Deck 9: Leadership

Question 1

What is the "contingency" variable in Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership?

A)Leadership orientation
B)Task structure
C)Position power
D)Consideration
E)Situational favourableness

Answer 1

E

Question 2

If Mark's job is clear and certain,a leader is most likely to increase Mark's satisfaction by

A)being considerate and high on initiating structure.
B)being considerate.
C)being high on initiating structure.
D)not being considerate and being low on initiating structure.
E)being moderate on both consideration and initiating structure.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Imagine that a military commander who is well liked and admired by his troops is leading them on a highly structured mission.According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory,

A)the troops will perform best if the commander is relationship-oriented (high LPC).
B)the troops will perform best if the commander is task-oriented (low LPC).
C)task and relationship orientation are irrelevant to performance in this situation.
D)the situation is very unfavourable for the leader.
E)the situation is moderately favourable for the leader.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Research on leadership traits has mostly focused on

A)demographics,interpersonal attributes,and physical attributes.
B)demographics,task competence,and interpersonal attributes.
C)demographics,task competence,and physical attributes.
D)task competence,interpersonal attributes,and physical attributes.
E)task competence,interpersonal attributes,and psychological attributes.

Question 5

Nellie is a high LPC leader.According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership,she

A)will be most effective in very favourable leadership situations.
B)will be most effective in very unfavourable leadership situations.
C)is more relationship-oriented than task-oriented.
D)is more task-oriented than relationship-oriented.
E)has high position power and low task structure.

Question 6

Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership is most clearly a

A)behavioural theory.
B)theory of participation.
C)trait theory.
D)situational theory.
E)path-goal theory.

Question 7

According to Fiedler,the most favourable situation for leadership involves good leader-member relations,a(n)________ task,and ________ position power.

A)unstructured; strong
B)structured; weak
C)structured; strong
D)unstructured; weak
E)challenging; informal

Question 8

Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership predicts that relationship-oriented leadership will be most effective in

A)very favourable situations.
B)very unfavourable situations.
C)situations of medium favourableness.
D)very favourable and very unfavourable situations.
E)virtually all situations.

Question 9

Which statement about leadership is true?

A)Leadership can be exhibited by persons other than those formally designated as leaders by the organization.
B)The most effective leader will exhibit high consideration and high initiating structure in all leadership situations.
C)Initiating structure is a leadership trait.
D)There is a set of leadership traits that strongly and consistently predicts leader effectiveness across a broad range of situations.
E)A leader can be either high on initiating structure or high on consideration but not both.

Question 10

As discussed in the text,________ are examples of potential leadership traits.

A)charisma
B)dominance and intelligence
C)consideration and initiating structure
D)reward and punishment
E)direction and support

Question 11

In Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership,an LPC score measures

A)type of leadership orientation.
B)task structure.
C)leader-member relations.
D)position power.
E)Least Personal Charisma.

Question 12

Directive behaviour is essentially the same as

A)consideration.
B)participative behaviour.
C)initiating structure.
D)achievement-oriented behaviour.
E)empowering leadership.

Question 13

Which of the Big Five dimensions of personality are the most consistent predictors of leadership effectiveness?

A)Extraversion and agreeableness
B)Extraversion and conscientiousness
C)Agreeableness and conscientiousness
D)Emotional stability and conscientiousness
E)Emotional stability and extraversion

Question 14

A leader who stresses standard procedures,schedules the work to be done,and assigns subordinates to particular tasks is high on

A)initiating structure.
B)consideration.
C)task structure.
D)leader reward behaviour.
E)supportive behaviour.

Question 15

Research shows that consideration on the part of a leader

A)is effective when job goals and methods are very clear.
B)is viewed as a weakness by employees.
C)is effective when employees are experiencing external threat or pressure.
D)is most likely employed by a task-oriented leader.
E)is most important when employees lack basic knowledge and skills related to the job.

Question 16

Which of the following best represents the relationship between traits and leadership effectiveness?

A)The relationship is stronger for affective measures of effectiveness than performance measures.
B)The relationship is the same for affective and performance measures of effectiveness.
C)The relationship is stronger for performance measures of effectiveness than affective measures.
D)The relationship is poor or non-existent for affective and performance measures of effectiveness.
E)The relationship is poor or non-existent for affective measures of effectiveness and very high for performance measures of effectiveness.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a trait that might be investigated in leadership studies?

