Deck 38: Animal Endocrine Systems

Question 1

Growth and development in all insects include both molting and metamorphosis.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Blood glucose levels are regulated by _____, in which an increase or decrease in glucose signals the pancreas to stop producing glucagon or insulin, respectively.

Answer 2

negative feedback

Question 3

Which of the following statements about nervous and endocrine signaling is NOT true?

A)The nervous system and endocrine system are both regulatory systems, but the two systems do not communicate directly with each other.
B)Endocrine signaling is generally more prolonged than nerve cell signaling.
C)The nervous system transmits signals between adjacent cells using neurotransmitters, whereas the endocrine system signals with hormones.
D)Neurotransmitters function only over short distances, whereas hormones can affect cells throughout the body.
E)Nerve cell signaling is generally more rapid than endocrine signaling.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Calcium levels in the blood are primarily maintained through the interactions of two different hormones: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Based on your understanding of homeostasis through feedback mechanisms, we could also describe the action of these hormones as:

A)exerting the same influence on the concentration of blood calcium.
B)exerting opposite influences on the concentration of blood calcium.
C)negative feedback.
D)positive feedback.

Question 5

Consider the positive feedback that regulates mammalian childbirth. In this process, the pituitary gland is _____, oxytocin is _____, and a uterine contraction is _____.

A)the effector; the stimulus; the response
B)the sensor; the effector; both the stimulus and response
C)both the stimulus and response; the effector; the sensor
D)both the stimulus and response; the sensor; the effector

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

A)The endocrine system helps an animal respond to the environment.
B)The endocrine system helps synchronize and coordinate body processes.
C)The endocrine system regulates growth.
D)The endocrine system regulates development.
E)All of these choices are functions of the endocrine system.

Question 7

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus have different underlying causes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a loss of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes, at least in its early stages, is characterized by a loss of sensitivity to the hormone insulin by cells that normally respond to the hormone. Which step labeled in the diagram is inhibited in BOTH type 1 and type 2 diabetes (either directly or indirectly)?

A)step a: glycogen synthesis
B)step b: hormone release
C)step c: sensory input to the pancreas
D)step d: hormone release
E)step e: glycogen hydrolysis

Question 8

In the late 1960s, Carroll Williams and Karel Salma discovered that the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus, when grown in jars with paper towels made from balsam fir, underwent several extra larval molts and finally died without completing metamorphosis. Further investigation led to the conclusion that the fir trees synthesize a hormonal analog that acts as an insecticide. Which hormone is this natural insecticide mimicking?

A)ecdysone
B)juvenile hormone
C)PTTH (prothoracicotropic hormone)

Question 9

It has been discovered that many plants synthesize molecules that destroy the corpora allata, which are the structures responsible for synthesis of juvenile hormone, and that insects exposed to these molecules do not molt. Which of the following statements reflects how levels of juvenile hormone disrupt the insect life cycle?

A)Exposure to juvenile hormone prevents the larvae from developing into adult insects.
B)Exposure to juvenile hormone causes juvenile insects to die.
C)Reduced juvenile hormone causes insects to molt prematurely into sterile adults.
D)Reduced juvenile hormone prevents molting.

Question 10

In response to low sugar levels in the blood, the hormone glucagon is released by the pancreas. In a negative feedback system, the pancreas would represent the _____ of the system.

A)stimulus
B)sensor
C)effector
D)response

Question 11

If you were to remove the prothoracic glands from the insect larva, what would you expect the results to be? The larva would:

A)molt into a larger larva.
B)pupate and then emerge as a normal adult.
C)never molt again.

Question 12

Hormones are typically involved in maintaining _____, which is a given steady state for a particular factor (such as sugar or calcium levels in the blood).

A)homeostasis
B)physiology
C)neural function
D)cognitive ability

Question 13

Hormones that help maintain homeostasis typically operate through a negative feedback system.

Question 14

Positive and negative feedback systems have all the same components (that is, stimulus, sensor, effector, and response). The primary difference between the two is that the response in a positive feedback system stimulates the sensor.

Question 15

What is an example of positive feedback involving hormones?

A)the maintenance of calcium levels in the blood
B)the maintenance of glucose levels in the blood
C)the increased intensity of uterine contractions during childbirth
D)the maintenance of calcium and glucose levels in the blood
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 16

What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms?

