Deck 11: Parenting Life Now

Question 1

________ is known as "the grandfather of psychology."

A) Albert Bandura
B) Erik Erikson
C) B.B. Skinner
D) Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

D

Question 2

One of the base goals of parenting is to meet the ________ needs of infants, which include the provision of food, shelter, safety, security, and love.

A) socialization
B) survival
C) natal
D) physical

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Psychoanalytic Theory held that people in this stage developed mature sexual interests in the opposite sex.

A) genital stage
B) oral stage
C) latency phase
D) anal stage

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Parent educator and author Chris Theisen notes that there are eight essential parenting responsibilities. Which of the following is NOT one of Theisen's resposibilities?

A) providing a safe environment
B) providing self-esteem
C) developing a career track
D) developing a mutual respect

Question 5

_______ is the Western cultural belief that a mother should give of herself unconditionally, and focus all of her time, energy, money, love, support, and every other resource she has, on raising her children.

A) Intensive mothering ideology
B) Extensive mothering ideology
C) Comprehensive mothering
D) Absolute motherhood

Question 6

Who, according to the patriarchal family structure, is the authority over the household?

A) the mother
B) the father
C) the state
D) the grandparents

Question 7

________ promoted his theory of classical conditioning. According to this theory, people make associations between two events. For example, babies open their mouths and smack their lips when their parent puts them in a highchair, or when their parent opens the jar of baby food.

A) Albert Bandura
B) Jean Piaget
C) John B. Watson
D) Lev Vygotsky

Question 8

With this parenting style, parents are responsive, while at the same time demanding of certain behavioral expectations. This style of parenting does not use shame, withdrawal of love, or guilt (as might authoritarian parents) to control behavior.

A) authoritative parenting
B) authoritarian parenting
C) uninvolved parenting
D) permissive parenting

Question 9

During this stage of his Psychoanalytic Theory, Freud believed that children were intensely interested in the physical differences between men and women. He also maintained that the focus of the sensual energy during this stage was the genitals, and believed that children engaged in self stimulation of their genitals to derive pleasure.

A) phallic stage
B) genital stage
C) anal stage
D) latency phase

Question 10

During this stage of his Psychoanalytic Theory, Freud believed that the sensual energies subsided for a time.

A) oral stage
B) phallic stage
C) latency phase
D) genital stage

Question 11

How parents negotiate their childrearing beliefs and share in everyday parenting responsibilities is referred to as _____.

A) parenting
B) shared authority
C) planned parenting
D) co-parenting

Question 12

________ believed that children learn behaviors through a series of rewards and punishments, and this series is called operant conditioning.

A) B.F. Skinner
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Erik Erikson
D) Albert Bandura

Question 13

One of Baumrind's parenting styles, these parents demonstrate high levels of warmth, affection, and responsiveness toward their children, and also show adequate to high levels of parent/child communication. This parenting style does not place high demands on children, nor do parents attempt to control their children's behavior; children's behavior is mostly self-regulated.

A) permissive parenting
B) uninvolved parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) authoritarian parenting

Question 14

According to Baumrind, ________ parents are "obedience-and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation" (1991, p. 62). To put it another way, these parents are very demanding and controlling over their children, but at the same time, they are not very responsive, warm, or affectionate towards their children.

A) authoritative
B) uninvolved
C) authoritarian
D) permissive

Question 15

________ 's social learning theory focused on how children acquire behaviors. He believed that the acquisition of behaviors and personality traits are the result of observing others, and that we then imitate the behaviors we observe.

A) Erik Erikson
B) Jean Piaget
C) Albert Bandura
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 16

Sometimes grandparents assume the role of parents to make sure their grandchildren are in a safe, stable environment in the absence of their biological parents. This exhibits which category of "grandparents as parents"?

A) participatory caretaking
B) voluntary caretaking
C) involuntary caretaking
D) limited caretaking

Question 17

One of the base goals of parenting is to meet the ________ needs of children, which means ensuring they become productive, contributing members to society.

A) survival
B) physical
C) nurturing
D) socialization

Question 18

During this stage of Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, the focus of the sensual energy is associated with potty training.

A) phallic stage
B) oral stage
C) genital stage
D) anal stage

Question 19

In this co-parenting style, parents directly or indirectly agree with each other by promoting the same general message to the child.

A) mixed co-parenting
B) supportive co-parenting
C) elemental co-parenting
D) unsupportive co-parenting

Question 20

During this stage of Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, the focus of sensual energy is the mouth and the tongue; the emphasis for personality development is thus centered on breastfeeding.

A) anal stage
B) oral stage
C) phallic stage
D) genital stage

Question 21

At this age, children understand racism.

A) 2-3 years
B) 5 years
C) 11-12 years
D) 6-8 years

Question 22

Becoming a mother is considered to be a normative developmental stage for women in all cultures.

Question 23

In the Risk and Protector Factor Model of single parent families, the weaknesses in the family system that can have a potentially negative impact on families and children are referred to as _____.

