Deck 10: Nuclear Chemistry

Question 1

Which unit describes the amount of radiation absorbed by one gram of a substance?

A)rad
B)rem
C)Bq
D)gray

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What types of cells are most sensitive to radiation damage?

A)the intestinal tract cells
B)reproductive organs cells
C)cancer cells
D)bone marrow cells
E)All of the cell types listed above are very sensitive to radiation damage.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Phosphorous-32 is used for organ imaging. How many neutrons are present in this radioisotope?

A)15
B)17
C)32
D)47

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If the half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days, how much of a 200. mg sample of phosphorus-32 remains after 71.5 days?

A)100. mg
B)50. mg
C)12.5 mg
D)6.25 mg

Question 5

Which type of radiation has the greatest penetrating power?

A)An alpha particle
B)A gamma ray
C)A beta particle
D)All of the above have the same penetrating power.

Question 6

Which type of radiation has the largest mass?

A)An alpha particle
B)A gamma ray
C)A positron
D)A beta particle

Question 7

Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below? $\rightarrow$ _____ +

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 8

Which unit of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations/second?

A)1 Ci
B)1 mCi
C)1 $\mu$ Ci
D)1 Bq

Question 9

What does it mean if a substance is described as being radioactive?

A)The substance emits high energy particles or rays from its unstable nucleus.
B)The substance was exposed to radiation that was given off by a decaying nucleus.
C)The substance readily absorbs energy from the radiofrequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
D)The substance is extremely small and special radiomicroscopes are necessary to view it.

Question 10

Which is the symbol for a beta particle?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 11

Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below? $\rightarrow$ + _____

A)
B)
C)2
D)2

Question 12

The half-life (t_1/2)of a radioactive isotope depends on which of the following?

A)the amount of the radioisotope present
B)the isotope
C)the temperature
D)the pressure
E)all of the factors listed above

Question 13

Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below? + $\rightarrow$ _____ +

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 14

Which type of radiation has a negligible mass and a charge of +1?

A)alpha particle
B)gamma ray
C)positron
D)beta particle

Question 15

An alpha particle is a high-energy particle that contains

A)one proton and one neutron.
B)two protons and two neutrons.
C)one electron.
D)one proton.

Question 16

What is the minimum recommended protective equipment when handling a beta particle emitter?

A)lab coat and gloves
B)heavy lab coat and gloves
C)lead shielding
D)No protective equipment is recommended.

Question 17

Which radioisotope is used to measure thyroid activity and treat thyroid disease?

A)Technetium-99m
B)Iodine-131
C)Cobalt-60
D)Carbon-11

Question 18

To treat a thyroid tumor, a patient must be given a 150-mCi dose of iodine-131, supplied in a solution containing 32 mCi/mL. What volume of solution must be administered per dose?

A)1.0 mL
B)4.7 mL
C)4, 800 mL
D)32 mL

Question 19

What is the estimated the age of an artifact that has 1/16 of the amount of carbon-14 (relative to carbon-12)compared to living organisms. (C-14 t_1/2 = 5, 730 years)

A)358 years
B)5, 730 years
C)17, 190 years
D)22, 920 years
E)28, 650 years

Question 20

Which species completes this nuclear equation shown below? $\rightarrow$ _____ +

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 21

Which nuclear equation is an example of $\beta$ decay?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 22

Which isotope symbol for bismuth is correct?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 23

Beta particles move faster than alpha particles, but they do not penetrate into tissue as far as an alpha particle.

Question 24

Which quantity represents the greatest amount of radioactivity?

A)1 × 10^-3 Ci
B)1 × 10⁴ mCi
C)1 Bq
D)1 × 10^-10 $\mu$ Ci

Question 25

Mg-24 is a non-radioactive isotope of magnesium and Mg-27 is a radioactive isotope. Which of the following is a true statement concerning these two isotopes?

A)Both isotopes emit high energy particles or rays known as radiation.
B)The radioactive isotope has three more neutrons than the non-radioactive isotope.
C)The radioactive isotope has three more electrons than the non-radioactive isotope.
D)The non-radioactive isotope has three less protons than the radioactive isotope.

Question 26

What is the balanced nuclear equation for the $\beta$ emission of the radioisotope strontium-90?

A) $\rightarrow$ +
B) $\rightarrow$ +
C) $\rightarrow$ +
D) + $\rightarrow$
E) + $\rightarrow$

Question 27

Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 10⁵ mCi?

A)3.7 × 10³ Ci
B)3.7 × 10² $\mu$ Ci
C)3.7 × 10⁸ $\mu$ Ci
D)3.7 × 10¹⁴ $\mu$ Ci

Question 28

Which nuclear equation is an example of positron emission?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 29

Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below? + $\rightarrow$ _____

A)
B) $\alpha$
C) $\gamma$
D)2 $\gamma$

Question 30

The fusion of two helium-3 nuclei produces two protons and what other nucleus?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 31

Which nuclear equation is an example of $\alpha$ decay?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 32

What is the SI unit in the measurement of radioactivity?

A)Ci
B)mCi
C) $\mu$ Ci
D)Bq

Question 33

What are the number of protons, the number of neutrons, and the mass number of the radioisotope ?

A)149, 102, and 251, respectively
B)102, 149, and 251, respectively
C)102, 251, and 353, respectively
D)149, 251, and 353, respectively

Question 34

Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fission?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 35

Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fusion?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 36

The initial responders to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster were exposed to 22 Sv of radiation. What is this exposure in units of rem?

A)2.2 mrem
B)2, 200 rem
C)0.022 rem
D)0.22 mrem

Question 37

How many neutrons are generated in the nuclear equation shown below?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3
E)4

Question 38

Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 4.1 × 10¹² disintegrations/s?

A)1.1 × 10³ Ci
B)4.1 × 10⁹ Bq
C)4.1 × 10¹² Bq
D)1.1 × 10¹⁰ $\mu$ Ci

Question 39

The nuclear equation shown below represents which of the following processes?

A)alpha decay of platinum
B)gamma emission by mercury
C)alpha emission by mercury
D)gamma decay of platinum

Question 40

Which quantity represents the smallest amount of radioactivity?

A)1 × 10^-3 Ci
B)1 × 10⁴ mCi
C)1 Bq
D)1 × 10¹⁰ $\mu$ Ci

Question 41

A radiation source used external to the body for therapeutic purposes must have a much shorter half-life than radioisotopes that are ingested for diagnostic purposes.

Question 42

A nuclear power plant utilizes the tremendous amount of energy produced by fission of the uranium-235 nucleus to heat water to steam, which powers a generator to produce electricity.

Question 43

A positron is formed when a neutron is converted to a proton and an electron.

Question 44

Hydrogen-3 is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. When hydrogen-3 undergoes beta decay, helium-3 is formed.

Question 45

A microcurie of radioactivity is larger than a Becquerel of radioactivity.

Question 46

The sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers must be equal on both sides of a nuclear equation.

Question 47

PET scans are used to detect tumors and coronary artery disease, determine whether cancer has spread to other organs of the body, and monitor whether cancer treatment has been successful.

Question 48

Nuclear fusion is the splitting apart of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and neutrons.

Question 49

Radioisotopes that are used for diagnosis and imaging in medicine have short half-lives so they do not linger in the body.

Question 50

The emission of gamma rays frequently occurs during alpha decay and beta particle emission.

Question 51

To decrease the incidence of harmful bacteria in foods, certain fruits and vegetables are irradiated with $\alpha$ particles that kill any bacteria contained in them.

Question 52

One rem is equivalent to 100 Sv.

Question 53

Alpha emission is the decay of a nucleus by emitting an $\alpha$ particle, resulting in a new nucleus that has two fewer protons than the original nucleus.

Question 54

When a positron is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass remains the same.

Question 55

The technique of radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that the ratio of radioactive carbon-14 to stable carbon-12 is a constant value in a living organism that is constantly taking in CO₂ and other carbon-containing nutrients from its surroundings.

Question 56

To decrease the incidence of harmful bacteria in foods, certain fruits and vegetables are irradiated with $\gamma$ rays that kill any bacteria contained in them.

Question 57

During gamma emission there is no change in the atomic number or mass number of a radioactive nucleus.

Question 58

The rad is the amount of radiation that also factors in its energy and potential to damage tissue.

Question 59

Generally, no detectable biological effects are noticed when the dose of radiation is less than 25 rem.

Question 60

X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are techniques that utilize nuclear reactions to provide an image of an organ or extremity that is used for diagnosis of a medical condition.

Question 61

_____ is the process by which an unstable radioactive nucleus emits radiation, forming a nucleus of new composition.

Question 62

Nuclear fission reactions generate radioactive waste with long half-lives, often hundreds or even thousands of years.

Question 63

A gamma ray has twice the mass of an alpha particle.

Question 64

The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of radon-216 by positron emission is .

Question 65

Exposure to 600 rem of radiation is fatal for an entire population.

Question 66

Red blood cells tagged with technetium-99m are used to find the site of a gastrointestinal bleed.

Question 67

Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion both release a great deal of energy.

Question 68

In $\beta$ emission, one neutron of the original nucleus decays to a $\beta$ particle and a(n)_____.

Question 69

Cobalt-60 is used as an external source of radiation for cancer treatment.

Question 70

Rb-84 is used to monitor cardiac output and has a half life of 33 days. It would take approximately 165 days for a 1.000 mg sample of Rb-84 to decay to 0.063 mg.

Question 71

The LD₅₀ of a substance is the lethal dose that kills _____ of a population.

Question 72

A(n)_____ is a small portable device used for measuring radioactivity.

Question 73

Only fusion can involve bombarding a nucleus with a neutron.

Question 74

The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of neon-31 by $\beta$ decay is .

Question 75

Isotopes are atoms of the same element having a different number of protons.

Question 76

An alpha particle is identical to a helium atom.

Question 77

The light and heat of the sun and other stars is a result of nuclear fusion.

Question 78

Uranium-235 is used in nuclear weapons. This radioactive isotope contains 92 protons and 235 neutrons.

Question 79

The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of radon-220 by $\alpha$ decay is .

Question 80

Two problems that surround nuclear power generation are the possibility of radiation leaks and the disposal of nuclear waste.