A)Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.
B)Negative feedback mechanisms move a system away from a set point; positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point.
C)Negative feedback mechanisms stabilize a system at a set point; positive feedback mechanisms change the set point.

Question 17

When a doctor suspects that a patient may have diabetes, she will often have the patient take a glucose challenge test. After the patient drinks a large amount of sugary solution, his blood is drawn and the circulating levels of glucose in the blood are determined. Which of the following curves do you expect from a patient with diabetes?

A)curve A
B)curve B
C)curve C

Question 18

In the late 1960s, Carroll Williams and Karel Salma discovered that the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus, when grown in jars with paper towels made from balsam fir, underwent several extra larval molts and finally died without completing metamorphosis. Further investigation led to the conclusion that the fir trees synthesize a hormonal analog that acts as an insecticide. The molecule is actually an analog of juvenile hormone. Furthermore, the juvenile hormone analog discovered by Salma and Williams has no effect on most other metamorphosing insects, suggesting that:

A)many insects reproduce as larvae.
B)some evolutionary divergence in the structure of juvenile hormone and in the juvenile hormone receptors of different insects has occurred.
C)not all insects use juvenile hormone to stimulate metamorphosis.
D)other insects have evolved methods to detect the juvenile hormone analog, and
E)these insects avoid balsam firs.

Question 19

Hormones are involved in which of the following processes?

A)an insect shedding its exoskeleton
B)a starfish regrowing one of its arms
C)a lion sleeping during the day and hunting at night
D)a human maintaining her blood sugar levels
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 20

You call an exterminator to your house because you have noticed many nymphs of a specific insect everywhere in your cupboards. The exterminator proudly tells you that they are using biological concepts to get rid of these pests, and he generously sprays a solution of juvenile hormone all over your house. Assuming there are no breeding adults and only nonreproductive nymphs, which of the following would you expect in the days after the visit from the exterminator?

A)The number of nymphs will increase immediately after the exterminator sprays.
B)The number of adults will increase immediately after the exterminator sprays.
C)The number of nymphs will stay the same after the exterminator sprays.
D)The number of adults will decrease after the exterminator sprays.

Question 21

The same hormone responsible for molting in Rhodnius and grasshoppers is also likely involved in the molting of insects that undergo metamorphosis, such as moths and butterflies.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is NOT true?

A)It depends primarily on positive feedback.
B)It is the maintenance of a steady physiological state within an organism or cell.
C)It is necessary for proper functioning of the body.
D)The endocrine system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 23

When you first wake up in the morning, before you have eaten breakfast, which of the following hormones would you expect to be in the highest concentration in your blood relative to when you were last awake?

A)oxytocin
B)glucagon
C)insulin
D)gastrin

Question 24

Which of the following are TRUE statements regarding animal endocrine systems?

A)Animal endocrine systems transmit chemical signals to coordinate the physiological activity of different organ systems within the animal's body.
B)Animal endocrine systems transmit chemical signals to the environment that can be sensed by other members of the same species, affecting their behavior.
C)Hormones may share common chemical structures in diverse animals but often evolve new functional roles.
D)Steroid hormones evolve by changing their structures through natural selection.
E)Steroid hormones evolve through changes in the expression of their receptors within different cells through natural selection.

Question 25

A researcher is studying the function of a peptide hormone in rabbits and humans. He notices that this hormone has a different effect in these two mammals, even though the hormone receptor has the same sequence (and structure) in both animals. What accounts for this difference in hormone function?

A)sequence differences in the peptide hormone itself
B)sequence differences in components of the associated signal transduction pathway
C)sequence differences in the hormone's target genes
D)sequence differences in cholesterol

Question 26

In type 1 diabetes, the body fails to produce insulin, and thus individuals must inject themselves with insulin before eating. Based on your knowledge of the control of glucose levels in the blood, what would be the result of a type 1 diabetic injecting himself with too much insulin?

A)His blood sugar level would drop to potentially dangerous low levels.
B)Excess stores of glycogen would be broken down and released from the liver.
C)Glucagon would be released from the pancreas.
D)Muscle tissue would begin to break down.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 27

When someone is under a lot of stress, his or her cortisol levels increase. In response to a rise in cortisol levels, tissue inflammation decreases and energy (in the form of ATP) in cells increases to deal with the "stress." Based on this information, which of these statements do you expect to be TRUE of a person experiencing stress?

