Deck 47: Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Question 1

Niche and habitat have the same meaning.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha. The young of both populations hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat the new leaves. The host plant used by population A grows over a single season, with new leaves (the most nutritious) appearing at the tip of the stem. Where do you expect females from population A to lay their eggs?

A)at the base of the plant stem
B)at the tip of the plant stem
C)anywhere along the plant stem
D)in the exact middle of the plant stem

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following BEST describes a species' niche?

A)where it lives
B)what it eats
C)all of the climatic conditions to which it is adapted
D)with whom it reproduces
E)its habitat and how it uses available resources in that habitat

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A species' fundamental niche:

A)is smaller than its realized niche.
B)is what is actually occupied by that species.
C)is determined by competition between species.
D)has the necessary resources and conditions for survival.
E)is always occupied in full by most species.

Question 5

A species' _____ niche comprises the full range of climate conditions and food resources that permit the individuals in a species to live.

A)ecological
B)fundamental
C)realized
D)ecological and fundamental
E)ecological and realized

Question 6

When would a researcher be MOST likely to observe resource partitioning?

A)between two species, one predator and one prey
B)between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds
C)between two sympatric species, one herbivore and one carnivore
D)between two allopatric populations that eat the same thing

Question 7

The _____ of a species is usually the result of predation, competition, and other types of interaction between species.

A)habitat
B)fundamental niche
C)realized niche
D)abiotic environment
E)resource partitioning

Question 8

A species' niche is determined only by its physical environment.

Question 9

When a species competes for resources its niche will change from _____ to _____.

A)fundamental; realized
B)realized; fundamental

Question 10

Tropical leafcutter ants collect leaf cuttings which they transport to special underground chambers. There, they chew the leaves to create nursery beds on which they grow a species of fungus they use for food. When ant queens disperse to establish new colonies, they carry the fungus with them, dispersing it as well (this benefits the fungus). In the ants' nest, the fungus is at risk of being destroyed by another fungal species that is able to grow in the same habitat, using the same limited resources. On their bodies, the ants carry and provide a home for bacteria that produce antibiotics the ants use to kill this second fungus and thereby protect their food supply. In this system, the relationship between the two fungal species is:

A)interspecific competition.
B)mutualism.
C)predation.
D)parasitism.
E)commensalism.

Question 11

In general, a species' _____ niche will be smaller than its _____ niche due to interactions with other organisms in the community.

A)realized; fundamental
B)fundamental; realized
C)ecological; multidimensional
D)realized; multidimensional
E)multidimensional; fundamental

Question 12

The "realized niche" of Canada geese depends on which of the following?

A)interspecific competition between Canada geese and other birds
B)competitive exclusion of Canada geese by other organisms
C)the distribution of Canada geese parasites
D)the climate of a given environment
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 13

In ponds where there are southern toads, eastern spadefoot toads, and spring peeper toads they all eat the same food source. When red-spotted newts are also present in the ponds, they preferentially eat the tadpoles of southern toads and eastern spadefoot toads. What happens to the ecological niche of spring peeper toad tadpoles when newts are in the pond?

A)Their fundamental niche expands.
B)Their realized niche expands.
C)Their ecological niche stays the same.

Question 14

In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha. Females of each population lay their eggs on different regions of their host plants. The young hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat its leaves. The host plant used by population A grows over a single season, with new leaves (the most nutritious) appearing at the tip of the stem. The host plant of population B lives for many seasons, with new leaves appearing at the base of the stem. Where do you expect females from population B to lay their eggs?

A)at the base of the plant stem
B)at the tip of the plant stem
C)anywhere along the plant stem
D)in the middle of the plant stem

Question 15

Banner-tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis, are rodents that feed on seeds and are endemic (found only in) to the deserts of the southwestern United States. Which of the following is the BEST description of their niche?

