Deck 43: Animal Immune Systems

Question 1

Some forms of diabetes and arthritis are examples of:

A)immunodeficiency.
B)autoimmune disease.
C)adaptive immunity.
D)innate immunity.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Lupus is an autoimmune disorder. Which of the following would you expect to be a symptom of lupus?

A)an increase in ciliary action of the esophagus
B)increased phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens in the body
C)B cells binding to antigens on host cells and targeting their degradation
D)increased blood clotting if the skin is cut.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Immunological memory is a feature of which of the following?

A)the innate immune system
B)the adaptive immune system
C)both the innate and adaptive immune systems
D)neither the innate and adaptive immune systems

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Immunodeficiency can occur in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the elderly.
B)HIV-infected individuals.
C)newborns.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 5

The immune system is composed of all the following EXCEPT:

A)cells.
B)organs.
C)proteins.
D)organelles.

Question 6

A small child enters a clinic for the third time in one month with another bad skin infection filled with pus (tissue fluid combined with large numbers of bacteria growing in the fluid). Decreased numbers, or loss of function, in which of the following cell types could account for these symptoms?

A)eosinophils
B)neutrophils
C)T cells
D)B cells

Question 7

You are a doctor who examines a swollen and warm puncture wound on the hand of a patient. Next door, a vet examines a puncture wound on the foot of a dog. Do you and the vet expect to see the same response in the dog and human patient?

A)Yes, because dogs have innate immune systems but not adaptive immune systems.
B)Yes, because dogs have adaptive immune systems but not innate immune systems.
C)No, because the immune response is completely unique to humans.
D)Yes, because vertebrates have both adaptive immune systems and innate immune systems.
E)No, because the foot of a dog is a completely different structure than the hand of a patient.

Question 8

Which of the following describes innate immunity?

A)It is a response to a specific pathogen.
B)It is the basis for the use of vaccines.
C)It reacts to a wide variety of pathogens.
D)It is a response to a specific pathogen and is the basis for the use of vaccines.

Question 9

Innate immunity activation depends on:

A)previous exposure to a foreign antigen.
B)diversity of antibodies in the blood stream.
C)MHC class II proteins.
D)memory B cells.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 10

The ability to react more strongly to a subsequent infection is a feature of which of the following?

A)the innate immune system
B)the adaptive immune system
C)both the innate and adaptive immune systems
D)neither the innate nor the adaptive immune systems

Question 11

Which of the following describes adaptive immunity?

A)It is a general response to pathogens.
B)It does not change over time.
C)It is the basis for vaccines.
D)It is a general response to pathogens and does not change over time.

Question 12

The immune system sometimes attacks cells of its own body, resulting in:

A)immunodeficiency.
B)autoimmune disease.
C)adaptive immunity.
D)innate immunity.

Question 13

Skin is an important part of the immune response because:

A)it is relatively porous.
B)the presence of white blood cells on the surface provides protection to the host.
C)it acts as a barrier to keep out pathogens.
D)bacteria on the surface kill viruses that touch the skin.

Question 14

What type of pathogen causes AIDS?

A)virus
B)bacterium
C)protist
D)fungus
E)worm

Question 15

What type of pathogen causes cholera?

A)virus
B)bacterium
C)protist
D)fungus
E)worm

Question 16

The ability to distinguish self from nonself is a feature of which of the following?

A)the innate immune system
B)the adaptive immune system
C)both the innate and adaptive immune systems
D)neither the innate nor the adaptive immune systems

Question 17

Specificity is a feature of which of the following?

A)the innate immune system
B)the adaptive immune system
C)both the innate and adaptive immune systems
D)neither the innate nor the adaptive immune systems

Question 18

Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to:

A)engulf many different pathogens.
B)present foreign antigens that stimulate adaptive immune responses.
C)attack cells infected by a virus.
D)produce multiple antibodies.

Question 19

Innate immunity is different from adaptive immunity in that innate immunity:

A)only works after exposure to foreign antigens.
B)only stimulates responses through mast cells.
C)does not require prior exposure to a pathogen.
D)does not stimulate cell-mediated immunity pathways.

