Deck 12: Learning and Memory

Question 1

 Monkeys were most impaired in their performance on the delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) test following lesions in the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

 Habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica is largely due to reduced responsiveness of the sensory neurons serving the siphon.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 Behaviors that are species-specific, are activated by environmental stimuli and can be complex, are called

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) habituation.
D) sensitization.

Answer 3

instincts.

Question 4

 Classical conditioning involves mostly involuntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves mostly voluntary behaviors.

Question 5

 Levels of protein kinase M zeta (PKM?) increase during the stage of LTP stabilization.

Question 6

 The reduced response to a repeated harmless stimulus is an example of

A) instinctive behavior.
B) habituation.
C) sensitization.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 7

 Changes in the magnitude of a response to environmental stimuli is typical in

A) instinctive behaviors.
B) reflexes.
C) associative learning.
D) non-associative learning.

Question 8

 Which of the following processes represents the formation of a connection between two or more stimuli in one's environment?

A) instinctive behaviors
B) reflexes
C) associative learning
D) non-associative learning

Question 9

 The process that occurs following a strong stimulus, when the responses to subsequent stimuli are increased, is called

A) instinctive behavior.
B) habituation.
C) sensitization.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 10

 Jamelis has figured out that his mother will be furious with him if he comes home after dinner time, so he has started making sure never to be that late. Jamelis is demonstrating

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) fixed action patterns.
D) learned behaviors.

Question 11

 Classical conditioning is an example of

A) a reflex.
B) a fixed action pattern.
C) associative learning.
D) non-associative learning.

Question 12

 "Fixed action patterns" are also known as

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) associative learning stimuli.
D) non-associative learning stimuli.

Question 13

 Although you may notice your air conditioner turning on, you no longer "hear" it running after a few minutes. Which of the following processes probably accounts for this change?

A) instinctive behavior
B) habituation
C) sensitization
D) classical conditioning

Question 14

 The retrieval of personal episodic memories coincided with increased activity in the prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex.

Question 15

 A quick, involuntary response that always occurs in the presence of specific stimuli is called a(n)

A) reflex.
B) instinct.
C) fixed action pattern.
D) learned behavior.

Question 16

 Semantic and episodic memories are types of explicit memories.

Question 17

 Long-term potentiation (LTP) can be demonstrated outside the hippocampus at synapses involving neurotransmitters other than glutamate.

Question 18

 Many mating and parenting behaviors, including the tail feather display of the male peacock, are examples of instinctive behaviors.

Question 19

 The relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience is called

A) learning.
B) instinct.
C) reflex.
D) fixed action pattern.

Question 20

 Following a traumatic experience, the hippocampus experiences a refractory period but the amygdala does not.

Question 21

 Which of the following memories are ones that are recalled explicitly

A) classical conditioning
B) sensitization
C) procedural memory
D) episodic memory

Question 22

 It is _____ memory that contains our knowledge of how to do specific activities involving motor skills.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) sensory
D) semantic

Question 23

 When an animal learns that a particular stimulus occurs just prior to another event, what process has occurred?

A) sensitization
B) habituation
C) classical conditioning
D) extinction

Question 24

 When Thomas was a little boy, his mother often gave him a piece of candy whenever she had to bandage up a scraped elbow or knee. Now that Thomas is in college, he struggles with his weight because every time he feels sad or lonely, he craves something sweet to eat. It is likely that for Thomas, eating candy now serves as a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 25

 ______ memory can hold a limited amount of information (five to nine items) for 15 to 20 seconds.

A) Sensory
B) Short-term
C) Long-term
D) Episodic

Question 26

 The components of ______ memory include the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial scratchpad, and episodic buffer.

A) sensory
B) working
C) long-term
D) episodic

Question 27

 In Pavlov's classic experiments with dogs and salivation, food serves as the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 28

 This type of memory is easier to demonstrate than to explain in words.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) sensory
D) semantic

Question 29

 The best example of working memory from these examples is

A) what you had for breakfast this morning.
B) the question you just read and are trying to answer.
C) your best friend's name.
D) the instructions your professor gave you when you began taking this exam.

Question 30

 Declarative memories include _________ memories.

A) procedural and sensory
B) episodic and semantic
C) procedural and episodic
D) semantic and sensory

Question 31

 The memories that are easiest to explain in words are

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) implicit

Question 32

 The type of memory that can hold unlimited amounts of information indefinitely is _____ memory.

A) sensory
B) working.
C) long-term
D) working

Question 33

 In Pavlov's classic experiments, salivation to a metronome is an example of a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 34

 Which memories are easiest to demonstrate?