A)seed-eating rodents that can tolerate the intense heat and dryness in the southwest deserts
B)found in parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico
C)found primarily in Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts
D)found only in arid habitats
E)found primarily in areas with relatively heavy soils

Question 16

The role played by a species in its environment is called its:

A)ecological niche.
B)fundamental niche.
C)realized niche.
D)multidimensional niche.
E)Hutchinsonian niche.

Question 17

When two species compete for resources, the fitness of:

A)both species will decline.
B)only the poor competitor will decrease.
C)only the better competitor will increase.
D)both competitors will remain the same.

Question 18

In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha. You notice that females of one population (population
A)It is random.

A)lay their eggs near the tip of a plant's stem. Females of another population in the same area (population
B)There is no genetic component. They always lay their eggs in the same environment that they experienced as caterpillars.
B)lay their eggs at the base of the stem on a different type of plant. The young hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat its leaves.
You breed a member of population A with a member of population B. You raise the hybrid caterpillars on paper towels in the lab. You cross all the female hybrids with members of population A, and then you release the pregnant hybrid females back into the natural environment. All of the hybrid females lay their eggs at the center of the stems (not at the top or the bottom). What does this suggest about the trait of female egg placement on stems?
C)There is a genetic component to egg placement.

Question 19

Which of the following could be used to define the ecological niche of a plant species?

A)the pH of its soil
B)the insects that eat it
C)the depth to which the soil freezes in the winter
D)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 20

Spanish moss is not a moss, but a flowering plant (Tillandsia usneoides) often seen draped from the branches of live oaks, cypress, and other large trees in the southeastern United States. The trees on which it grows provide support but no nutrients or moisture-the plant provides those things for itself, without apparently harming its support tree. This, then, is an example of a:

A)commensalism.
B)antagonism.
C)mutualism.
D)parasitism.
E)competition.

Question 21

Overlap of niches can be minimized through:

A)increased population growth.
B)species evolving adaptations through selective pressure on competitive ability.
C)reduction in the size of the fundamental niche.
D)an increase in the similarity of species occupying an area.

Question 22

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, which interaction(s) involve at least one individual gaining?

A)competition
B)predation
C)obligate mutualism
D)facultative mutualism
E)commensalism

Question 23

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, predation:

A)is a lose-lose interaction.
B)results in gain for both individuals.
C)results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other.
D)results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 24

_____ can have similar effects on population sizes as predators; that is, keeping populations below carrying capacity and limiting competitive exclusion.

A)Parasites
B)Interspecific competitors
C)Facultative mutualists
D)Commensals
E)Obligate mutualists

Question 25

Aphids can feed in the leafy treetops (or tree canopies). Ants are usually not abundant in the tree canopies unless aphids are also present. You introduce aphids to an area of the tree canopy and survey the abundance of ants over time. Which of the plots below represents your expected trend in ant abundance?

A)graph M
B)graph H
C)graph K
D)graph L
E)graph Q

Question 26

G. Evelyn Hutchinson's definition of a niche is unique in that it described the niche:

A)only in terms of an organism's habitat.
B)in terms of how an organism functions in its environment.
C)as a combination of an organism's habitat and how that organism functions in its environment.

Question 27

When two species compete for similar resources, resource partitioning can alter the niche of the species that compete. The figure below shows an example of this. Resource partitioning results in:

A)individuals of each species sharing the resources that they both exploit.
B)individuals of each species hybridizing in the region of overlap.
C)a move from the fundamental niche to the realized niche for both species.
D)a move from the realized niche to the fundamental niche for both species.

Question 28

Competition occurs:

A)among members of the same species.
B)between members of different species.
C)only between individuals who share the same realized niche.
D)only between individuals in populations that are close to their carrying capacity in the environment.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 29

A paleontologist is trying to understand the niche of Triceratops during the Cretaceous Period. What could she study to characterize the niche of the Triceratops?