Question 20

A flu virus infects a human. Where will the "self" molecules of the infected individual be found?

A)on the viral coat
B)in the viral coat
C)on human cells
D)on human cells and on the viral coat

Question 21

Which of the following cells act as phagocytes?

A)macrophages
B)natural killer cells
C)neutrophils
D)mast cells
E)plasma cells

Question 22

Which of the following statements is(are) true regarding bacteria in the human body?

A)Human bodies may contain pathogenic bacteria, but these are often kept in check by other (nonpathogenic)species.
B)Human bodies contain bacteria that are beneficial to certain processes (for example, digestion).
C)Cholera is caused by a bacterium that infects and disables part of the immune system.

Question 23

A man is scratched by his cat. A phagocyte near the scratch site recognizes and engulfs a bacterium. Shortly thereafter, more phagocytes arrive in the tissue surrounding the scratch. How are the additional phagocytes recruited to the site of the scratch?

A)by antigens secreted by the bacteria
B)by cytokines produced by the bacteria
C)by antigens secreted by the initial phagocyte
D)by cytokines secreted by the initial phagocyte

Question 24

Which of the following processes are considered components of the complement system?

A)MHC molecules on the surface of cells
B)membrane attack complexes (MACs)
C)histamine produced by mast cells

Question 25

Cholera causes disease by which of the following?

A)proliferation in body tissues
B)destroying cells
C)production of a toxin
D)compromising the immune system

Question 26

What are possible mechanisms of action for phagocytes?

A)They engulf and digest pathogens with lysosome-enclosed enzymes.
B)They destroy pathogens by the production of reactive nitrogen species.
C)They specifically target and kill virus-infected cells.
D)They form membrane attack complexes (MACs).

Question 27

The adaptive immune system does NOT include:

A)memory cells.
B)plasma cells.
C)mast cells.
D)T cells.
E)B cells.

Question 28

Allergies result when the immune system:

A)responds to self molecules and cells.
B)does not respond to self molecules and cells.
C)responds to harmless nonself molecules and cells.
D)responds to harmful nonself molecules and cells.

Question 29

Phagocytes produce transmembrane proteins called toll-like receptors (TLR). The structure of a TLR is represented below. The gray structure indicated by the bracket is _____, which is held together by _____ bonding and is an example of _____.

A)an amino acid; covalent; primary structure
B)beta sheet; hydrogen; secondary structure
C)an alpha helix; hydrogen; secondary structure
D)tRNA; covalent; translation
E)rRNA; covalent; ribosome formation

Question 30

How would a rapid evolutionary change in cell-surface proteins in bacteria affect the innate immune system?

A)Helper T cells would not develop in the thymus.
B)TLRs of phagocytes would be unable to recognize the proteins.
C)Histamine concentrations in the blood would increase.
D)Cytokine release from memory B cells would increase.

Question 31

You are a doctor who examines a swollen and warm puncture wound on the hand of a patient. Which was NOT a response of the patient's immune system to this injury when it occurred?

A)Antibodies were produced as part of the adaptive immune response.
B)Phagocytes attacked foreign cells that entered the wound.
C)The innate immune system triggered an inflammation response.
D)Cell division was inhibited at the wound site.

Question 32

Immunodeficiency is a general term that refers to the loss of:

A)one or more components of the immune system.
B)functional T cells in the body.
C)immune system function with age.
D)immune system function because of genetic mutations.

Question 33

Your phagocytes have transmembrane proteins called toll-like receptors (TLR) on their surface, but your mast cells do not because:

A)your phagocytes carry the genetic information to make TLRs but your mast cells do not.
B)your phagocytes run transcription and translation but your mast cells only run transcription.
C)some of your body's cells contain ribosomes but most do not.
D)your phagocytes express some genes that are not expressed in your mast cells (and vice versa).