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) semantic and episodic
D) explicit

Question 35

 Memories of an individual's personal experience are stored in _________ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) working
D) semantic

Question 36

 The clearest example of episodic memory from these examples is

A) what you ate for dinner last night.
B) the meaning of the word exculpatory.
C) the name of the first president of the United States.
D) how to ride a bike.

Question 37

 As a young child, Eli was bitten by a dog, and he continues to be frightened anytime he sees a large dog. For Eli, dogs are a(n)

A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 38

 For days after a powerful earthquake, Lavonne jumped whenever an airplane flew over her house to land at the nearby airport. This response is likely a result of

A) instinct.
B) reflex.
C) habituation.
D) sensitization.

Question 39

 Which type of memory can hold large amounts of information but only very briefly (a second or two)?

A) sensory
B) working
C) long-term
D) episodic

Question 40

 The type of memory that holds our knowledge of language and facts is ______ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) sensory
D) semantic

Question 41

 What type of channels is involved in the sensitization process of the siphon sensory neurons in Aplysia?

A) an ionotropic process, which results in the closing of calcium channels
B) a metabotropic process, which results in the closing of calcium channels
C) an ionotropic process, which results in the closing of potassium channels
D) a metabotropic process, which results in the closing of potassium channels

Question 42

 After class, Mohammed regaled you with clever stories of his family cat when he was growing up. To tell you these stories, Mohammed was using his _____ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 43

 Jonah required surgery on both of his temporal lobes. Following the surgery, Jonah suffered from severe anterograde amnesia and had great difficulty in

A) learning the name of the new occupational therapist assigned to his case.
B) learning to use his new cell phone.
C) remembering the details of his high school graduation.
D) remembering how to find the square root of a number.

Question 44

 Depletion of available neurotransmitter in the presynaptic sensory neuron of Aplysia is the likely cause of

A) long-term habituation.
B) short-term habituation.
C) long-term sensitization.
D) short-term sensitization.

Question 45

 Short-term habituation of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex, lasting from minutes to several hours, probably results from

A) changes in the synapses between sensory and motor neurons.
B) decreased sensitivity of the sensory neurons.
C) fatigue in the muscles serving the gill.
D) stronger excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the interneurons.

Question 46

 The interneurons involved with sensitization in Aplysia form which of the following types of synapse?

A) axo-axonic synapses on sensory neurons serving the siphon
B) axo-dendritic synapses on sensory neurons serving the siphon
C) axo-axonic synapses on the motor neurons serving the gill
D) axo-dendritic synapses on the motor neurons serving the gill

Question 47

 Repeated touching of the siphon in Aplysia will result in

A) habituation.
B) sensitization.
C) classical conditioning.
D) a fixed action pattern.

Question 48

 Short-term habituation in Aplysia occurs when _________ neurotransmitter is released at synapses with _________ neurons.

A) less; gill motor
B) less; siphon sensory
C) more; gill motor
D) more; siphon sensory

Question 49

 The neurotransmitter _____ is released at axo-axonic synapses in Aplysia by neurons involved in sensitization.

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine (ACh)
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine

Question 50

 Changes in the NMDA receptor in Aplysia are believed to be the cause of

A) short-term sensitization.
B) long-term sensitization.
C) short-term habituation.
D) long-term habituation.

Question 51

 The gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia is controlled by neurons in the

A) brain.
B) buccal ganglia.
C) pedal ganglia.
D) abdominal ganglia.

Question 52

 Which of the following is an example of a procedural memory?

A) where you were when you heard about the Twin Towers being attacked
B) the name of your psychology professor
C) how to play your guitar
D) what you had for breakfast this morning

Question 53

 You are on the phone with tech support after your software crashed. The technician is helping you go through the steps to reinstall the software, pausing from time to time to visualize the situation before telling you the next step. This technician is likely accessing ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) autobiographical
D) explicit

Question 54

 Just before class, Willis asked you the title and edition of the textbook being used as she ordered it online. Willis was using her ______ memory to hold this information while searching for the book.

A) sensory
B) working
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 55

 In sensitization experiments, shocking the head or tail of Aplysia will result in a(n)

A) reduced gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
B) increased gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
C) absence of the gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
D) gill-withdrawal reflex in response to head touch but not siphon touch.

Question 56

 Patients with anterograde amnesia show deficits in

A) declarative but not explicit memory.
B) explicit but not nondeclarative memory.
C) both explicit and declarative memory.
D) neither explicit nor declarative memory.

Question 57

 Before reading the chapter on neuropsychology in his behavioral neuroscience textbook, Christopher had never heard of brain worms. Once he had mastered this knowledge, information about brain worms became part of Christopher's _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) semantic

Question 58

 A good example of a semantic memory is which of these?

