Deck 14: C: Crime,law,and Regulation

Question 1

Whereas classical criminology viewed crime in terms of "rational evil," biological determinism viewed it as

A)"positive evil."
B)"functional evil."
C)"fated evil."
D)"irrational evil."

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Becker coined this term to designate any person or institution that takes action in an attempt to influence or change the development or enforcement of society's moral codes.

A)Moral gatekeeper
B)Moral entrepreneur
C)Deviance designator
D)Fear mongerer

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________ argue that criminal law,as a social institution,is merely a tool to protect the interests of the affluent and the powerful.

A)Functionalist theorists
B)Classical criminologists
C)Differential association theorists
D)Conflict theorists

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What factors do biological theories fail to consider with reference to crime and criminals?

A)Shape of heads
B)Anomalies in hair
C)Environmental factors
D)Body types

Question 5

The view that it is possible to identify features that distinguish criminals from non-criminals and can then prevent,control,and eliminate criminal behaviour is

A)positivism.
B)biological determinism.
C)classical criminology.
D)strain theory.

Question 6

The argument that nutritional deficiencies can lead to anti-social behaviour is an example of

A)a biological perspective.
B)classical criminology.
C)a functionalist approach.
D)illegitimate opportunity theory.

Question 7

Theorists from this particular approach propose that individuals must be located in a deviant "learning environment" to learn and perform the skills and abilities needed to commit crimes.

A)Differential association
B)Strain
C)Illegitimate opportunity
D)Labelling

Question 8

Gilles is working on a project that examines how a group of disadvantaged students accomplishes the goal of receiving a university education through the innovative means of dealing illegal drugs to pay for their soaring tuition fees.He is drawing upon which theory of crime?

A)Differential association
B)Strain
C)Illegitimate opportunity
D)Labelling

Question 9

__________ argue that most people share similar goals and values,and that when legitimate avenues to those goals are not accessible,some will resort to deviant methods to achieve them.

A)Classical criminologists
B)Conflict theorists
C)Strain theorists
D)Illegitimate opportunity theorists

Question 10

Conflict theorists call an environment that creates a fertile setting for crime or criminality,such as one with laws privileging certain groups,as

A)criminogenic.
B)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)fateful.
D)deterministic.

Question 11

This general term designates all of those behaviours and actions that generate formal response through control and intervention.

A)Deviance
B)Crime
C)Prosecution
D)Sanction

Question 12

According to Cloward and Ohlin (1960),a __________ deviant subculture is organized around activities that produce income.

A)criminal
B)conflict
C)rebellious
D)retreatist

Question 13

A 44-year-old woman dating a 19-year-old man in contemporary Canada violates a

A)taboo.
B)norm.
C)crime.
D)standard.

Question 14

Being gossiped about for being sexually promiscuous is an example of

A)moral entrepreneurship.
B)moral regulation.
C)informal social control.
D)formal social control.

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of the major beliefs that classical criminology developed in relation to?

A)People have free will.
B)Choosing crime is irrational.
C)Fear of punishment can lessen criminal activity.
D)Criminal behaviour can be controlled in part through swift delivery of justice.

Question 16

__________ suggests that individuals must be present in a deviant "learning environment" that gives them the opportunity to learn and perform the skills and abilities needed to commit crimes.

A)Strain theory
B)Illegitimate opportunity theory
C)Conflict theory
D)Differential association theory

Question 17

When sociologists emphasize the social,geographical,and temporal inequalities associated with access to and use of environmental resources and services,they are drawing attention to the ______ distribution of crime.

A)national
B)geographic
C)ecological
D)eco-social

Question 18

Recent polls indicate that between 1994 and 2004,the number of Canadians using marijuana

A)decreased significantly.
B)decreased slightly.
C)increased slightly.
D)doubled.

Question 19

This refers to a given society's accepted standards and social expectations.

A)Social norms
B)Social laws
C)Ethno-rules
D)Formal rules

Question 20

Aboriginal youth across Canada are incarcerated at a rate ______ times higher than that of non-Aboriginal youth.