A)fossilized plant matter found near Triceratops fossils (and dating from the same period)
B)tooth marks on fossilized Triceratops bones, to determine what animals preyed on Triceratops
C)fossilized Triceratops excrement, to determine what this animal ate
D)soil or rock samples dating from the Cretaceous Period, which could yield some information regarding climate during that time
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 30

Imagine that a scientist takes a group of Anolis lizards and introduces them into an enclosure at a research facility in continental South America. He notes that the lizards thrive in this new environment. The fact that Anolis lizards could survive in habitats outside of the Caribbean is a reflection of their _____ niche; their _____ niche is determined by predation and resource availability.

A)fundamental; realized
B)realized; fundamental
C)realized; realized
D)fundamental; fundamental

Question 31

A woman observes a hawk perched in the branches of a pine tree. Suddenly, the hawk swoops down and catches a chipmunk that has been eating sunflower seeds at the woman's bird feeder. The hawk returns to its nest, which is in a nearby oak tree. Through this scenario, what can you tell about the niches of the organisms involved?

A)Oak trees or pine trees can serve as suitable shelter for hawks.
B)Hawks prey on chipmunks.
C)Chipmunks serve as food sources for hawks.
D)Chipmunks feed on seeds in their environments.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 32

In a specific community there are some isolated populations of flowering plants that have evolved adaptations to their local areas within the community. Each isolated population contributes to:

A)species diversity within the community.
B)overall biodiversity of the community.
C)species extinction within the community.
D)additional trophic levels within the community.

Question 33

Competition for resources occurs often within communities. The black line represents the change in fitness for one species, and the gray line represents the change in fitness for another species. Which of the following graphs represents the change in fitness when there is competition for the same resource?

A)graph M
B)graph H
C)graph K

Question 34

Consider a species of fruit bat. Which of the following factors play a role in the distribution of these fruit bats?

A)what organisms, if any, prey upon fruit bats
B)the dispersal capabilities of this species of fruit bat (i.e., could these bats fly to uncolonized islands)
C)what organisms compete with these fruit bats for particular food sources or nesting areas
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 35

In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process MOST likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was:

A)mutualism.
B)predation.
C)competitive exclusion.
D)parasitism.
E)resource partitioning.

Question 36

You continue your experiments by taking one of the trees in the canopy and removing all of the ants. If the ants and aphids are in a mutualistic relationship that strongly benefits them both, you expect the aphid population will _____ in response to the lack of ants.

A)increase in size
B)stay the same size
C)decrease in size
D)change species composition
E)change in demographics (age distribution)

Question 37

According to Joseph Grinnell, the niche of a butterfly species would be determined by which of the following?

A)the temperature of the environment in which this butterfly species lives
B)what animals prey on the butterfly species
C)the butterflies' food sources
D)what flowers these butterflies pollinate
E)the temperature of the environment in which this butterfly species lives and the butterflies' food sources

Question 38

You are chatting with a friend, and he makes the comment that an organism's niche could also be called its habitat, as both terms refer to the environment in which an organism lives.

Question 39

Consider the following: You continue your experiments by taking one of the trees in the canopy and removing all of the ants. If the ants and aphids are in a mutualistic relationship that strongly benefits them both, you expect the aphid population will decrease in size in response to the lack of ants. The BEST control for your experiment in this scenario is a tree in which you _____ and you measure the abundance of _____ over time.

A)do not remove any insects; ants
B)do not remove any insects; aphids
C)add a second ant species; the first ant species
D)Actually, the control is built into the original experiment. You do not need to set up a separate control.

Question 40

Lampreys are known to attach themselves to fish. In doing so they rasp off a section of the fish with hard keratinized structures and "feed" on the blood and fluid that oozes into their oral cavity. Fish can survive with a lamprey attached, but they have to expend extra energy swimming with the lamprey attached. This association would be designated a:

A)mutualism.
B)parasitism.
C)predation.
D)commensalism.

Question 41

_____ is an interaction in which individuals require the same resource, and therefore the availability of that resource is lowered.