A)circulating glycogen levels will be lower than normal
B)circulating insulin levels will be lower than normal
C)circulating oxytocin levels will be higher than normal
D)circulating thyroid hormone will be higher than normal

Question 28

Which of the following statements is TRUE of juvenile hormone in insects?

A)This hormone plays a role in insect molting that is similar to that of ecdysone.
B)This hormone is produced by the prothoracic gland.
C)This hormone is responsible for retention of juvenile characteristics during molting and prevention of metamorphosis in insects.
D)This hormone is responsible for pigment changes in insects.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 29

Which of the following insect hormones acts on the body tissues to stimulate molting and metamorphosis?

A)ecdysone
B)PTTH
C)juvenile hormone
D)brain peptide
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 30

In response to grazing by insect larvae, some plants produce substances known as precocenes, which destroy the part of the insect brain that secretes juvenile hormone. What effect would exposure to precocenes have on insect development?

A)The larval insect would molt into an adult prematurely.
B)The larval insect would not be able to produce ecdysone.
C)The larval insect would molt into larger and larger larval stages.
D)The larval insect would not be able to molt.
E)The time interval between successive molts would increase.

Question 31

An increase in blood glucose levels will lead to which of the following?

A)increased insulin production
B)breakdown of glycogen in the liver
C)increased glucagon production
D)breakdown of glycogen in the muscles
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 32

Aldosterone, in the figure below, is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, and insulin is a peptide secreted by the pancreas. When aldosterone contacts a target cell, it binds to an intracellular receptor and migrates to the nucleus; insulin binds to extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane. What is the MOST likely reason for this difference?

A)Aldosterone is hydrophilic and, therefore, must enter the aqueous environment of the cytoplasm to have an effect.
B)Aldosterone is lipid-soluble and, therefore, easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
C)Aldosterone is too small to bind extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane.
D)Insulin is too large to interact chemically with DNA.

Question 33

It takes very few molecules of a hormone to cause changes in a target cell. This may be explained by the fact that:

A)activation of transcription produces many copies of mRNA, and each copy is translated many times.
B)the mechanism of hormonal action involves the replication of the hormone within the target cell to quickly magnify the hormone's effect.
C)hormones are large molecules that persist for years and can repeatedly stimulate the same cell.
D)the mechanism of hormonal action involves an enzyme cascade that amplifies the response to a hormone.
E)the mechanism of hormonal action involves memory cells that have had prior contact with the hormone and immediately respond to its presence.

Question 34

A woman's husband is a type 1 diabetic. He gives her an injection pen and tells her to inject him with its contents if he ever passes out due to low blood sugar. What hormone does this pen likely contain?

A)insulin
B)oxytocin
C)glucagon
D)glycogen

Question 35

Positive feedback loops:

A)are activated by a stimulus.
B)continue until interrupted or broken by an external signal.
C)cause a response in the same direction as the initial stimulus.
D)move the system farther and farther away from the set point.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about insect hormones is NOT true?

A)High levels of circulating juvenile hormone inhibit molting.
B)Ecdysone is released from the prothoracic gland and stimulates molting.
C)PTTH stimulates the release of ecdysone to trigger molting and metamorphosis.
D)In the absence of juvenile hormone, an insect will metamorphose into the adult form.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 37

Which of the following hormones plays a role in the pigmentation of crustaceans?

A)juvenile hormone
B)ecdysone
C)chromatotropins
D)androgen
E)brain hormone

Question 38

The fact that Peter Karlson was only able to extract a small amount of ecdysone from over 1000 pounds of moth larvae proved that hormones-unlike other chemical signals-are quickly degraded in the insect body.

Question 39

Pyrrhocoris apterus, or firebug, is native to Europe and China, and eats the seeds of lime trees and mallow trees. What is the MOST likely explanation for the fact that a native North American species, the fir tree, synthesizes a compound that disrupts development of this European insect?

A)The fir tree benefits from this compound because its effect on the firebug decreases competition for resources in its natural environment.
B)The fir tree benefits from this compound because its effect on the firebug increases the survival of fir tree offspring.
C)The fir tree benefits from this compound because its effect on the firebug increases predation pressure on its competition.
D)The fir tree benefits from this compound because its effect on the firebug increases the survival of other, related members of the same species.
E)There is likely a strong similarity in the hormone receptors of different insects, so that a compound made by a tree native to North America has an effect on an insect native to Europe.