A) risk factors
B) protective factors
C) negative factors
D) elements of risk

Question 24

Several bodies of research that investigated the division of family work and parental responsibilities showed that women's socialization-and the inherent cultural notion that she will always be the better parent-creates in the mother a difficulty in relinquishing her traditional role. This is described as _____.

A) maternal gatekeeping
B) paternal gatekeeping
C) gender stereotyping
D) maternal keymastering

Question 25

This model of single parent families dates back to the 1970s, when single parent families were far less common that they are today. This model promoted the idea that single parent households were negative experiences for children for the sole reason that the family structure was not nuclear (Marsh, 1990).

A) Risk and Protective Factor Model
B) Traditional Values Model
C) Risk Factor Model
D) Family Deficit Model

Question 26

Children and adolescents of permissive parents experience higher levels of depression, poorer school performance, poorer psychological adjustment and well-being, and greater use of substances.

Question 27

This model of single parent families does not assume at its base that single-parent families are out of the norm. This model assumes that every family form has strengths, or protective factors.

A) Risk and Protective Factor Model
B) Family Deficit Model
C) Traditional Values Model
D) Risk Factor Model

Question 28

________ advanced the most widely recognized cognitive development theory. His theory consisted of 4 sequential stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) B.F. Skinner

Question 29

The Risk and Protective Factor Model assumes that every family form has strengths, or ________.

A) top factors
B) positive elements
C) risk factors
D) protective factors

Question 30

Research seems to indicate that the division of labor along traditional gender roles is slowly giving way to changing roles of men and women in contemporary society.

Question 31

Since 1970, the proportion of households made up of married couples with children has decreased, while the proportion of households with single parents has increased.

Question 32

For the most part, men and women would rather perform routine housework than residual tasks like billpaying, yard work, etc.

Question 33

Sometimes fathers perceive that their parental involvement is higher than mothers report. This difference is referred to as _____.

A) gender gap
B) stop gap
C) parent gap
D) ideal-actual gap

Question 34

Very little empirical evidence supports the notion that children's emotional well-being and academic success are linked to co-parenting efforts.

Question 35

With the majority of mothers today working at least 30 hours per week outside the home, the expectation that they are still responsible for the lion's share of running the household and performing household tasks can become a source of resentment for working mothers. Hochschild referred to this burden of taking on the duel responsibilities of wage-earner and housekeeper as ________.

A) the latency phase
B) the second shift
C) maternal gatekeeping
D) gender expectations

Question 36

At this age, children become aware of and begin to absorb socially prevailing stereotypes, feelings, and ideas about people, including themselves.

A) 18 months
B) 2-3 years
C) 5 years
D) 9-10 years

Question 37

Fathering has little bearing on a child's financial future.

Question 38

Despite the efforts in the 20th and 21st centuries to more actively involve fathers in childcare and childrearing, we cannot escape the ways in which we have been socialized.

Question 39

A woman's relationship with her mother does not influence Maternal Role Attainment.

Question 40

The social construction of fatherhood changes over time.

Question 41

Current divorce laws and "gender-neutral criteria" for rearing children has made it more difficult for fathers to gain custody of their children following divorce than in years past.

Question 42

Single fathers are less likely to live at or below the poverty line than are single mothers.

Question 43

Although Erikson was a student of Freud's, his psychoanalytic theory differed somewhat from that of Freud. How so?

Question 44

Briefly explain cognitive theories of child development.

Question 45

Throughout the past three decades, two models of single parent families have been used predominately. What are they?

Question 46

Briefly explain learning theories of child development.

Question 47

Married fathers or single mothers tend to suffer more from work-family role conflicts than single fathers, such as being late, childcare, missing work, leaving early, or work -related travel concerns

Question 48

Explain "participatory caretaking" as it relates to grandparenting.

Question 49

Compare and contrast "routine housework" with "residual task" in the household.

Question 50

According to the text, what are some of the factors individuals and couples need to weigh before deciding whether or not to have children?

Question 51

Briefly define sociocultural theories of child development.

Question 52

What is "mothering"?

Question 53

The text gives four points of advice for good parenting practices. What are they?

Question 54

Parent educator and author Chris Theisen notes that there are eight essential parenting responsibilities. Name four.

Question 55

Children take an interest in skin color as young as 6 months old.

Question 56

How do fatherly play habits affect the development of a child?

Question 57

What are the four categories of child development theories?

Question 58

Over many years, research into the changes associated with parenthood, be it through birth, adoption, or the formations of stepfamilies, has centered on four primary areas. What are they?

Question 59

Please explain "unsupportive co-parenting."

Question 60

Divorced single mothers seem to fare better economically than do never-married single mothers.

Question 61

Of all of Baumrind's parenting styles, which has consistently been shown to be the most effective? How so?

Question 62

According to Coltrane, what factors contribute to the division of household chores?

Question 63

Racial/ethnic socialization practices have been linked to a number of positive outcomes in
minority children and adolescents. The text lists four specific positive outcomes. Please list and explain each one.

Question 64

What are the consequences of a fatherless society?

Question 65

Please explain the theory of Maternal Role Attainment (MRA). What factors influence MRA?