Deck 3: Methods and Principles

Question 1

According to the levels of processing perspective, memory performance is best if information is studied by attending to __________.

A) whether words rhyme or not
B) the particular letters that make up the word
C) whether the information is semantically meaningful
D) the grammatical structure of the words

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the name of the memory effect that shows that people remember information better when they arrive at a solution by themselves?

A) the "aha" effect
B) the problem-solving effect
C) the einstellung effect
D) savings

Answer 2

the "aha" effect

Question 3

What is a research experiment?

A) a controlled situation where the researcher manipulates variables
B) when one person with brain damage is extensively studied
C) Performance is assessed as a function of a preexisting condition.
D) preexisting conditions combined with controlled assignment of independent variables

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What type of memorization is likely to lead to shallow processing?

A) rote rehearsal
B) elaborative processing
C) staged memorization
D) selective attention

Question 5

What is an effect of memory performance that illustrates the influence of levels of processing?

A) picture superiority effect
B) frequency effect
C) generation effect
D) memory intrusions

Question 6

A study that relates pre-existing values along one variable with pre-existing values along another is a(n) __________ study.

A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) case
D) correlational

Question 7

What is the best method for studying?

A) Repeat the material over and over aloud.
B) Rewrite your notes so they are nice and neat.
C) Find words that rhyme with key vocabulary words so you remember them.
D) Create a mental image of the material.

Question 8

What type of learning leads to best memory?

A) things that relate to your survival
B) imagery
C) intentional learning
D) self-reference

Question 9

When is incidental encoding as efficient as intentional encoding?

A) for deep processing
B) with levels of processing
C) for generated information
D) for automatically processed information

Question 10

What is the idea behind the dual code theory?

A) People always encode information in two forms.
B) People who form mental images of words will have 2 memory traces.
C) Memory is always better when you hear it from 2 difference sources.
D) Pictures are remembered better than words.

Question 11

What is the enactment effect?

A) Memory is worse for actions that have been acted out.
B) Memory retrieval is enacted with difficult problems.
C) Memory is better for actions that have been carried out.
D) Memory is better when a new situation has been enacted.

Question 12

What is manipulated in an experiment?

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) experimental variable
D) control variable

Question 13

The stimulus as it is understood by a research participant is called the __________.

A) nominal stimulus
B) distal stimulus
C) experimental stimulus
D) functional stimulus

Question 14

Which of the following is most likely to lead to deeper processing and better memory?

A) rote rehearsal
B) focusing on individual word spellings
C) massed practice
D) creating mental images

Question 15

The generation effect says that __________.

A) in humans, older generations typically have better memory than younger generations until very old age
B) information that is generated is remembered better than information that is given
C) neurons regenerate when new information is stored into memory
D) a new generation of memory research is needed because of inadequacies in measuring abstract concepts

Question 16

A study that uses pre-existing changes along one dimension, and manipulates a variable along another dimension is called a(n) __________ study

A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) case
D) correlational

Question 17

The thing that an experiment is testing is called the __________.

A) theory
B) measures
C) outcome
D) hypothesis

Question 18

Information that a person is actively trying to remember is said to be learned __________.

A) incidentally
B) appropriately
C) intentionally
D) efficiently

Question 19

The generation effect is __________.

A) better memory for people of younger generations
B) better memory for information a person generates him- or herself
C) uninterpretable unless one takes into account the Von Restorff effect
D) a fallacy

Question 20

What is measured in an experiment?

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) experimental variable
D) control variable

Question 21

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve __________.

A) causes overlearning
B) requires a retrieval plan
C) measures incidental learning
D) is a negatively accelerating function

Question 22

The idea that once a person learns and forgets a set of information, it will require less effort to relearn that information again a second time is referred to as __________.

A) priming
B) savings
C) engram encoding
D) generation effect

Question 23

Which method of assessing memory is most likely to lead to intrusion errors?

A) forced recall
B) cued recall
C) old-new recognition
D) retrieval plans

Question 24

Remembering more on a subsequent recall attempt is called __________.

A) overlearning
B) hypermnesia
C) reminiscence
D) cannot occur (forgetting curve)

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of the effect of the type of stimulus on memory performance?

