Deck 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

Question 1

In the human body, under aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions, respectively, pyruvate is converted to

A) lactate and ethanol
B) lactate and acetyl CoA
C) ethanol and lactate
D) acetyl CoA and lactate

Answer 1

acetyl CoA and lactate

Question 2

Which of the following is a reactant in the first step of gluconeogenesis?

A) carbon dioxide
B) GTP
C) glucose
D) phosphoenolpyruvate

Answer 2

carbon dioxide

Question 3

Accumulation of which of the following substances is the cause of stiff and sore muscles after vigorous exercise?

A) lactate
B) pyruvate
C) acetyl CoA
D) glycerate

Answer 3

lactate

Question 4

Adding 10 glucose units to a growing glycogen chain

A) requires the investment of 20 ATP molecules
B) results in the production of 10 ATP molecules
C) requires 10 times as many triphosphate molecules
D) requires NAD⁺ as an oxidizing agent

Question 5

Which of the following hormones promotes the uptake and use of glucose by cells?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) epinephrine
D) adrenaline

Question 6

The net yield of ATP when 18 glucose molecules are metabolized during the process of glycolysis is

A) 36
B) 72
C) 144
D) 216

Question 7

The net yield of ATP from the complete oxidation of 3 molecules of glucose is

A) 36
B) 72
C) 90
D) 108

Question 8

How many steps in the glycolysis pathway have a C₃ molecule as the reactant?

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 9

How many total steps are there in the process of glycolysis?

A) six
B) eight
C) ten
D) twelve

Question 10

Which of the following processes requires UTP molecules?

A) formation of glycogen from glucose 6-phosphate
B) degradation of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate
C) both the formation and degradation of glycogen
D) formation of glucose 1-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate

Question 11

The primary site within the human body where carbohydrate digestion occurs is the

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) membranes of intestinal mucosal cells

Question 12

Glycogen is converted to glucose in which of the following processes?

A) gluconeogenesis
B) glycogenesis
C) glycogenolysis
D) glycolysis

Question 13

The first two intermediates in the process of glycolysis are, respectively,

A) glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate
B) glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate
C) glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate
D) glucose 1-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate

Question 14

How many glycolysis intermediates are molecules that contain one or more phosphate groups?

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) nine

Question 15

The name of the process in which glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glycogen is

A) gluconeogenesis
B) glycogenesis
C) glycogenolysis
D) glycolysis

Question 16

Which of the following intermediates is not involved in glycolysis but is in gluconeogenesis?

A) fructose 6-phosphate
B) pyruvate
C) oxaloacetate
D) acetyl CoA

Question 17

The transition from the C₆ stage of glycolysis to the C₃ stage involves the conversion of the molecule fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into the C₃ species

A) dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehydes
B) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C) glyceraldehyde and 3-phosphoglycerate
D) 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate

Question 18

Which of the following conversions is accomplished by the process of glycolysis?

A) glucose to glycogen
B) glucose to pyruvate
C) starch to glucose
D) pyruvate to glucose

Question 19

Which of the following substances are participants in the reactions encompassed by the Cori cycle?

A) pyruvate and acetyl CoA
B) pyruvate and lactate
C) lactate and acetyl CoA
D) pyruvate, lactate and acetyl CoA

Question 20

Which of the following statements concerning the pentose phosphate pathway is incorrect?

A) it is an alternate pathway to glycolysis for the degradation of glucose
B) the coenzyme NADH is a major product of this pathway
C) pentose derivatives needed for the production of nucleic acids are products of this pathway
D) glucose 6-phosphate is converted to ribulose 5-phosphate in the first stage of this pathway

Question 21

In which of the following processes is glucose 6-phosphate the end product?

A) glycogenesis
B) glycogenolysis
C) glycolysis
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 22

Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels?

A) insulin and glucagon
B) insulin and epinephrine
C) glucagon and epinephrine
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 23

Which of the following C₆ stage glycolysis intermediates is paired with the correct type of enzyme needed for its production?

A) glucose 6-phosphate; kinase
B) fructose 6-phosphate; dehydrogenase
C) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; mutase
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 24

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) Glycogenesis and glycolysis are "opposite" processes.
(2) The focal point for carbohydrate metabolism is the molecule glucose.
(3) Production of 30 ATP molecules accompanies the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 25

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) Absorption of monosaccharides through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream involves passive transport.
(2) In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, a carbon dioxide molecule is produced.
(3) Glucose degradation occurs in both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 26

Which of the following is a three-step process?