A)3
B)5
C)8
D)10

Question 21

Historically,female criminals have been viewed as being

A)sick.
B)rebellious.
C)retreatist.
D)admirable.

Question 22

Domino asserts that "Canadian laws exist as a legitimized way to support the interests of specific classes and groups of people,while legitimizing a socially unjust status quo." He is drawing upon which general approach?

A)Labelling theory
B)Critical legal studies
C)Critical race theory
D)Feminist jurisprudence

Question 23

Feminist legal theory holds that the law is instrumental in

A)the subordination of women.
B)reinforcing class struggles.
C)the influence of power on law.
D)society's inability to prevent criminal behaviour in youth.

Question 24

A sociologist drawing on this theory would emphasize that "no act is inherently deviant."

A)Differential association
B)Labelling
C)Strain
D)Illegitimate opportunity

Question 25

Most generally,sociologists who study law seek to place legal phenomena of all variety into a _______ context.

A)moral
B)legal
C)social
D)human

Question 26

Which of the following is not an example of a public order crime?

A)Prostitution
B)Gambling
C)Theft
D)Substance abuse

Question 27

Many researchers have found a link between female crime and

A)victimization.
B)mental illness.
C)greater-than-average height.
D)fear-gender paradox.

Question 28

Society's focus on risk aversion __________ women's risks in the public sphere,and __________ women's risks in the private sphere.

A)overemphasizes;underestimates
B)underestimates;overemphasizes
C)ignores;reduces
D)reduces;ignores

Question 29

The belief that female offenders are treated more leniently by law enforcement officials as a result of the latter's traditional attitude toward women is known as the __________ hypothesis.

A)chivalry
B)patriarchy
C)paternalism
D)androcentric

Question 30

Which of the following is not true about Canadian law?

A)Canada's legal institutions are based on the American legal system.
B)Canadian law is guided by the rule of law.
C)Everyone is entitled to equal justice under the law.
D)Canadian law is meant to ensure that laws are created,administered,and enforced on the basis of acceptable procedures that promote fairness and equality.

Question 31

Symbolic interactionists argue that crime is

A)deviant.
B)learned through social interactions.
C)the result of class struggles.
D)the result of unequal opportunities.

Question 32

Traditional sociological theories have either ignored or _________women's criminal involvements.

A)pathologized
B)rationalized
C)exaggerated
D)denounced

Question 33

Since 1991,crime rates in Canada have been

A)increasing.
B)decreasing.
C)remaining about the same.
D)fluctuating unpredictably.

Question 34

This field of study is devoted to understanding the causes,patterns,and trends of crime.

A)Criminogenics
B)Psychoanalysis
C)Criminology
D)Socio-criminology

Question 35

Which of the following is not a historical approach used by sociologists to theorizing law?

A)Conflict view
B)Consensus view
C)Interactionist view
D)Deviant view

Question 36

Which of the following is not a major tenet of labelling theory?

A)It was developed by Karl Marx.
B)It was first discussed in the book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.
C)It suggests that deviance is socially produced.
D)It focuses on understanding what happens to people once they have been singled out and defined as deviant.

Question 37

When the police disproportionately pull over members of particular racialized groups for routine vehicle inspections,they are engaging in which type of profiling?

A)Criminal
B)Pre-emptive
C)Racial
D)Elitist

Question 38

According to Comack and Brickey's (2007)research on gender differences and crime perception,women who commit violent acts are generally constructed as either

A)"victims," "sad," or "mad."
B)"victims," "bad," or "manipulative."
C)"victims," "bad," or "mad."
D)"bad," "mad," or "sad."

Question 39

The reaction of a group that is based on the exaggerated or false perception that some group or behaviour threatens the well-being of society is called

A)moral panic.
B)disproportionate risk perception.
C)risk mongering.
D)"cable television complex."

Question 40

______ is the phenomenon whereby women experience higher rates of fear of being victimized even though men are more likely to be victims of crime.

A)Moral panic
B)Feminist legal theory
C)Fear-gender paradox
D)Public order crimes

Question 41

Who argued that it's not the act itself but rather people's reaction to the act that makes it deviant?

A)Georg Simmel
B)Donald Sutherland
C)Howard Becker
D)Robert Merton

Question 42

Being pulled over for "driving while black" is an example of

A)racial profiling.
B)moral panic.
C)labelling theory.
D)strain theory.

Question 43

Criminologists who maintain that criminal justice intervention positively affects subsequent involvement in serious delinquency are most likely using

A)labelling theory.
B)critical legal theory.
C)strain theory.
D)consensus theory.

Question 44

Aboriginals represent ____ percent of the population and account for ____ percent of federal inmates.

A)6,10
B)3,17
C)10,20
D)12,32

Question 45

Conflict theorists focus on the role that __________ play(s)in creating an environment that produces criminality.

A)the government
B)peer groups
C)the criminogenic environment
D)the media

Question 46

Criminologists are not concerned with

A)how laws are made.
B)why people commit crimes.
C)how the law is upheld.
D)how crimes are solved.

Question 47

Prostitution and gambling are examples of which type of crimes?

A)White collar
B)Public order
C)Property crimes
D)Self-injurious crimes

Question 48

Beccaria and Bentham argued that all but which of the following would control crime.

A)Severity
B)Swiftness
C)Certainty
D)Sameness

Question 49

Which of the following is not a functionalist theory of crime?

A)Illegitimate opportunity theory
B)Merton's strain theory
C)Durkheim's theory of anomie
D)Differential association theory

Question 50

The approach that held that behaviour was not the result of supernatural forces but,rather,was purposeful is known as

A)utilitarianism.
B)positivism.
C)biological determinism.
D)purposeful action theory.

Question 51

"Hard" deviance refers to

A)any acts that involve the violation of social norms.
B)acts that are viewed as repulsive to the majority of the population.
C)acts likely to result in imprisonment.
D)acts that are viewed as illegal but not immoral.

Question 52

Parents pulling their kids out of school to home school them based on their security fears due to highly publicized school shootings is an example of

A)public order crimes.
B)moral entrepreneurs.
C)a moral panic.
D)moral regulation.

Question 53

Darnell is a black 22-year-old university student.His father is a well-known plastic surgeon and his mother is a high-profile business woman.One Friday night after an out-of-town basketball game,Darnell and his friends are pulled over while driving his father's Bentley.The young men are told to get out of the car,are frisked,and are questioned about gang-related activities that have taken place earlier that evening.Critical race scholars would argue that this is a classic example of

A)targeting "at risk" offenders.
B)moral panic.
C)racial profiling.
D)enforcing the safe streets act.

Question 54

Sociologist Amanda Glasbeek has argued that the enactment of some laws,such as the Safe Streets Act,are based examples of

A)moral regulation.
B)illegitimate opportunities.
C)fear-gender paradox.
D)chivalry hypothesis.

Question 55

The assertion that there is a relationship between gang membership and normalization of law breaking is representative of which theory?

A)Illegitimate opportunity
B)Differential association
C)Labelling
D)Critical race

Question 56

The media coverage of missing prostitutes in Vancouver and the subsequent charges laid against Robert Picton exemplify

A)moral regulation of crime victims.
B)men's violence against women.
C)low socio-economic status puts women "at risk."
D)men's increased propensity to commit heinous crimes.

Question 57

Cesare Lombroso's criminal man is an example of which perspective?

A)Rational choice
B)Biological determinism
C)Illegitimate opportunity
D)Differential association

Question 58

Which crime is not an example of a public order crime?

A)Gambling
B)Prostitution
C)Pornography
D)Fraud

Question 59

The Bankruptcy Reform Act enacted by George W.Bush forces "irresponsible" spenders to take responsibility for their debt by requiring anyone declaring bankruptcy to first pay a fee.___________________ would argue that while there are economic reasons for this law,there are also moralistic assumptions.

A)Symbolic interactionists
B)Critical legal scholars
C)Feminist legal scholars
D)Critical race theorists

Question 60

The national crime rate,defined as the total number of Criminal Code incidents divided by the population,dropped by ___ percent in 2006 and by another ___ percent by 2008.