A)Competition
B)Mutualism
C)Commensalism
D)Parasitism
E)Resource partitioning

Question 42

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, which interaction(s) involve(s) one individual gaining and one individual losing?

A)competition
B)predation
C)obligate mutalism
D)facultative mutalism
E)commensalism

Question 43

Overlap of niches can be minimized through:

A)increased population growth.
B)species evolving similar adaptations over time.
C)resource partitioning.
D)reduction in the size of the fundamental niche.
E)an increase in the similarity of species occupying an area.

Question 44

Which of the following is MOST likely to lead to resource partitioning?

A)mutualism
B)predation
C)parasitism
D)niche overlap
E)commensalism

Question 45

In some rocky intertidal habitats, the barnacle Chthamalus can survive across the same depths as can the barnacle Balanus. However, where the two species occur together, Chthamalus adults are found only in the more stressful upper portions of the habitat where they are more able than Balanus to resist desiccation. This is an example of:

A)a mutualistic symbiosis.
B)intraspecific competition reducing the size of Chthamalus' fundamental niche to a smaller realized niche.
C)mutualism reducing the size of Balanus' realized niche to a smaller fundamental niche.
D)competitive exclusion reducing the size of Chthamalus' fundamental niche to a smaller realized niche.
E)competitive exclusion expanding the size of Balanus' realized niche to a larger fundamental niche.

Question 46

Which of the following might be expected to increase as a result of predation?

A)competition among prey species
B)the availability of resources and niches
C)prey population densities
D)niche divergence
E)extinction of prey species due to competitive exclusion

Question 47

The fact that diverse types of Anolis lizards inhabit (or hunt in) different levels of the tree canopy is the result of the effects of resource partitioning.

Question 48

Niches are dynamic, and are affected by interactions among species.

Question 49

Which of the following is a type of interaction in which BOTH parties are harmed?

A)commensalism
B)amensalism
C)mutualism
D)competition
E)predation

Question 50

The human body has about 10 bacterial cells for every eukaryotic cell. Bacteria coat our skin, gut, and mouth. Also present are protists, Archaeans, and viruses. Collectively, these organisms are our microbiota. For most members of our microbiota, our body provides their environment (or space to live). They, in turn, have no effect on us. This is an example of:

A)mutualism.
B)an antagonistic relationship.
C)commensalism.
D)predation.

Question 51

Competition can occur over resources such as space, mates, and nesting sites, not just over food.

Question 52

Depletion of a resource by one species, which lowers the availability of that resource to other species, is an example of:

A)niche divergence.
B)direct competition.
C)indirect competition.
D)predation.
E)parasitism.

Question 53

Recall that instead of expending energy fleeing or hiding from coyotes, foxes will instead settle in "coyote-poor" environments. This is NOT:

A)the result of competitive exclusion.
B)an example of antagonism.
C)an example of intraspecific competition.
D)an example of interspecific competition.

Question 54

Which of the following BEST describes the kind of resource for which individuals may compete?

A)It will most likely be food or some form of nutrient.
B)It will most likely be related to space or shelter.
C)It will most likely be related to reproduction, such as access to mates.
D)It will most likely be related either to food, nutrients, space, or shelter.
E)It can be any resource that is limited in the environment.

Question 55

Competition can only occur between members of the same species.

Question 56

Which factors contribute MOST to intraspecific competition?

A)a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment
B)predation and parasitism
C)mutualistic relationships
D)a species' fundamental niche and abiotic surroundings
E)population size

Question 57

Decline of a predator population in an area affects only the prey population on which it feeds.

Question 58

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, competition among individuals results in:

A)a loss for both individuals.
B)gain for both individuals.
C)a gain for one individual and a loss for the other.
D)a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 59

Which of the following is expected to reduce competition among individuals?

A)resource partitioning
B)the disappearance of a predator from an area
C)a shortened mating season
D)a decrease in the carrying capacity of an environment
E)destruction of habitat space

Question 60

Competition and predation are one-sided interactions called _____, in which at least one participant experiences a loss.

A)predations
B)mutualisms
C)antagonisms
D)commensalisms
E)parasitisms

Question 61

Some species of ant "farm" aphids by protecting them from predators. In return, the ants feed on a sugar-rich liquid (called honeydew) secreted by the aphids. The ecological relationship between the ants and the aphids is:

A)mutualism.
B)parasitism.
C)competition.
D)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 62

You sample the solid waste of three infants from three different families each week for 24 weeks. You find that the population of bacteria in the gut is dominated by one species for the first 12 weeks, and then shifts to another species. This suggests the gut bacterial community:

A)is fixed and unchanging.
B)is essential for human health.
C)is harmful to humans.
D)composition changes over time.
E)is helpful to humans.

Question 63

Most symbiotic interactions require a long-term association between the two species. Which of the following is not a symbiotic association?

A)photosynthetic algae living with a fungus as a lichen
B)a lion that eats a small antelope in the open grasslands
C)leafcutter ants that supply food to their fungal gardens
D)ants that live on a host tree chew off the branches of neighboring trees that grow too close

Question 64

Bacteria in our large intestine break down foodstuffs that would otherwise be expelled as feces. As they break down the food, vitamins are released and absorbed. This is an example of:

A)parasitism.
B)commensalism.
C)mutualism.
D)competition.

Question 65

The bacterial species Staphylococus aureus is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. It can survive on polyester for 3 months and can also infect cows and chickens. Thus, its relationship with humans is:

A)obligative.
B)facultative.
C)required for its survival.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 66

The bacterial species Staphylococus aureus is found on the skin and in the nasal passages of about 20% of the human population. In healthy individuals, S. aureus is benign (does not cause harm) in these locations. However, if it is introduced into the bloodstream through, for example, a wound, it can make a person gravely ill. Thus, the ecological relationship of S. aureus with a human:

A)can be mutualistic or antagonistic.
B)is always antagonistic.
C)is always mutualistic.
D)is fixed or unchanging.
E)is benign.

Question 67

Tropical leafcutter ants collect leaf cuttings which they transport to special underground chambers. There, they chew the leaves to create nursery beds on which they grow a species of fungus they use for food. When ant queens disperse to establish new colonies, they carry the fungus with them, dispersing it as well (this benefits the fungus). In the ants' nest, the fungus is at risk of being destroyed by another fungal species that is able to grow in the same habitat, using the same limited resources. On their bodies, the ants carry and provide a home for bacteria that produces antibiotics the ants use to kill this second fungus and thereby protect their food supply. In this system, the relationship between the leafcutter ants and their fungal food species is:

A)interspecific competition.
B)mutualism.
C)predation.
D)parasitism.
E)commensalism.

Question 68

We think of termites as insects that "eat" wood. In fact, however, termites rely on a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbes to digest cellulose-without the microbes, the termites will ingest wood, but will starve. This, then, is an example of a(n);

A)obligate mutualism.
B)obligate antagonism.
C)facultative mutualism.
D)facultative antagonism.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 69

You sample the solid waste of three infants from three different families each week for 24 weeks. You find that the gut bacteria population is dominated by one species for the first 12 weeks, and then shifts to another species. Which of the following might be a major factor in this change?

A)The infants begin sleeping for stretches of 6 hours about 10 weeks into the sampling period.
B)The infants begin to smile about 8 weeks into the sampling period.
C)The infants begin eating solid food 24 weeks into the sampling period.
D)The infants begin to roll over 16 weeks into the sampling period.
E)None of answers are likely to be major factors in the gut bacteria population change described above.

Question 70

Aphids are small insects that suck sugars from the phloem of plants, at some cost to the plant. The ecological relationship between plants and aphids is:

A)mutualism.
B)parasitism.
C)competition.
D)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 71

The presence of bacteria that produce essential amino acids in the bodies of aphids is an example of:

A)obligate mutualism.
B)commensalism.
C)facultative mutualism.
D)antagonism.