A) conversion of pyruvate to glucose
B) conversion of glucose to glycogen
C) conversion of glycogen to glucose
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 27

Carbon dioxide is a product when pyruvate is converted to

A) lactate
B) ethanol
C) acetyl CoA
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 28

The regeneration of NAD⁺ from NADH occurs during the conversion of pyruvate to

A) lactate
B) ethanol
C) acetyl CoA
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 29

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) The three major monosaccharide products from carbohydrate digestion are glucose, galactose, and ribose.
(2) In glycolysis, two ATP molecules are consumed and four ATP molecules are produced.
(3) The Cori cycle is a process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, which is then converted back to glucose.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 30

In which of the following steps of glycolysis does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

A) production of phosphoenolpyruvate
B) production of pyruvate
C) production of 2-phosphoglycerate
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 31

Intermediates in the glycolysis pathway include

A) two glucose derivatives
B) three glycerate derivatives
C) two pyruvate derivatives
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 32

In two of the first three steps of glycolysis:

A) Phosphorylation reactions occur.
B) Isomerization reactions occur.
C) ATP is converted to ADP.
D) More than one correct response.
E) No correct response.

Question 33

The compound glucose 1-phosphate is encountered in which of the following processes?

A) glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
B) glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
C) glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 34

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) The process of glycolysis converts a C₆ molecule into three C₂ molecules.
(2) The primary location where gluconeogenesis occurs is the liver.
(3) Pyruvate reduction to lactate occurs under aerobic conditions, and pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA results from anaerobic conditions.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 35

The compound oxaloacetate is an intermediate in the conversion of

A) glycogen to glucose
B) pyruvate to glucose
C) pyruvate to acetyl CoA
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 36

Which of the following C₃ stage glycolysis intermediates undergoes an isomerization reaction?

A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C) 3-phosphoglycerate
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 37

Which of the following statements concerning glycolysis is incorrect?

A) It is an oxidation process in which no molecular oxygen is used.
B) All reactions take place in the cytosol of a cell.
C) There are two stages, each of which involves a series of five reactions.
D) More than one correct response.
E) No correct response.

Question 38

The compound glucose 6-phosphate is not encountered in which of the following processes?

A) conversion of pyruvate to glucose
B) conversion to glucose to pyruvate
C) conversion of glycogen to glucose
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 39

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) Glucose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
(2) Conversion of ATP to ADP occurs in both steps one and three of glycolysis.
(3) In the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway, a hexose phosphate is converted to a pentose phosphate and carbon dioxide.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 40

Which of the following is a product of the first stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A) carbon dioxide
B) a phosphorylated version of the coenzyme NADH
C) ribose 5-phosphate
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response

Question 41

Use the following to answer the questions below:
How many steps in glycolysis have the characteristics listed? Respond using the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

A glycerate derivative is formed.

A) one step
B) two steps
C) three steps
D) four steps

Question 42

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the reaction characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the responses. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Formation of UDP-glucose is part of this process.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 43

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the reaction characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the responses. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose 1-phosphate as part of this process.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 44

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the reaction characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the responses. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Two trioses combine to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate as part of this process.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 45

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) All intermediates in the C₃ stage of glycolysis are phosphorylated derivatives of either glycerol or acetone.
(2) The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine.
(3) The storage form for excess glucose in the body is glycogen produced by glycogenesis.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 46

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Glucose is synthesized from pyruvate.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 47

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the reaction characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the responses. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Fructose 6-phosphate is the product formed in the second step of this process.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 48

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) Lactate accumulation is the cause of muscle pain and cramping during prolonged, strenuous exercise.
(2) Lactate production during exercise lowers blood pH, which triggers faster breathing.
(3) The effects of both type I and type II diabetes are the same: inadequate glucose uptake by cells.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 49

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose does not occur in muscle and brain cells.
(2) The two triose phosphates initially formed in glycolysis are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
(3) ATP production during glycolysis occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 50

Use the following to answer the questions below:
How many steps in glycolysis have the characteristics listed? Respond using the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

A bisphosphate molecule is formed.