Question 34

The complement system refers to:

A)proteins present on macrophages that recognize foreign proteins.
B)proteins circulating in the blood that are activated by opsonization.
C)proteins circulating in the blood that are activated by antibodies or molecules on pathogens.
D)proteins that are activated when histamine levels increase.

Question 35

An individual is born with a mutation such that they cannot form MAC proteins that associate with one another in a plasma membrane. This is an example of:

A)immunodeficiency.
B)failure of the cell-mediated response system.
C)a mutation in one of the classes of antibodies.
D)clonal selection.

Question 36

_____ describes the process whereby a phagocyte exits a blood vessel and moves into an infected region of tissue.

A)Extravasation
B)Opsonization
C)Phagocytosis
D)Clonal selection
E)Antigen presentation

Question 37

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding histamine?

A)It can be produced by granulocytes.
B)It indirectly causes swelling.
C)It contributes to inflammation.
D)It causes blood vessels to dilate.
E)It changes the permeability of blood vessels.

Question 38

The immune system usually responds to _____ cells and molecules, but not _____ cells and molecules.

A)nonself; self
B)host; self
C)self; nonself
D)host; foreign

Question 39

A person inhales a potentially pathogenic bacterium. What defenses will the bacterium encounter as it travels through the human body?

A)hairs in the nasal cavity
B)mucus and cilia in the respiratory tract (if the bacterium enters the respiratory tract)
C)digestive enzymes in the stomach (if the bacterium enters the gastrointestinal tract)
D)phagocytes (if the bacterium enters the bloodstream)

Question 40

How does the adaptive immune system differ from the innate immune system?

A)in the ability to distinguish self from nonself
B)in having memory
C)in the ability to target a specific pathogen
D)both in having memory and in the ability to target a specific pathogen

Question 41

The cytoskeleton is involved in which of the following cellular responses?

A)phagocytosis
B)toll-like receptor binding
C)extravasation
D)phagocytosis and extravasation

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a type of phagocytic cell?

A)mast cell
B)neutrophil
C)dendritic cell
D)macrophage

Question 43

Cytokine signaling of phagocytes is an example of _____ signaling.

A)autocrine
B)endocrine
C)paracrine
D)contact-dependent

Question 44

Probiotics are foods, like yogurt, or dietary supplements that contain living bacteria. Why would someone want to knowingly consume bacteria?

A)to populate their gut with "good" bacteria
B)to reduce the ability of pathogens to populate the gut
C)to reduce or eliminate gastrointestinal problems
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 45

The adhesion step in extravasation is MOST likely to be mediated by:

A)integrin proteins.
B)cell wall proteins.
C)collagen.
D)keratin.

Question 46

What is the function of a toll-like receptor?

A)to bind to surface molecules present on phagocytes
B)to bind to cytokines
C)to bind to surface molecules present on pathogens
D)to facilitate the extravasation of phagocytes

Question 47

How does a macrophage destroy a pathogen?

A)production of antibodies
B)phagocytosis
C)secretion of histamine
D)production of antigens

Question 48

How can a pathogen be destroyed once a phagocyte internalizes it?

A)exposure to reactive oxygen species
B)encapsulation
C)degradation by lysosomes
D)exposure to reactive oxygen species and degradation by lysosomes.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT part of the innate immune system?

A)a cell wall
B)a helper T cell
C)cilia
D)skin

Question 50

Where would toll-like receptors be synthesized in a phagocyte?

A)on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
B)in the cytosol
C)in the nucleus
D)on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 51

How does the release of histamine by mast cells help the innate immune response?

A)It signals neutrophils to migrate to the site of infection.
B)It makes it easier for neutrophils to move from the bloodstream to the site of infection.
C)It increases the volume of blood flow in the area of the infection.
D)It makes it easier for neutrophils to move from the bloodstream to the site of infection and it increases the volume of blood flow in the area of the infection.

Question 52

The job of a natural killer cell is to:

A)release histamine.
B)destroy invading pathogens through phagocytosis.
C)destroy infected or abnormal host cells.
D)trigger inflammation.

Question 53

What does the process of extravasation involve?

