Deck 6: Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Question 1

Animals such as cats, worms, and butterflies are classified as:

A)photoautotrophs.
B)photoheterotrophs.
C)chemoautotrophs.
D)chemoheterotrophs.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Energy input in the form of ATP is needed in which of the following processes?

A)catabolism
B)anabolism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Building a protein by adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain is an example of:

A)metabolism.
B)catabolism.
C)anabolism.
D)hydrolysis.
E)plasmolysis.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In _____, large molecules are broken down and ATP is produced.

A)anabolism
B)catabolism
C)chemiosmosis
D)diffusion
E)active transport

Question 5

Organisms that derive their energy from the sun and carbon from carbon dioxide are:

A)photoautotrophs.
B)chemoheterotrophs.
C)photoheterotrophs.
D)chemoautotrophs.
E)chemolithotrophs.

Question 6

The entire set of chemical reactions that sustain life is called:

A)metabolism.
B)catabolism.
C)anabolism.
D)hydrolysis.
E)plasmolysis.

Question 7

_____ are organisms that derive carbon from organic compounds.

A)Phototrophs
B)Autotrophs
C)Heterotrophs
D)Chemotrophs

Question 8

Plants power most of their cellular processes by breaking down the sugar they make.

Question 9

The assembly of glucose molecules into polysaccharides is a(n) _____ process.

A)anabolic
B)catabolic

Question 10

Autotrophs typically obtain their carbon from:

A)C₆H₁₂O₆.
B)ATP.
C)CO₂.
D)CH₄.
E)CH₃OH.

Question 11

The reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle break down glucose into smaller molecules. Therefore, these pathways:

A)are catabolic pathways.
B)are anabolic pathways.
C)take place in animal cells, but not in plant cells.
D)involve the reduction of glucose and its metabolic intermediates.

Question 12

Of the following choices, which can be a product of a catabolic reaction?

A)a complex carbohydrate like cellulose
B)a nucleic acid like RNA
C)a motor protein like myosin
D)a lipid like cholesterol
E)an amino acid like tryptophan

Question 13

Which of the following examples is considered anabolism?

A)synthesis of new DNA copies prior to cell division
B)hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer)during activity
C)use of fat (triglyceride)stores as a cellular energy source
D)a person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet
E)fat cells growing bigger during times of ample nutrition

Question 14

Discuss energy in reference to Case 1, The First Cell: Life's Origins.

Question 15

Anabolic pathways of metabolism are pathways that:

A)build complex molecules from simple ones.
B)release stored chemical energy.
C)take place primarily in skeletal muscle.
D)make large quantities of ATP.

Question 16

Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are:

A)photoautotrophs.
B)chemoheterotrophs.
C)photoheterotrophs.
D)chemoautotrophs.
E)chemolithotrophs.

Question 17

The assembly of glucose into polysaccharides:

A)is an anabolic process.
B)is a catabolic process.
C)takes place in some plant cells but not in animal cells.
D)takes place in some animal cells but not in plant cells.
E)takes place in some plant cells and in some animal cells.

Question 18

_____ are organisms that derive energy from sunlight.

A)Phototrophs
B)Autotrophs
C)Heterotrophs
D)Chemotrophs

Question 19

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as _____.

Question 20

Which of the following examples is considered catabolism?

A)synthesis of new DNA copies prior to cell division
B)hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer)during activity
C)use of fat (triglyceride)stores as a cellular energy source
D)a person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet
E)fat cells growing bigger during times of ample nutrition

Question 21

ATP is chemically related MOST closely to which of the following?

A)glucose
B)testosterone
C)phospholipid
D)guanine
E)tryptophan

Question 22

Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as:

A)photoautotrophs.
B)chemoheterotrophs.
C)photoheterotrophs.
D)chemoautotrophs.

Question 23

An example of potential energy is a ball sitting _____ of the stairs.

A)at the top
B)at the bottom
C)in the middle
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 24

It is often stated that the phosphate bonds in ATP are "high energy," but in fact, they are not notably high in energy. Rather, they are easy to break, and the $\Delta$ G of hydrolysis is a "useful" quantity of energy. What makes the phosphate bonds easy to break?

A)They are close to the destabilizing nitrogenous base adenosine.
B)Positive charges on amino groups repel each other.
C)Negative charges on phosphate groups repel each other.
D)High acidity attacks bonds between amino acids.
E)High alkalinity attacks bonds between phosphate groups.

Question 25

Based on what you know of ATP's chemistry, which of the following is MOST likely to have similar functions in energy-management processes?

A)lysine (amino acid)
B)phospholipids
C)guanine nucleotide
D)steroids
E)potassium ions (K⁺)

Question 26

The potential energy in a molecule of ATP that is harnessed to do the work of the cell is held in part in the:

A)carbon-carbon bonds of the sugar.
B)repulsion of the phosphate groups from each other.
C)the carbon-nitrogen bonds of the base.
D)the carbon-oxygen bonds of the sugar.
E)repulsion of the sugar and the base.

Question 27

Which one of the following is the MOST common energy "currency" for a cell?

A)ATP
B)DNA
C)glucose
D)protein
E)NADH

Question 28

Which one of the following is an example of potential energy?

A)a moving muscle
B)light
C)heat
D)an electrochemical gradient
E)wind

Question 29

Which of the following is a component of an ATP molecule?

A)three phosphate groups
B)ribose
C)adenine

Question 30

The energy of a system is defined as the system's capacity to do work.

Question 31

Your lunch is digested by enzymes in your gastrointestinal tract. These chemical reactions are categorized as:

A)anabolism.
B)catabolism.
C)chemiosmosis.
D)diffusion.
E)active transport.

Question 32

Imagine that you discover a microbial deep-sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H₂). However, this microbe can also synthesize organic compounds from carbon-containing inorganic molecules in the ocean. This microbe is a:

A)phototroph.
B)photoautotroph.
C)photoheterotroph.
D)chemoautotroph.
E)chemoheterotroph.

Question 33

As plant cells rely on energy obtained directly from the sun to carry out cellular processes, sugars are only used as backup energy sources for plants on cloudy days.

Question 34

Oak trees are categorized as:

A)photoautotrophs.
B)chemoheterotrophs.
C)photoheterotrophs.
D)chemoautotrophs.

Question 35

Why does ADP have less potential energy than ATP?

A)Because ATP has ribose as a sugar.
B)Because ADP has only one phosphate group.
C)Because ADP has only two phosphate groups.
D)Because ATP has adenine in it.

Question 36

Imagine that a bowling ball is placed at various locations along a staircase. At which location does the ball possess the GREATEST amount of potential energy?

A)at the top of the stairs
B)at the bottom of the stairs
C)in the middle of the staircase
D)The ball will have the same amount of potential energy no matter where it is placed.

Question 37

Which of the following organisms are considered heterotrophs?

A)most bacteria
B)dogs
C)plants
D)hydrogen bacteria
E)most bacteria and dogs

Question 38

Imagine that you discover a carnivorous deep-sea fish that cannot utilize the carbon in carbonic acid (or any other inorganic molecule) present in seawater to form glucose (or other organic molecules). Living so far beneath the water's surface, this fish is also incapable of harnessing energy from the sun. This fish would be considered a:

A)phototroph.
B)photoautotroph.
C)photoheterotroph.
D)chemoautotroph.
E)chemoheterotroph.

Question 39

Converting glucose to glycogen:

A)requires energy.
B)releases energy.
C)requires diffusion of glycogen into a muscle cell.
D)requires cellulose.
E)requires sunlight.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of anabolism?

A)production of acids
B)combining glucose molecules to form glycogen
C)hydrolysis of starch
D)breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
E)shivering to generate heat

Question 41

_____ is required for an organism to do work.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)The energy of the starting materials for a reaction equals the sum of the product energies plus energy released as heat and disorder.
B)The amount of useable energy resulting from a reaction is always less than the total energy available in the starting materials.
C)The entropy of the products of a reaction is always greater than the entropy of the starting materials.
D)The entropy of the starting materials for a reaction is always greater than the entropy of the products.

Question 43

A carbohydrate such as glucose has a great deal of _____ energy.

A)kinetic
B)heat
C)potential
D)entropy
E)work

Question 44

An anabolic reaction decreases entropy within the system because the reaction results in a more ordered macromolecule.

Question 45

Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that:

A)life continues to evolve and use novel energy sources.
B)ATP evolved recently (in the last 100 years)as a potential source of energy.
C)the use of ATP by cells began eons ago and has been conserved over time.
D)only eukaryotic cells can produce ATP.
E)fossil fuels are composed of ATP.

Question 46

ATP is a nucleotide composed of adenine, _____, and three phosphate groups.

Question 47

A cougar chases its prey. Running is a form of:

A)potential energy.
B)kinetic energy.
C)heat loss.
D)entropy.
E)chemical energy.

Question 48

Of the following molecules, which has the GREATEST potential energy?

A)water
B)sodium chloride
C)carbon dioxide
D)glucose
E)alanine

Question 49

Energy of motion is _____ energy.

Question 50

Weak covalent bonds, such as ones in carbohydrates and lipids, have:

A)little potential energy.
B)a lot of kinetic energy.
C)little kinetic energy.
D)a lot of potential energy.
E)no potential or kinetic energy.

Question 51

Suppose you ignite a sheet of paper from your notebook using a match and allow the fire to burn until it dies out. If you could measure all the energy in the resulting combustion products, and all the energy in the heat released (including whatever increase in disorder has occurred), would you predict this amount to be more than, less than, or the same as the amount of potential energy in the sheet of paper you started with? (You should ignore the activation energy provided by the match to light the paper.)

A)more energy than the paper
B)less energy than the paper
C)the same energy as the paper

Question 52

Organic molecules store _____ energy in their _____ bonds.

A)potential; ionic
B)potential; covalent
C)kinetic; ionic
D)kinetic; covalent
E)kinetic; hydrogen

Question 53

An avalanche is an example of _____ energy.

A)kinetic
B)chemical
C)potential
D)metabolic
E)anabolic

Question 54

Stored energy is called _____ energy.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the laws of thermodynamics?

A)All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
B)The amount of energy in the universe is constant.
C)The energy available to do work decreases as energy is transformed from one form to another.
D)None of the other answer options is correct.

Question 56

Entropy is often increased by:

A)heat.
B)order.
C)potential energy.
D)kinetic energy.

Question 57

Batteries in your flashlight are examples of _____ energy.

Question 58

Which of the following is considered a form of kinetic energy?

A)a rolling ball
B)light
C)heat
D)wind
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 59

The energy "currency" of a cell is/are:

A)ATP.
B)glucose.
C)glycogen.
D)triglycerides.
E)proteins.

Question 60

The ATP molecule contains:

A)glucose.
B)glutamic acid.
C)only one phosphate group.
D)ribose.
E)deoxyribose.

Question 61

The energy in a system that is not available to perform work is referred to as _____.

Question 62

Imagine that you walk out of your warm house on a cold winter's day. What is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario?

A)The molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside.
B)The molecules in the warm air have more potential energy than those outside.
C)The molecules in the cold air outside of your house are moving faster than those inside.
D)The molecules in the cold air outside of your house have more kinetic energy than those inside.
E)The molecules in the warm air inside of your house have less entropy than those outside.

Question 63

One day, scientists will be able to genetically engineer mice that are 100% energy efficient, and this achievement will greatly impact the biotechnology industry.

Question 64

Which of the following reactions would you predict could be coupled to ATP hydrolysis to ADP + P_i?

A)creatine phosphate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ creatine + P_i, $\Delta$ G -10.3 kcal/mol
B)phosphoenolpyruvate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ pyruvate + P_i, $\Delta$ G -14.8 kcal/mol
C)glucose 6-phosphate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ glucose + P_i, $\Delta$ G -3.3 kcal/mol
D)glucose 1-phosphate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ glucose + P_i, $\Delta$ G -5.0 kcal/mol
E)glutamic acid + NH₃ $\rightarrow$ glutamine, $\Delta$ G +3.4 kcal/mol

Question 65

As a cat pounces on a mouse, her muscles burn 10 units of potential energy (which the cat previously gained from eating). However, the pounce itself only required 4 units of kinetic energy. How many units of energy were dissipated as heat?

A)14
B)6
C)2)5
D)4
E)10

Question 66

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 500 yards, your body has converted _____ energy to _____ energy with the loss of _____.

A)chemical potential; kinetic; heat
B)heat; chemical potential; kinetic energy
C)heat; kinetic; chemical potential energy
D)kinetic; chemical potential; heat
E)chemical potential; heat; kinetic energy

Question 67

In chemical reactions, MOST of the entropy increase occurs as:

A)heat.
B)chemical energy.
C)ATP production.
D)glycolysis.
E)electrical energy.