A) levels of processing
B) picture superiority effect
C) practice effects
D) forced recall tests

Question 26

According to Jost's Law, __________.

A) for memories of a similar strength, the older memories will decay more slowly relative to the newer memories
B) for memories of a similar strength, the newer memories will decay more slowly relative to the older memories
C) forgetting occurs at the same rate independent of memory strength and age
D) forgetting occurs at an increasing rate as memory strength and age increase

Question 27

Overlearning (continuing to study after perfect recall is achieved) __________.

A) provides no additional memory benefit
B) causes retrieval times to increase
C) can drastically reduce forgetting
D) is only effective with meaningless materials like nonsense syllables

Question 28

The production of information during recall is often facilitated by __________.

A) shallow processing
B) elimination by aspects
C) explicit memory
D) a retrieval plan

Question 29

Once information has been learned and subsequently forgotten, less energy is required to learn the information again than had been required the first time. This increased ease in learning is due to __________.

A) savings
B) photographic memory
C) memory traces
D) a decline in the forgetting curve

Question 30

What is the concreteness effect?

A) the idea that concrete words are remembered better than abstract words
B) the idea that abstract words are remembered better than concrete words
C) the finding that concrete words tend to be recalled first
D) the finding that concrete words tend to be recalled last

Question 31

The type of recall test least likely to detect the presence of a weak memory is __________.

A) free recall
B) cued recall
C) forced recall
D) ecological recall

Question 32

The type of recall test that equates people on how much information is reported is __________. Au: Wrong word?

A) free recall
B) cued recall
C) forced recall
D) ecological recall

Question 33

The stimulus as it is understood by a researcher is called the __________.

A) nominal stimulus
B) distal stimulus
C) experimental stimulus
D) functional stimulus

Question 34

Most forgetting curves observed with recall tests can be described as __________.

A) linear
B) hyperbolic
C) positively accelerating
D) negatively accelerating

Question 35

A form of recall in which a person is given very little information and must produce information by him- or herself is called __________.

A) free recall
B) cued recall
C) forced recall
D) ecological recall

Question 36

How does overlearning affect the forgetting curve?

A) Information becomes more available, causing forgetting to lessen.
B) Too much information bombards the system, causing forgetting to increase.
C) Overlearning causes forgetting to lessen briefly, but later increase rapidly with a sharp incline.
D) Overlearning does not affect forgetting.

Question 37

A form of recall that is helpful in studying the effects of context is __________.

A) free recall
B) cued recall
C) forced recall
D) ecological recall

Question 38

Over time people tend to remember emotionally positive information better than negative ones. What is this called?

A) pleasure principle
B) survival principle
C) Pollyanna principle
D) concreteness principle

Question 39

Forgetting curves for different types of information __________.

A) differ greatly
B) are similar in shape
C) are always exactly the same
D) vary in shape depending on the time of retention (delay)

Question 40

How does the emotional valence of information (i.e., positive or negative) affect memory?

A) the finding that positive information is always remembered better
B) the finding that negative information is always remembered better
C) Emotional information is always remembered worse.
D) Emotional information is always remembered better.

Question 41

Remembering more overall later than before is called __________.

A) reminiscence
B) recovery
D) permastore

Question 42

What is a chronometric approach to assessing memory that involves having a person repeatedly engaging in the same sort of mental operation?

A) priming
B) subtractive factors logic
C) cluster analyses
D) additive factors logic

Question 43

The later remembering of previously forgotten information is called __________.

A) reminiscence
B) recovery
C) hypermnesia
D) permastore

Question 44

A method that can be used to assess how people structure information in memory is __________.

A) ARC scores
B) process dissociation
C) multinomial modeling
D) additive factors logic

Question 45

When a participant sees the word "salt" displayed, and information about pepper is remembered more quickly than the same information is by a participant who has seen the word "tree" displayed instead, what has occurred?

A) chunking
B) action potential
C) priming
D) conservation

Question 46

Hypermnesia is ___________.