A)movement of phagocytes from the bloodstream into infected tissue
B)the engulfing of a pathogen by a phagocyte
C)release of chemical signals such as histamines or cytokines
D)coating of a pathogen with C-reactive protein

Question 54

Cilia are part of the protective barrier located in the:

A)respiratory tract.
B)skin.
C)stomach.
D)genitourinary tract.

Question 55

Two of the classic signs of infection, swelling and redness, are a result of:

A)the increase in cell density due to migration of phagocytes.
B)the effect of histamines on blood vessels.
C)changes in osmotic balance due to the presence of cytokines.
D)All of the answer options are correct.

Question 56

What cellular process is involved in the release of histamine or cytokines?

A)receptor binding
B)signaling cascade
C)amplification
D)exocytosis
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 57

You are a doctor and have a patient who has been injured by a rusty nail. As a precaution, you vaccinate her against tetanus. In response to the vaccine, how does her body produce antibodies against C. tetani and prevent future illness due to tetanus?

A)Every B cell in her body produces antibodies against C. tetani.
B)Every cell in her immune system produces antibodies against C. tetani.
C)The B cell with appropriate antibody is stimulated to divide, producing plasma cells that make antibodies to C. tetani, and memory cells that "remember" C. tetani.
D)The B cell that produces the appropriate antibody undergoes genomic rearrangement in order to produce other cells that produce the same antibody.

Question 58

The efficient phagocytosis of protein-coated pathogens is called:

A)extravasation.
B)opsonization.
C)inflammation.
D)complementation.

Question 59

Which of the following is a possible outcome of activation of the complement system?

A)inflammation
B)enhanced phagocytosis
C)cell lysis
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 60

What accounts for the lysis of a bacterial cell in the presence of a membrane attack complex?

A)loss of cytoplasm due to the presence of large channels in the membrane
B)unregulated signaling due to the addition of novel proteins to the cell's membrane
C)osmosis leading to swelling and rupture of the cell
D)apoptosis due to the loss of DNA

Question 61

Which of the following type of cell produces antibodies?

A)helper T cells
B)cytotoxic T cells
C)mast cells
D)B cells
E)natural killer cells

Question 62

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding the secondary immune response?

A)It occurs more slowly than the primary immune response.
B)It occurs faster than the primary immune response.
C)It produces more antibodies than the primary immune response.
D)It produces fewer antibodies than the primary immune response.

Question 63

You are a doctor who examines a swollen and warm puncture wound on the hand of a patient. Because the wound was made by a rusty nail, you are concerned about infection by Clostridium tetani bacteria, which cause tetanus. You are relieved to see that the patient received a tetanus vaccine at her last checkup a year ago. The vaccine:

A)exposed the patient to C. tetani so that she contracted a mild version of tetanus.
B)exposed the patient to deactivated C. tetani, so that her B cells would produce antibodies to the bacteria with no risk of contracting the disease.
C)stimulated the production of mast cells by her bone marrow.
D)exposed the patient to other types of bacteria, so that her immune system would be prepared for infection by prokaryotes.

Question 64

After clonal selection, B cells become either _____ cells that secrete _____, or _____ cells with membrane-bound antibodies.

A)memory; antibodies; plasma
B)plasma; antibodies; memory
C)memory; antigens; plasma
D)plasma; antigens; memory

Question 65

A researcher purifying antibodies in patients' blood samples discovers that one patient has an abnormally high level of IgE. He goes back to check the patient's chart. What are the likely symptoms of this patient?

A)persistent infections of the mucous membranes
B)persistent viral infections
C)severe allergies
D)severe asthma

Question 66

You are a doctor who examines a swollen and warm puncture wound on the hand of a patient, which was caused by a rusty nail. You vaccinate her for tetanus. In her body's response to the vaccine, how does one of her B cells produce antibodies against C. tetani?