Question 68

Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator MOST likely work?

A)A refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen.
B)A refrigerator destroys any heat in its interior, or in the food it contains.
C)A refrigerator creates new energy, although it is in the form of cold rather than heat.
D)A refrigerator removes the potential energy contained within food.
E)A refrigerator both destroys any heat in its interior, or in the food it contains, and creates new energy in the form of cold.

Question 69

Imagine that several atoms bond to form a carbohydrate, creating a more orderly system. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the universe after this carbohydrate forms?

A)The energy of the universe increases.
B)The energy of the universe decreases.
C)The entropy of the universe increases.
D)The entropy of the universe decreases.
E)Both the energy and entropy of the universe increases.

Question 70

Which of the following has the MOST entropy, individual nucleotides or a nucleic acid?

A)individual nucleotides
B)a nucleic acid
C)The entropy of the nucleotides and nucleic acid would be the same.
D)It is impossible to determine the entropy of nucleotides or a nucleic acid.

Question 71

The degree of disorder, or number of microstates, is called:

A)energy.
B)work.
C)entropy.
D)potential difference.
E)ecology.

Question 72

G = H - TS is the equation that describes Gibbs free energy. Rearranged, the equation can be written as H = G + TS. In either case, G stands for the _____, H stands for the _____, and S stands for the _____.

A)usable energy available to the cell; free energy; unusable energy
B)usable energy available to the cell; total energy; unusable energy
C)total energy; free energy; usable energy available to the cell
D)total energy; usable energy available to the cell; unusable energy

Question 73

Which of the following statements is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

A)The energy of the starting materials for a reaction will equal the sum of energies of the products plus energy released as heat and disorder.
B)The amount of useable energy resulting from a reaction will always be less than the total energy available in the starting materials.
C)The entropy of the products of a reaction will always be greater than the entropy of the starting materials.
D)The entropy of the starting materials for a reaction will always be greater than the entropy of the products

Question 74

Which of the following reactions would you predict could be coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP + P_i?

A)creatine phosphate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ creatine + P_i, $\Delta$ G - 10.3 kcal/mol
B)phosphoenolpyruvate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ pyruvate + P_i, $\Delta$ G - 14.8 kcal/mol
C)glucose 6-phosphate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ glucose + P_i, $\Delta$ G - 3.3 kcal/mol
D)glucose 1-phosphate + H₂O $\rightarrow$ glucose + P_i, $\Delta$ G - 5.0 kcal/mol
E)glutamic acid + NH₃ $\rightarrow$ glutamine, $\Delta$ G + 3.4 kcal/mol

Question 75

The second law of thermodynamics states that:

A)combustion engines are 100% efficient.
B)energy cannot be created or destroyed.
C)only eukaryotic cells can produce ATP.
D)there is an increase in disorder in the universe over time.
E)the universe becomes more orderly over time.

Question 76

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 50 yards, you are breathing harder than at the start of the race and sweating profusely. This is an example of the _____ law of thermodynamics because _____ is increasing.

A)first; entropy
B)second; entropy
C)first; body temperature
D)second; body temperature
E)None of the other answer options is correct.

Question 77

The first law of thermodynamics states that:

A)combustion engines are 100% efficient.
B)energy cannot be created or destroyed.
C)only eukaryotic cells can produce ATP.
D)there is an increase in disorder in the universe over time.
E)the universe becomes more orderly over time.

Question 78

The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of:

A)conservation of energy.
B)conservation of mass.
C)conservation of entropy.
D)lost energy.
E)increased entropy.

Question 79

The lid of a container containing a gas is removed. As a consequence, the molecules of the gas have more space available to them to spread out. For the gas released from the container, which of the following increases?

A)temperature
B)pressure
C)entropy
D)energy
E)heat

Question 80

Imagine that you are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics?

A)Evolution is a biological process, and biological processes do not have to conform to the laws of physics.
B)Because evolution takes place over millions of years, the loss of entropy is negligible and thus the laws of thermodynamics are not violated.
C)Evolution doesn't affect entropy, as living organisms eventually die and become "disordered."
D)Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe)as organisms release heat.
E)Evolution actually does violate the second law of thermodynamics, and this fact is problematic for scientists.