Question 72

You decide to follow the development of the human gut microbiota over time by sampling the solid waste of infants from birth to 24 weeks old. Which of the following setups minimizes the sources of variation in your experiment?

A)Sample three infants from three different families that are 1 day old, three infants that are 1 week old, three infants that are 2 weeks old, and so on.
B)Sample three infants from three different families the day they are born, when they are 1 week old, 2 weeks old, and so on.
C)Sample identical triplets from a single family when they are 1 day old, 1 week old, 2 weeks old, and so on.
D)All of the experimental designs described here have the same level of variation.

Question 73

Many plants have specialist pollinators. That is, the plant has evolved adaptations that only allow one type of pollinator access to nectar when pollinating. This is a result of:

A)coevolution.
B)adaptive radiation.
C)parasitism.
D)commensalism.

Question 74

What is the difference between evolution and coevolution?

A)These concepts are not different; they only differ on time scale.
B)Coevolution is the only way speciation can occur.
C)Coevolution results when two or more species influence adaptation in the other species.
D)Evolution of one species only occurs in response to natural selection based on the changing environment that species lives in at a particular time.

Question 75

In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. Why did species diversity MOST likely remain high in the presence of a predator?

A)The sea star kept the mussel and barnacle populations low enough to prevent competitive exclusion from occurring.
B)The sea star kept the mussels and barnacles from developing a mutualistic relationship. That, in turn, kept their populations low.
C)The mussels and the barnacles parasitized the sea stars, keeping populations low enough to prevent competitive exclusion from occurring.
D)The sea stars developed a mutualistic relationship with the mussels and barnacles, keeping their populations low and preventing competitive exclusion from happening.

Question 76

Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, which interaction involves one individual neither gaining nor losing?

A)competition
B)predation
C)obligate mutalism
D)facultative mutalism
E)commensalism

Question 77

Antibiotics are compounds that kill bacteria. If you take an antibiotic in pill form, it is distributed throughout your body. Individuals who take antibiotic pills for a bacterial infection in their throat often find they develop an "upset stomach" because the antibiotic also kills the microbial communities in their gut. This suggests that:

A)gut bacteria have positive effects on the humans they inhabit.
B)gut bacteria have only negative effects on the humans they inhabit.
C)it is good to sterilize the gut.
D)humans have a predatory relationship with their gut bacteria.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 78

Some argue that any members of the microbiota that take up space on our body surfaces and do no harm to us are actually providing us a service because they prevent the colonization of harmful species. From this point of view, the relationship between the skin microbiota and their human host is:

A)mutualism.
B)an antagonistic relationship.
C)commensalism.
D)predation.

Question 79

Tropical leafcutter ants collect leaf cuttings which they transport to special underground chambers. There, they chew the leaves to create nursery beds on which they grow a species of fungus they use for food. When ant queens disperse to establish new colonies, they carry the fungus with them, dispersing it as well (this benefits the fungus). In the ants' nest, the fungus is at risk of being destroyed by another fungal species that is able to grow in the same habitat, using the same limited resources. On their bodies, the ants carry and provide a home for bacteria that produce antibiotics the ants use to kill this second fungus and thereby protect their food supply. In this system, the relationship between the leafcutter ants and their fungal food species is:

A)interspecific competition.
B)mutualism.
C)predation.
D)parasitism.
E)commensalism.

Question 80

Five species of ants can be found on aspen sunflowers (Helianthella quinquenervis), which live in wet mountain meadows of the Rocky Mountains. The aspen sunflowers provide nectar to the ants in special structures called extrafloral nectaries. The ants, in turn, protect the sunflowers from other insects. The ants, however, are not found solely on the sunflowers-they can be found tending aphids on other flower species and collecting nectar from other species as well. This, then, is an example of a(n):

A)obligate mutualism.
B)obligate antagonism.
C)facultative mutualism.
D)facultative antagonism.
E)None of the answer options is correct.