A) one step
B) two steps
C) three steps
D) four steps

Question 51

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the reaction characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the responses. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Oxaloacetate is the product formed in the first step of this process.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 52

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Two C₃ molecules combine to give a C₆ molecule.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 53

Use the following to answer the questions below:
How many steps in glycolysis have the characteristics listed? Respond using the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

An isomerization reaction occurs.

A) one step
B) two steps
C) three steps
D) four steps

Question 54

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Glycogen is broken down into glucose 6-phosphate units.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 55

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) Gluconeogenesis is a process through which glucose can be synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials.
(2) The process of glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of a cell.
(3) Insulin's function is to increase blood glucose levels by speeding up the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 56

Use the following to answer the questions below:
How many steps in glycolysis have the characteristics listed? Respond using the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

ATP is converted to ADP.

A) one step
B) two steps
C) three steps
D) four steps

Question 57

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Glycogen is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 58

Use the following to answer the questions below:
How many steps in glycolysis have the characteristics listed? Respond using the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

Substrate-phosphorylation occurs.

A) one step
B) two steps
C) three steps
D) four steps

Question 59

Use the following to answer the questions below:
Assign each of the characterizations to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the response list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Glucose is converted to two pyruvates.

A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)glycolysis

Question 60

Use the following to answer the questions below:
In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices:
Statements: (1) The first step of glycolysis involves the phosphorylation of glucose to produce glucose 1-phosphate.
(2) The processing of one glucose molecule via glycolysis produces two acetyl CoA molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules.
(3) The majority of ATP molecules produced during the complete oxidation of glucose form during the glycolysis phase of oxidation.

A) All three statements are true.
B) Two of the three statements are true.
C) Only one of the statements is true.
D) None of the statements is true.

Question 61

Use the following to answer the questions below:
What is the ATP yield per glucose molecule in each of the following processes? Respond using the list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

Glycolysis

A) 2 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 10 ATP
D) 30 ATP

Question 62

Use the following to answer the questions below:
For each of the chemical changes, choose from the response list a correct name for the process or the conditions under which it occurs. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Pyruvate to lactate

A)Cori cycle
B)an anaerobic process
C)oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway
D)nonoxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway

Question 63

Use the following to answer the questions below:
What is the ATP yield per glucose molecule in each of the following processes? Respond using the list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

Glycolysis plus oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

A) 2 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 10 ATP
D) 30 ATP

Question 64

Use the following to answer the questions below:
What is the ATP yield per glucose molecule in each of the following processes? Respond using the list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

Glycolysis plus the common metabolic pathway

A) 2 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 10 ATP
D) 30 ATP

Question 65

Use the following to answer the questions below:
What is the ATP yield per glucose molecule in each of the following processes? Respond using the list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

Glycolysis plus reduction of pyruvate to ethanol

A) 2 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 10 ATP
D) 30 ATP

Question 66

Use the following to answer the questions below:
What is the ATP yield per glucose molecule in each of the following processes? Respond using the list. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.

Glycolysis plus reduction of pyruvate to lactate

A) 2 ATP
B) 4 ATP
C) 10 ATP
D) 30 ATP

Question 67

Use the following to answer the questions below:
For each of the chemical changes, choose from the response list a correct name for the process or the conditions under which it occurs. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Glucose 6-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate

A)Cori cycle
B)an anaerobic process
C)oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway
D)nonoxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway

Question 68

Use the following to answer the questions below:
For each of the chemical changes, choose from the response list a correct name for the process or the conditions under which it occurs. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Glucose to pyruvate to lactate to pyruvate to glucose

A)Cori cycle
B)an anaerobic process
C)oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway
D)nonoxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway

Question 69

Use the following to answer the questions below:
For each of the chemical changes, choose from the response list a correct name for the process or the conditions under which it occurs. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Ribulose 5-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate

A)Cori cycle
B)an anaerobic process
C)oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway
D)nonoxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway

Question 70

Use the following to answer the questions below:
For each of the chemical changes, choose from the response list a correct name for the process or the conditions under which it occurs. Responses may be used more than once or need not be used at all.
Pyruvate to ethanol

A)Cori cycle
B)an anaerobic process
C)oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway
D)nonoxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway