Deck 6: Proteins

Question 1

A _______________ does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products

Answer 1

vegan total vegetarian

Question 2

How many grams of protein are needed per day by a male non-athlete, weighing 87 kilograms?
or
or
87 kg x 0.8 g protein/kg/day = 69.6 g protein/day, rounded up to 70 g/day

Answer 2

70 696 seventy

Question 3

The one element that protein contains that carbohydrate and fats do not is _______________

Answer 3

nitrogen N

Question 4

_______________ is the name of the disease in which children may be getting adequate calories, but not enough protein.

Question 5

_______________ are the building blocks of protein.

Question 6

A _______________ does not eat animal flesh, but consumes both plant and dairy products.

Question 7

An illness that results from a malfunction of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in parts of the hemoglobin protein chain is called _______________

Question 8

Three dietary advantages of plant protein sources over animal sources are: 1) they are a good source of dietary fiber, 2) they are low in saturated fat, and 3) they contain no _______________.

Question 9

Amino acids the body cannot make are known as _______________ amino acids

Question 10

In proteins, amino acids are joined by _______________ bonds

Question 11

The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)

A) fatty acid.
B) monosaccharide.
C) amino acid.
D) keto acid.

Question 12

Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as a ____________.

Question 13

The best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _______________ g/kg/day

Question 14

Amino acids are transported via the _______________ vein to the liver.

Question 15

Plant proteins do not match our needs for essential amino acids and therefore are called _______________ proteins

Question 16

Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause _______________, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.

Question 17

_______________ is a type of malnutrition that results primarily from not consuming enough calories.

Question 18

_______________ is the name of the condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of calories and protein

Question 19

The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is

A) carbon.
B) nitrogen.
C) oxygen.
D) hydrogen.

Question 20

Short chain proteins and _______________ are the end products of protein digestion that can be taken up by the absorptive cells of the small intestine.

Question 21

If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a

A) complementary amino acid.
B) essential amino acid.
C) limiting amino acid.
D) dispensable amino acid.

Question 22

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecule is

A) stored as glycogen and/or fat.
B) excreted in the urine.
C) stored as amino acids in muscle.
D) stored as amino acids in the liver.

Question 23

All of the following are true of high quality protein except

A) it contains all essential amino acids.
B) it provides 7 kcal/g of energy.
C) it can support body maintenance.
D) it can support body growth.

Question 24

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is

A) stored in the liver.
B) oxidized to carbohydrate.
C) converted to urea.
D) converted to fat.

Question 25

What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?

A) Pepsin
B) Lipoprotein lipase
C) Amylase
D) Trypsin

Question 26

Which of the following is not true about an incomplete protein source?

A) It lacks one or more essential amino acids.
B) It cannot support body growth and maintenance by itself.
C) To adequately meet protein needs from incomplete protein sources, a person would have to eat two complementary proteins.
D) Lower quantities of this source could be eaten to get adequate quantities of essential amino acids.

Question 27

A hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in the amino acid sequence of a protein chain is

A) kwashiorkor.
B) sickle cell anemia.
C) marasmus.
D) edema.

Question 28

Which of the following is not true about the events during and after absorption of protein digestive breakdown products?

A) Most protein eaten ends up as individual amino acids in the blood.
B) Small peptides are digested further to amino acids inside the absorptive cells of the small intestine.
C) Many whole proteins are absorbed and enter the blood.
D) Amino acids travel to the liver via the portal vein.

Question 29

Proteins are digested in which areas of the body?

A) Mouth and stomach
B) Mouth and small intestine
C) Stomach and small intestine
D) Small and large intestines

Question 30

Which of the following is a food that provides all of the essential amino acids?

A) Wheat
B) Peanut butter
C) Navy beans
D) Milk

Question 31

The chemical bond joining adjacent amino acids is called a(n) _____________ bond.

A) glycosidic
B) ionic
C) amino
D) peptide

Question 32

If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?

A) Body cells will synthesize it.
B) Protein synthesis will be limited.
C) Health will not be affected as long as other nutrients are adequate.
D) Proteins will be made but they will lack that particular amino acid.

Question 33

All of the following are true of the alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein except

A) it tends to be rigid and retains its structure.
B) it can be caused by heat, acid, or base.
C) it is called denaturation.
D) it usually destroys its physiological function.

Question 34

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

A) 5
B) 9
C) 20
D) 29

Question 35

In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to

A) defects in the membranes of these cells.
B) changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.
C) poor use of glucose for energy.
D) inability of the cells to make protein.

Question 36

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

A) Number of side chains in the protein
B) Folding arrangement of the peptide chain
C) Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain
D) Order of appearance of only the essential amino acids in the protein

Question 37

Which of the following is not true about pepsin?

A) Amino acid chains are the digestive products of its action.
B) Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.
C) Acid activates pepsin.
D) Pepsin acts on food in the stomach.

Question 38

An essential amino acid

A) can be synthesized in the body if there is a nitrogen source.
B) can be synthesized in the body if caloric intake is adequate.
C) cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.
D) can be formed in the body from semiessential amino acids.

Question 39

Which of the following is true about protein?

A) It is unique in that it is the only dietary component that contains selenium.
B) It is important primarily for increasing bone density.
C) It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.
D) It is made up of combinations of amino acids and fatty acids.

Question 40

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?

A) Urea
B) Fatty acids
C) Amino acids
D) Ketones

Question 41

Jack weighs 176 pounds (80 kilograms). What would be his RDA for protein?

A) 10 grams
B) 64 grams
C) 80 grams
D) 27 grams

Question 42

A protein that acts as a hormone is

A) insulin.
B) trypsin.
C) pepsin.
D) hemoglobin.

Question 43

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of

A) negative protein balance.
B) positive protein balance.
C) energy equilibrium.
D) excess protein balance.

Question 44

One would be likely to see positive protein balance in all of the following conditions except

A) growth.
B) pregnancy.
C) starvation.
D) recovery from surgery.

Question 45

Today the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is _____ grams per kilogram body weight per day.

A) 2
B) 0.6
C) 0.8
D) 1.5

Question 46

Proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are

A) enzymes.
B) antibodies.
C) hormones.
D) collagen.

Question 47

All of the following are primary functions of protein except to

A) repair tissues.
B) support growth of new tissue.
C) supply more than 40 percent of the kcalories in the diet.
D) maintain body tissues.

Question 48

Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly starves herself. She is likely to be in a state of

A) protein equilibrium.
B) positive protein balance.
C) negative protein balance.
D) positive energy balance.

Question 49

The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily kcalorie needs?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 50

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

A) acting as buffers.
B) releasing nitrogen.
C) releasing an acid.
D) binding sodium ions.

Question 51

Wilma is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is

A) extreme thirst.
B) the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.
C) loss of muscle mass.
D) cardiovascular disease.

Question 52

Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?

A) Most do not consume enough protein.
B) Most consume approximately the amount needed to balance losses.
C) Athletes generally do not get enough protein without supplements.
D) Most consume more than is needed.

Question 53

Cooking an egg alters its appearance due to

A) denaturation.
B) emulsification.
C) esterification.
D) detoxification.

Question 54

If a person does not eat enough carbohydrate to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?

A) Fatty acids will be converted to glucose.
B) The pancreas will convert insulin to glucose.
C) The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.
D) The pancreas will convert protein to glucose.

Question 55

The typical American diet supplies approximately what percentage of protein as essential amino acid?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 56

Johnny is 10 years old. He has had minimal protein intake for the last two years. He has just recently had surgery. What are the likely results of his deficient protein intake?

A) His surgical wound will heal quickly and effectively, but he won't grow effectively.
B) His surgical wound will not heal quickly and effectively, but he will grow effectively.
C) The size of his vital organs, including his heart, liver, and muscles, will decrease.
D) His surgical wound will heal effectively and he will grow normally because he can live off fat stores.

Question 57

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

A) sodium is retained in the body.
B) blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.
C) blood protein levels increase and force fluid into the tissues.
D) increased protein synthesis occurs in tissues causing fluid to flow into them from the blood.

Question 58

Which of the following is not true about body proteins?