A) continued rehearsal of memorized information
B) remembering more on subsequent recall attempts
C) remembering previously forgotten information
D) creating mental images

Question 47

The concept that memories of the past are distorted to conform to current knowledge or goals refers to __________.

A) hindsight bias
B) the Pollyanna principle
C) fragment completion
D) frequency effect

Question 48

Collaborative facilitation is often observed __________.

A) with recognition
B) with recall
C) with nominal groups
D) with implicit memory

Question 49

What is an example of an experimental result that is revealed by using converging evidence?

A) speed-accuracy tradeoff
B) neuroimaging output
C) metamemory
D) signal detection

Question 50

If people are given otherwise random sets of information, what will they do with them over time?

A) increase their memory
B) impose a subjective organization
C) follow the sequence in which the information was originally presented
D) confuse the information with random knowledge from their lives

Question 51

Recognition is generally easier for people than recall because __________.

A) a person need only match what is in the world with what is in memory
B) there is no need to generate information to report
C) a retrieval plan does not need to be created
D) all of the above

Question 52

When people are given several options to choose from in order to answer a question, this is called __________.

A) alternative recognition
B) forced choice recognition
C) rejection of elements
D) memory probing

Question 53

What is a chronometric approach to assessing memory that involves having a person engaging in one task that includes a mental operation and another task that is identical except for the exclusion of that operation?

A) priming
B) subtractive factors logic
C) cluster analyses
D) additive factors logic

Question 54

What are the 4 types of responses used to correct for guessing during recognition tasks?

A) free recall, forced recall, cued recall, retrieval plans
B) hits, misses, false alarms, correct rejections
C) deep processing, shallow processing, incidental learning, intentional learning
D) episodic, semantic, procedural, declarative

Question 55

All of the following are methods for assessing implicit memory EXCEPT __________.

A) word stem completion
B) word fragment completion
C) perceptual identification
D) recognition

Question 56

Collaborative inhibition is often observed __________.

A) along with collaborative facilitation
B) with actual groups
C) with nominal groups
D) in cases of frontal lobe damage

Question 57

Metamemory measures assess what?

A) how large a person's memory is
B) cognitive processes beyond memory
C) how well a person is able to assess his or her own memory
D) the extent of memory awareness by other people

Question 58

What 2 aspects of a person's recognition memory performance would go into a signal detection analysis?

A) hits and false alarms
B) hits and misses
C) misses and false alarms
D) hits and correct rejections

Question 59

According to signal detection theory, a person who has a liberal bias in responding is more likely to have a higher rate of ______________ than someone with a conservative bias, if the accuracy rate on old items is the same.

A) d'
B) hits
C) memory strength
D) false alarms

Question 60

A method that can be used to assess how people structure information in memory is __________.

A) inter-item delays
B) process dissociation
C) multinomial modeling
D) additive factors logic

Question 61

What is the name of the method for distinguishing between implicit and explicit aspects to memory retrieval?

A) ARC score
B) process dissociation procedure
C) cluster analyses
D) mental chronometry
Short Answers

Question 62

What is a principle of memory that has been revealed using response times?

Question 63

Word stem completion, word fragment completion, and perceptual identification are examples of measures of __________.

A) implicit memory
B) short-term memory
C) explicit memory
D) long-term memory

Question 64

How does the nature of the encoding task (intentional or incidental) affect later memory, and what are some effects associated with this difference?

Question 65

What are two methods that might be used to assess whether knowledge is in memory, but may be stored at a low level of availability?

Question 66

The later remembering of previously forgotten information is called _____________, whereas remembering more information overall on subsequent recall attempts is called _____________.

Question 67

What basic principles of memory have been revealed using recognition methods?

Question 68

What do clustering methods reveal about changes in memory over time?

Question 69

What are some examples of using converging operations to assess a given experimental outcome?

Question 70

Which of the following is the best description of the assessment of unconscious memory processes?

A) implicit memory tests
B) explicit memory tests
C) indirect memory tests
D) direct memory tests

Question 71

What two aspects of memory processing can be independently determined using signal detection analysis?

Question 72

What are some examples of the ways that the nature of the stimulus can affect later memory, and how do these come about?

Question 73

What are the different types of studies that can be done to assess memory?