Question 40

Childbirth in mammals is an example of endocrine-controlled negative feedback because the production of oxytocin during childbirth results in additional oxytocin being synthesized by the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 41

Small amounts of hormones have large effects on an organism's physiology because the signals are amplified between glands and tissues in an endocrine axis and within the signal transduction systems of individual cells.

Question 42

A new hormone is discovered that appears to play a role in bone development. The hormone is hydrophilic and composed of several amino acids. How should this hormone be classified?

A)as a steroid hormone
B)as a peptide hormone
C)as an amine hormone
D)as a pheromone

Question 43

The hormone indicated by the small hexagon on the lower left in the figure could be which of the following?

A)testosterone
B)insulin
C)growth hormone
D)ADH

Question 44

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Peptide hormones act on time scales of days to months.
B)Amine hormones are more abundant than steroid hormones.
C)Peptide hormones can evolve through changes in their amino acid sequence.
D)Peptide hormones and amine hormones are both derived from amino acids.
E)Steroid hormones are hydrophobic, whereas amine hormones are hydrophilic.

Question 45

The two main classes of hormones are:

A)amine/peptide hormones and steroid hormones.
B)lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones.
C)polysaccharide hormones and protein hormones.
D)nucleic acid hormones and lipid hormones.
E)steroid hormones and lipid hormones.

Question 46

Steroid hormones are derived from:

A)cholesterol.
B)amino acids.
C)proteins.
D)nucleotide bases.
E)phospholipids.

Question 47

Growth hormone is a protein hormone that has effects on a variety of cells. In muscle, for example, it increases glucose uptake. If you could inject growth hormone molecules directly into muscle cells, what do you expect the effect would be?

A)The effect on glucose uptake would be amplified because a hormone molecule inside the cell is always more effective than one on the surface.
B)The injected growth hormone molecules would have no effect on glucose uptake.
C)Glucose uptake by muscle cells would decrease.
D)Glucose uptake by muscle cells would increase.

Question 48

An "endocrine axis" describes:

A)a hormonal signaling pathway between endocrine glands and tissues.
B)the direction of hormone transport within the body.
C)the molecule that forms the backbone of a hormone.
D)the signal transduction cascade that occurs when a hormone binds to a receptor.
E)the pattern of genes that are expressed in response to a hormone.

Question 49

A new hormone has been isolated from an organism. Although the structure of the hormone has not yet been determined, the hormone is known to exert its effects by forming a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor within target cells. What type of hormone is this MOST likely to be?

A)a steroid hormone
B)either an amine or a peptide hormone
C)either a steroid hormone or an amine hormone
D)either a steroid or a peptide hormone
E)a peptide hormone

Question 50

Receptors for _____ hormones are located on the plasma membrane and affect target cells by _____.

A)amine; activating protein kinase enzymes
B)steroid; activating protein kinase enzymes
C)peptide; forming hormone-receptor complexes that activate or inhibit gene expression
D)steroid; forming hormone-receptor complexes that activate or inhibit gene expression
E)amine; forming hormone-receptor complexes that activate or inhibit gene expression

Question 51

Oxytocin and cholecystokinin are transported through the bloodstream and arrive at the uterus at the same time. Oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, whereas cholecystokinin has no effect. Why?

A)The uterus has receptors for oxytocin, but not for cholecystokinin.
B)Oxytocin blocks the activity of cholecystokinin.
C)Oxytocin alters gene expression patterns, whereas cholecystokinin does not.
D)Oxytocin can diffuse through the plasma membrane of uterine cells, whereas cholecystokinin cannot.
E)Oxytocin is at a higher concentration in the bloodstream than cholecystokinin.

Question 52

The same hormone stimulates gene expression in one cell, but it inhibits gene expression in another cell. What is the BEST explanation for this difference?

A)The two cells have different types of receptors for the hormone.
B)The two cells receive different amounts of the hormone.
C)The two cells receive the hormone at different times.
D)The hormone is degraded more quickly in one cell than in the other.
E)The hormone can diffuse through the plasma membrane of one cell, but not the other.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of a peptide hormone?

A)insulin
B)adrenaline
C)cortisol
D)testosterone
E)progesterone

Question 54

Which of the following is an accurate statement about hormones and their receptors?

A)All cells have the same hormone receptors, but only a target cell will bind the hormone.
B)Cells with different hormone receptors typically have different gene expression patterns.
C)All cells express the same hormone receptor, and that receptor will only bind hormones that cause a response by the cell.
D)All hormone receptors are found embedded in the cell membrane.
E)All hormone receptors are found in the cytoplasm.