A) They are in a state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair.
B) They are static and change little after achievement of adult status.
C) Those in the bone marrow and intestine undergo the most change, in terms of breakdown and synthesis.
D) Their breakdown products, especially amino acids, can be recycled.

Question 59

Antibodies are

A) hormones.
B) enzymes.
C) lipoproteins.
D) proteins.

Question 60

Food proteins are used most efficiently when we

A) are eating a very low kcalorie diet.
B) eat large quantities of protein even though our kcalorie intake may be low.
C) are consuming enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kcalorie needs.
D) are eating enough fat even though carbohydrate intake may be low.

Question 61

All of the following describe the fate of excess protein except

A) used for energy.
B) made into glucose.
C) made into fat.
D) stored in the liver.

Question 62

The most reliable source of vitamin B₁₂ for the vegan would be

A) fortified soybean milk.
B) milk.
C) cheese.
D) eggs.

Question 63

High protein diets may be harmful for

A) those with kidney disease.
B) athletes.
C) the elderly.
D) body builders.

Question 64

A vegetarian who eats only plant foods is a(n)

A) lacto-ovo-vegetarian.
B) lacto vegetarian.
C) vegan.
D) ovo-vegetarian.

Question 65

All of the following are essential amino acids except

A) alanine.
B) lysine.
C) methionine.
D) threonine.

Question 66

Kwashiorkor usually is associated with a deficiency of

A) carbohydrate.
B) fat.
C) protein.
D) kcalories.

Question 67

If Betty wants to eat the most nutrient-dense source of protein, she would eat

A) chicken.
B) beef.
C) tuna.
D) egg yolks.

Question 68

Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that

A) growth needs are low.
B) children have been weaned from breast milk early.
C) by this time adequate exposure to other children allows them to catch it.
D) protein intake has been high for a long enough time to cause kidney damage.

Question 69

Marasmus usually is associated with a deficiency of

A) kcalories.
B) protein.
C) carbohydrate.
D) fat.

Question 70

A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes such products as milk and eggs is referred to as a(n)

A) lacto-vegetarian.
B) lacto-ovo-vegetarian.
C) vegan.
D) ovo-vegetarian.

Question 71

The child with marasmus has all of the following conditions except

A) skin-and-bones appearance.
B) often less than age 2.
C) can suffer impaired brain growth and development.
D) edema in the abdomen and legs.

Question 72

The edema in children with kwashiorkor is the result of fluid leaking into

A) body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.
B) body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased energy levels.
C) the bloodstream from body tissues because of decreased cellular proteins.
D) the bloodstream from body tissues because of decreased energy.

Question 73

The combination of plant foods that most often is used to provide complete protein is

A) legumes and nuts.
B) legumes and grains.
C) vegetables and nuts.
D) vegetables and seeds.

Question 74

The child with kwashiorkor has all the following conditions except

A) moderate weight deficit.
B) some visible fat stores.
C) edema in the abdomen and legs.
D) a skin-and-bones appearance.

Question 75

All of the following describe kwashiorkor and marasmus except

A) forms of protein-energy malnutrition.
B) common in developing nations.
C) created by political, economic, geographic, social, and dietary factors.
D) diseases that are troublesome but not life threatening.

Question 76

Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States compared to the rest of the world?

A) Plant sources of protein predominate in the United States.
B) We eat less animal sources of protein than people in Asia and Africa.
C) About 70 percent of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.
D) Chicken is our main animal source of protein.

Question 77

The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes "The New American Plate," which includes plant-based foods covering __________________ of the plate and meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy covering __________________ of the plate.

A) one-half; one-half
B) three-quarters; one-quarter
C) two-thirds (or more); only one-third (or less)
D) one-third; two-thirds

Question 78

When there is a need for increased dietary protein during pregnancy or lactation, which foodstuff would be least desirable?

A) Eggs
B) Dried beans
C) Gelatin
D) Beef

Question 79

When comparing plant sources of protein to animal sources, we could say

A) plant sources tend to be high in saturated fat.
B) plant sources tend to be high in cholesterol.
C) animal sources tend to be high in polyunsaturated fat.
D) plant sources tend to contain more dietary fiber.