A)2;6
B)5;10
C)3;5
D)6;12

Question 61

Research that has found that the presence of just one respected adult mentor can significantly reduce the likelihood of deviant behaviour within low-income youth supports which of the following?

A)Strain theory
B)Illegitimate opportunity theory
C)Labelling theory
D)Differential association theory

Question 62

The view of law that argues that the toughest laws and harshest penalties are enacted against the crimes committed by the least advantaged in society is associated with which sociological approach?

A)Consensus
B)Conflict
C)Interactionist
D)Post-structuralist

Question 63

Associating higher crime rates with the "American dream," which promotes the idea that anyone can become successful if they work hard enough,would be most likely with which of the following?

A)Illegitimate opportunity theory
B)Labelling theory
C)Differential association theory
D)Strain theory

Question 64

There are currently seven federal institutions for men in British Columbia and one for women that houses fewer than 100 inmates.While some would say this shows women's much lower crime rates,Pollak would argue this can be explained by

A)strain theory.
B)the chivalry hypothesis.
C)labelling theory.
D)biological perspectives.

Question 65

Glaring at someone for cutting into line at a bus stop would be considered an example of

A)deviance.
B)formal social control.
C)informal social control.
D)moral entrepreneurship.

Question 66

Before robbing the convenience store,Kelly thought through the chances of getting caught and the potential penalties and weighed them against the potential cash gain.This approach to crime is most closely associated with

A)biological perspectives.
B)classical criminology.
C)illegitimate opportunity theory.
D)strain theory.

Question 67

Women deliberately changing how they dress and where they go when they go out in order to decrease their chances of victimization is a example of

A)the fear-gender paradox.
B)the social purity movement.
C)moral panic.
D)moral regulation.

Question 68

Stephen Harper trying to impose harsher penalties for recreational marijuana use under the Safe Streets and Communities Act would make him a moral crusader under which sociological approach to law?

A)Consensus
B)Conflict
C)Interactionist
D)Post-structuralist

Question 69

If you are not at all afraid to be out walking by yourself after dark,you are most likely

A)a man living in British Columbia.
B)a woman living in British Columbia.
C)a woman living in Saskatchewan.
D)a man living in Atlantic Canada.

Question 70

The fact that female assault victims are rarely held responsible for their own victimization while female rape victims are sometimes questioned as to their clothing and activities is an example of the continuing dominance of

A)the fear-gender paradox.
B)hegemonic values.
C)the chivalry hypothesis.
D)normalization.

Question 71

Although embracing different views and focuses,critical legal studies,feminist legal theory,and critical race theory all agree that

A)visible minorities are the most discriminated against in the Canadian criminal justice system.
B)Canadian law heavily privileges the wealthy and powerful.
C)due to our awareness of bias within our system,the situation is improving.
D)objectivity is impossible within the criminal justice system.

Question 72

The hippy counterculturalists who dropped out of mainstream institutions and organization due to their lack of acceptace of mainstream values are an example of which of Merton's social adaptations?

A)Innovation
B)Ritualism
C)Retreatists
D)Rebellion

Question 73

Billy was a juvenile delinquent;he was caught shoplifting at an early age was sent to a juvenile facility,where he met and became friends with other deviant juveniles,eventually joining a street gang and continuing to have frequent run-ins with the criminal justice system.However,in his twenties he left the gang,went back to school,attained a degree,and joined the workforce,leaving his deviant associations and lifestyle behind.This runs contrary to which of the following?

A)Strain theory
B)Illegitimate opportunity theory
C)Labelling theory
D)Differential association theory

Question 74

Canada's foremost expert on psychopathy,Dr.Robert Hare,believes that psychopathic behaviour can be detected in children as young as four or five.This is most closely correlated with which view of crime?

A)Biological perspectives
B)Classical criminology
C)Differential association theory
D)Labelling theory

Question 75

The fact that many youth who are born and raised in low-income neighbourhoods and communities do not end up in deviant or criminal lifestyles runs contrary to which of the following?

A)Strain theory
B)Illegitimate opportunity theory
C)Labelling theory
D)Differential association theory