Question 55

Recall that a small amount of releasing factor (from the hypothalamus) can cause the adrenal cortex to secrete a much greater amount of cortisol. The action of cortisol, in turn, can result in a high final concentration of glycogen in the liver. What is this an example of?

A)hormone signal denaturation
B)hormone signal amplification
C)hormone signal accumulation
D)hormone signal degradation

Question 56

In your textbook, there is a discussion of the experiment by Wigglesworth, which demonstrated that PTTH (prothoracicotropic hormone) triggers molting and the release of ecdysone. In 1984, Nagasawa et al. published a paper titled: "Amino-terminal amino acid sequence of silkworm prothoracicotropic hormone: homology with insulin." The similar amino acid sequence between PTTH and insulin suggests that:

A)a common ancestral peptide evolved into peptides with different functions in insects and vertebrates.
B)PTTH must be involved with glucose metabolism in insects.
C)insulin causes molting in vertebrates.
D)if PTTH were given to vertebrates, it would likely trigger glucose uptake by cells.

Question 57

An amine hormone would possess which of the following traits?

A)It would made from a single aromatic amino acid.
B)Its chemical structure would resemble that of cholesterol.
C)It would only contain amino acid chains.
D)It would be hydrophilic.
E)It would be hydrophobic.

Question 58

An amine hormone contains:

A)cholesterol.
B)a single amino acid chain.
C)an aromatic amino acid.
D)an enzyme.
E)both cholesterol and an aromatic amino acid.

Question 59

Where would you expect to find a receptor of a target cell for a peptide hormone?

A)in the nucleus
B)in the cytoplasm
C)in the ribosome
D)on the cell surface
E)in the mitochondria

Question 60

Why are some body cells responsive to a particular hormone, whereas others are not?

A)Responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone.
B)Responsive cells are located closer to the gland that releases the hormone.
C)Whether or not a cell responds to a hormone depends entirely on what type of cell it is (liver cell vs. fat cell vs. nerve cell), because hormones only activate one type of cell.
D)Responsive cells have complex signal transduction pathways, whereas cells that do not respond to a particular hormone lack these pathways.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 61

Goiters are often produced in the _____, a gland that plays a key role in metabolism by secreting the thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones.

A)thyroid gland
B)parathyroid gland
C)adrenal glands
D)pancreas

Question 62

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus?

A)They secrete releasing factors.
B)They secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
C)Their cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus.
D)Their cell bodies reside in the (posterior)pituitary gland.
E)They do not produce hormones, because they are neurons and not endocrine cells.

Question 63

A patient with a thyroid tumor has her thyroid gland removed. Without a thyroid gland and without synthroid (a thyroid hormone replacement drug), which of the following is MOST likely to occur?

A)Her blood TSH levels will be abnormally high, and her metabolic rate will be high.
B)Her blood TSH levels will be abnormally low, and her energy level will be low.
C)Her blood TSH levels will be abnormally low, and her metabolic rate will be high.
D)Her blood TSH levels will be abnormally high, and her metabolic rate will be low.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the pituitary gland?

A)It is composed of two glands.
B)It serves as a "control center" for the vertebrate endocrine system.
C)It produces hormones that can target the kidneys.
D)It receives information from the hypothalamus.
E)It could be considered part of the nervous system.

Question 65

_____ hormones, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), signal organs of the endocrine system to secrete new, additional hormones.

Question 66

Imagine you are out camping. While sleeping in your tent, you are awakened by a rustling sound outside that sounds like a wild animal. In getting ready to respond to what may be a dangerous encounter with the animal, your body will raise its set point for heart rate and blood flow to prepare for the potential encounter.

Question 67

Recall that the pancreas helps to maintain normal blood glucose levels. What endocrine organ plays a role in stabilizing blood calcium levels?

A)the pineal gland
B)the posterior pituitary gland
C)the adrenal cortex
D)the parathyroid gland

Question 68

Which of the following organs or tissues would you NOT expect to produce hormones?

A)ovaries
B)pancreas
C)stomach
D)small intestine
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 69

A woman visits a doctor. After hearing her symptoms and running some blood work, the doctor determines that she has an under-active pineal gland. Which of the following is likely a symptom she is experiencing?

