49

What is the subject matter of legal anthropology?

Question 50

An example of a culture with an internalized system of social control that operates through interpersonal and group pressure is __________.

Question 51

Israel, India, Pakistan, Chile, Germany, Liberia and Finland are examples of contemporary nations that has, or has recently had, a __________ as head of state.

Question 52

The band form of organization most characterizes the __________ mode of livelihood.

Question 53

The Kurds are an example of an ethnic group that seeks to form a separate nation.

Question 54

While some people argue that the Iroquois were a matriarchy, it is more likely that gender _______________ characterized political leadership and decision-making.

Question 55

Kurds have faced political repression in Iraq and __________.

Question 56

The main religion of the Central Asian States is __________ .

Question 57

The economy of Puerto Rico is based on __________.

Question 58

The number of people in prison per 100,000 people in a country is referred to as the __________ rate .

Question 59

__________ is the term for the ability to use force in order to bring about results.

Question 60

The maintenance of a full-time, standing army is a characteristic of the form of political organization known as the __________.

Question 61

Discuss how modes of livelihood relate to forms of political organization

Question 62

Discuss the Kurds, their current situation, and the challenges they are facing.

Question 63

Discuss an example of findings of critical legal anthropologists.

Question 64

What is the anthropological definition of warfare?

Question 65

What are key features of Kurdish culture and what challenges are they experiencing today?

Question 66

Discuss how social inequality affects the legal system for youth in Australia.

Question 67

What is a major difference between a band organization and a big-man or big-woman political organization?

Question 68

Define a norm and a law; give an example of each.

Question 69

Summarize what anthropologists know about women's roles in political leadership in bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states. Discuss two ethnographic examples.

Question 70

What does Benedict Anderson's concept of "imagined communities" mean and what are three examples of how states attempt to create a sense of political unity from diversity?

Question 71

Summarize the cause of the Tisza River crisis, its environmental effects, and the political reactions to it.

Question 72

Describe trial by ordeal and compare it with the court system/trial by jury.

Question 73

Summarize some of the observations made about the issue of gender in the leadership of contemporary states.

Question 74

Discuss two differences between the political organization of bands and states.