A) the name of the first president of the United States
B) what happened at your best childhood birthday party ever
C) how to ride a bike
D) where you were when you heard about the Twin Towers being attacked

Question 59

 In sensitization in Aplysia, what processes account for the stronger than normal responses of gill motor neurons?

A) extended action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of greater than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons.
B) extended action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of less than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons.
C) shortened action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of greater than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons
D) shortened action potentials in siphon sensory neurons, which result in the release of less than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons.

Question 60

 Habituation in Aplysia can last up to

A) three hours.
B) one day.
C) three days.
D) three weeks.

Question 61

 Which of the following proteins play a role in the structural changes associated with habituation or sensitization?

A) dystrophin
B) agrin
C) actin
D) myosin

Question 62

 "Associativity" in the Hebbian synapse refers to the

A) use of the same type of neurotransmitter in both the pre- and postsynaptic neurons.
B) simultaneous activity of several synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron.
C) nearly simultaneous activity of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons.
D) ability of the postsynaptic cell to use retrograde messengers such as nitric oxide (NO) to communicate with the presynaptic cell.

Question 63

 In studies of classical conditioning in Aplysia, which of the following usually serves as the unconditioned stimulus?

A) touching the mantle
B) touching the siphon
C) the gill-withdrawal reflex
D) electric shock to the tail

Question 64

 Classical conditioning in Aplysia results primarily from

A) the release of larger amounts of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron.
B) the release of smaller amounts of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron.
C) increased sensitivity of the motor neuron.
D) larger numbers of active interneurons.

Question 65

 The Schaffer collateral pathway connects

A) the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn of the hippocampus.
B) association cortex and the hippocampus.
C) the CA3 and CA1 areas of Ammon's horn.
D) the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.

Question 66

 The procedure illustrated in this figure will result in

A) sensitization of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.
B) classical conditioning of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.
C) habituation of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.
D) extinction of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.

Question 67

 Simultaneous activity of several synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron during LTP is referred to as

A) sensitization.
B) facilitation.
C) cooperativity.
D) potentiativity.

Question 68

 The rapid series of shocks that is applied to demonstrate LTP is at a rate that is ______ that found in normal neuronal communication.

A) greater than
B) less than
C) about the same as
D) more irregular than

Question 69

 In studies of LTP in hippocampal tissue, a rapid series of shocks

A) increases postsynaptic potentials for hours.
B) increases postsynaptic potentials for up to 10 minutes after stimulation.
C) has progressively larger postsynaptic potentials during the series.
D) decreases the postsynaptic potentials.

Question 70

 What fiber pathway is indicated in this illustration by the #8?

A) the perforant pathway
B) the fornix
C) the mossy fiber pathway
D) the climbing fiber pathway

Question 71

 Input from the rhinal cortex travels along

A) the perforant pathway to the dentate gyrus.
B) the fornix to the hypothalamus.
C) mossy fibers to CA3.
D) Schaffer collateral pathway to CA1.

Question 72

 Areas CA1 to CA4 are found in

A) the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
B) Ammon's horn in the hippocampus.
C) the parahippocampal cortex.
D) the rhinal cortex.

Question 73

 Output from the hippocampus travels via the

A) parahippocampal and rhinal cortices.
B) perforant pathway.
C) mossy fibers.
D) fornix.

Question 74

 Operant conditioning in simple animals like Aplysia

A) cannot be demonstrated.
B) can result in increased biting behavior.
C) produces a stronger gill withdrawal response.
D) produces a weaker gill withdrawal response.

Question 75

 Mossy fibers in the hippocampus connect

A) input from the rhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus.
B) the dentate gyrus and CA3.
C) CA3 and CA1.
D) CA1 and the hypothalamus.

Question 76

 The classical conditioning studies in Aplysia found that gill withdrawal was the conditioned response to _____.

A) electrical shock to the tail
B) touching the CS+
C) touching the CS?
D) electrical shock to the siphon

Question 77

 LTP is similar to long-term memory in which of the following ways?

A) It requires input to be presented at rates of 2 per second or less.
B) It occurs only in the hippocampus.
C) It takes only seconds to develop and lasts indefinitely.
D) It requires the activity of neurons that release ACh.

Question 78

 The dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn are both structures in the

A) hippocampus.
B) amygdala.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebellum.

Question 79

 Studies have shown that the type of receptors responsible for LTP in the hippocampus is the ______ receptors.

A) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
B) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
C) nicotinic acetylcholine
D) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate

Question 80

 LTP may last

A) hours in living animals and indefinitely in a brain slice.
B) hours in a brain slice and indefinitely in living animals.
C) a few seconds in living animals and several hours in a brain slice.
D) a few seconds in a brain slice and several hours in living animals.