A)insomnia (due to low melatonin levels)
B)muscle soreness and inflammation (due to low cortisol levels)
C)increased urination (due to high glucose levels)
D)constipation (due to low gastrin levels)

Question 70

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Hormone receptors evolved later than many of the hormones with which they now interact.
B)Vertebrates and invertebrates use some of the same hormones.
C)The same hormone typically plays different roles in vertebrates and invertebrates.
D)Several hormones function as both hormones and neurotransmitters.
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 71

Please study the table below. $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}\hline \text { Response } & \text { ANTERIOR PITUITARY } & \text { POSTERIOR PITUITARY } \\\hline \text { A } & \begin{array}{l}\text { secretion is stimulated by } \\\text { hypothalamic releasing factors }\end{array} & \text { site of release for hypothalamic hormones } \\\text { B } & \begin{array}{l}\text { hypothalamic-pituitary } \\\text { circulatory system }\end{array} & \text { long hypothalamic axons } \\\hline \text { C } & \text { cortex produces cortisol } & \text { medulla produces epinephrine } \\\hline \text { D } & \begin{array}{l}\text { produces hormones that stimulate } \\\text { milk production }\end{array} & \begin{array}{l}\text { produces hormones that stimulate milk } \\\text { ejection (release) }\end{array} \\\hline\end{array}$ Each pair of phrases in the same row shows a valid comparison between the anterior and posterior pituitary EXCEPT:

A)A)
B)B)
C)C)
D)D)

Question 72

Kisspeptin is a protein that, in humans, has an important role in initiating secretion of the releasing factor gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinologists are finding that the protein kisspeptin and its receptor are central to sexual maturation at puberty. If kisspeptin directs the release of GnRH, you would expect that the receptors for kisspeptin will be found in cells of the:

A)anterior pituitary.
B)posterior pituitary.
C)hypothalamus.
D)gonads.

Question 73

The diurnal or nocturnal behavior of animals is regulated, in large part, by which of the following hormones?

A)calcitonin
B)serotonin
C)melatonin
D)oxytocin
E)epinephrine

Question 74

A mouse senses that a cat is nearby, and its body begins to produce epinephrine as part of the fight-or-flight response. Which of the mouse's glands secretes epinephrine?

A)the pituitary gland
B)the thyroid gland
C)the parathyroid glands
D)the adrenal glands
E)the pineal gland

Question 75

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding receptors for peptide or amine hormones?

A)Receptors for peptide or amine hormones are typically located in the nucleus of cells.
B)Receptors for peptide or amine hormones are typically located in the cytoplasm of cells.
C)Receptors for peptide or amine hormones-if bound to the hormones themselves-can act as transcription factors.
D)Peptide and amine hormones do not require receptors, because these hormones can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane of a cell.
E)None of the answer options is correct.

Question 76

Which of the following chemicals would NOT be classified as a steroid hormone?

A)cortisol
B)estrogen
C)testosterone
D)progesterone
E)prolactin

Question 77

When a person has a few drinks containing alcohol, she often feels the need to urinate. This response suggests interplay between alcohol and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which of the following could explain how alcohol and ADH interact?

A)Alcohol increases the release of ADH.
B)Alcohol decreases the release of ADH.
C)Alcohol facilitates the binding of ADH to receptors in the brain, so individuals "feel" the need to urinate.
D)Alcohol inhibits the binding of ADH to receptors in the brain, so individuals "feel" the need to urinate.

Question 78

Kisspeptin is a protein in humans that has an important role in initiating secretion of the releasing factor gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinologists are finding that the protein kisspeptin and its receptor are central to sexual maturation at puberty. Neurons that release kisspeptin carry estrogen receptors. If this is a negative feedback system, high levels of estrogen would be expected to:

A)decrease kisspeptin synthesis.
B)increase kisspeptin synthesis.
C)neither increase nor decrease kisspeptin synthesis because steroid hormones do not affect protein synthesis.

Question 79

Many animals communicate through the use of pheromones. Which of the following is one disadvantage of pheromones as a communication system?

A)Most pheromones are only recognized by members of the same species.
B)Most pheromones dissipate quickly in the environment.
C)Most pheromones elicit a specific response from an individual of the same species.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the anterior pituitary gland?

A)It houses neurosecretory cell axons.
B)It is derived from neural tissue.
C)It is the target of releasing factors.
D)It is derived from epithelial tissue.
E)It produces tropic hormones.