A)Each antigen is coded for by a unique gene in the human genome; the correct gene is expressed to produce the antigens against C. tetani.
B)Rearrangement of different gene segments in B cells after exposure to C. tetani creates a unique gene. The cell then produces lots of that specific antibody.
C)Post-translational modification of a generic antibody protein changes it from a generic form to a specific form against C. tetani.
D)Rearrangement of different gene segments in maturing B cells creates a unique gene. Upon exposure to C. tetani, the cell is stimulated to produce lots of that specific antibody.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding heavy (H) chains?

A)Antibodies contain two heavy chains.
B)Heavy chains contain variable and constant regions.
C)Heavy chains are formed by the recombination of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
D)Heavy chains contain only one hypervariable region.
E)T cell receptors contain two heavy chains.

Question 68

The large number of antibodies that can be produced in a single individual is a result of a single B cell:

A)producing multiple unique antibodies by genomic rearrangement.
B)being able to produce unique antibodies from both the maternal and paternal alleles.
C)producing a unique antibody from all other B cells by genomic rearrangement.
D)secreting multiple antibodies that will be presented on the surface of other B cells.

Question 69

A hypervariable region is part of a(n):

A)antibody.
B)antigen.
C)complement.
D)mast cell.

Question 70

Genomic rearrangement in B cells occurs:

A)during clonal selection after antigen binding.
B)in the bone marrow when B cells divide and produce daughter B cells.
C)in the gamete-producing cells of an individual.
D)after clonal selection when antibodies are required for immune response.

Question 71

At which point on the curve below would you expect circulating novel viral concentrations to be HIGHEST?

Question 72

A researcher discovers a new antibody. Upon evaluating its sequence, she determines that the antibody is not the result of genomic rearrangement alone. What other processes could have produced this specific antibody?

A)germ cell hypomutation
B)RNA editing
C)alternative mRNA splicing
D)hybridization

Question 73

The specific region of an antibody to which an antigen binds is called a(n):

A)hypervariable region.
B)MHC class I.
C)MHC class II.
D)light chain.
E)heavy chain.

Question 74

All antibodies in a single individual are similar in that they all contain the same:

A)C segment but different V segments.
B)C segments on their heavy and light chains.
C)V segments on their heavy and light chains.
D)C segments on their heavy chains, but different C segments on their light chains.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 75

In order for a vaccine to be effective over the lifetime of an individual, there should be:

A)low levels of antigenic shift in the pathogen.
B)high levels of memory B cells.
C)high levels of circulating MAC proteins.
D)low levels of circulating neutrophils.

Question 76

Antibodies are formed by which cells of the immune system?

A)phagocytes
B)B cells
C)natural killer cells
D)T cells
E)mast cells

Question 77

Where do B cells mature in mammals?

A)bone marrow
B)blood
C)lymph nodes
D)thymus

Question 78

Recall Edward Jenner's experiment, where a boy was inoculated with cowpox and, as a result, did not contract smallpox when he was exposed to the virus. Why didn't the boy get smallpox?

A)because of immune "memory" provided by plasma cells
B)because of immune "memory" provided by memory cells
C)because of a primary immune response
D)because of a secondary immune response

Question 79

Tetanus is a bacterial infection that is commonly acquired from puncture wounds. Why do you need to be vaccinated against the flu every year, but you only need a virus booster against tetanus every 10 years?

A)Antibody production against viruses drops off about 10 times faster than antibody production against bacterial infections, so you need to be vaccinated 10 times more frequently against the flu.
B)The flu is everywhere but bacterial infections are incredibly rare, so you don't need to be as careful in maintaining your immunity against them.
C)There is a higher rate of mutation in viruses than in bacteria, so you need to change the antibodies you are producing (through vaccination)every year for the flu.
D)Infections that enter the body through the bloodstream (like tetanus)are much less toxic than infections that enter the body through binding to epithelial cells (like the flu).

Question 80

_____ are produced by B cells and possess antibodies attached to their cell surfaces. The cells play a pivotal role in the secondary immune response.

A)Memory cells
B)Plasma cells
C)Phagocytes
D)Cytotoxic T cells
E)Helper T cells