A)Need for achievement
B)Height
C)Leader reward behaviour
D)Self-confidence
E)Emotional stability

Question 18

Which of the following is not a trait?

A)Consideration
B)Low intelligence
C)High energy
D)Tallness
E)Honesty

Question 19

When did serious scientific research on leadership traits begin?

A)During the lifetime of Charles Darwin
B)During World War I
C)During World War II
D)During the Trudeau years
E)During the Great Depression

Question 20

The task is unstructured,the group members hate the leader,and the leader has no position power.According to Fiedler,the leader will perform best if he or she

A)is task-oriented.
B)uses participation.
C)is relationship-oriented.
D)is charismatic.
E)is social-emotional.

Question 21

Fiedler's Cognitive Resource Theory focuses on the conditions in which the leader's cognitive resources contribute to effective leadership.These resources include

A)intelligence,expertise,and education.
B)intelligence,experience,and education.
C)intelligence,expertise,and experience.
D)intelligence,expertise,and social capital.
E)intelligence,education,and social capital.

Question 22

Research on Fiedler's Cognitive Resource Theory found some support for the prediction that ________ leads to performance in high-stress situations.

A)experience
B)intelligence
C)status
D)expertise
E)education

Question 23

In recent years,Fred Fiedler has developed a newer leadership theory in which the focus is the conditions in which the leader's cognitive resources (intelligence,expertise,and experience)contribute to effective leadership.This is called ________.

A)Cerebral Capability Theory
B)Mental Aptitude Theory
C)Cerebral Capacity Theory
D)Cognitive Resource Theory
E)Intellectual Capability Theory

Question 24

Participation may increase the motivation of employees by

A)allowing them to contribute to the establishment of work goals.
B)allowing them to decide how work goals can be accomplished.
C)enriching their jobs.
D)adding some variety to the job.
E)all of the above.

Question 25

When an executive acts upon her true values,beliefs,and strengths,and she helps others do the same,she is practising ________ .

A)empowering leadership
B)authentic leadership
C)ethical leadership
D)transformational leadership
E)individualized consideration

Question 26

The Vroom and Jago decision tree model of leadership

A)is a trait model.
B)allows for autocratic,consultative,and group decisions.
C)always specifies using the maximum degree of participation possible.
D)is a model of emergent leadership.
E)uses three situation factors to determine favourableness.

Question 27

Which theory or model of leadership discussed in the text explicitly involves a decision tree?

A)Fiedler's Contingency Theory
B)Vroom and Jago's situational model of participation
C)House's Path-Goal Theory
D)Bass' transformational leadership model
E)Leader Member Exchange Theory

Question 28

Path-Goal Theory differs from Fiedler's Contingency Theory in that

A)only Path-Goal Theory takes account of the situation.
B)Path-Goal Theory has aroused much more research controversy.
C)Path-Goal Theory is an example of the trait approach to leadership.
D)Path-Goal Theory is concerned with the effects of specific leader behaviour.
E)only Path-Goal Theory considers the role of leadership orientation.

Question 29

Rod,a middle manager,has to make a decision.Decision quality and acceptance are an issue,and Rod is not an expert on this problem.However,Rod wishes to reserve the final decision for his own judgment.According to the Vroom and Jago model of participation,this is time for a(n)________ decision strategy.

A)A
B)C
C)E
D)G
E)L

Question 30

Authentic leadership consists of four related but distinct dimensions.They are all of the following except

A)self-awareness.
B)relational transparency.
C)balanced processing.
D)internalized moral perspective.
E)independent rationalization.

Question 31

According to Path-Goal Theory,employee effort can be increased by

A)using a leadership style that increases job satisfaction.
B)always using achievement-oriented leadership.
C)clarifying the path to valued rewards.
D)maximizing both consideration and initiating structure.
E)strengthening leader-member relations.

Question 32

What are the situational factors in House's Path-Goal Theory of leadership?

A)Situational favourableness
B)Employee characteristics and leader power
C)Employee characteristics and environmental factors
D)Individualized consideration
E)Leader-member relations,task structure,and position power

Question 33

One of the problems with participative leadership is that participation

A)tends to reduce the quality of decision-making.
B)decreases subordinates' acceptance of decisions.
C)requires a great deal of time and energy on the part of the leader.
D)tends to reduce the intrinsic motivation of subordinates.
E)results in abdication of leadership,which is almost always ineffective.

Question 34

If an authentic leader is presenting one's true or authentic self to others and is open with their sharing of their real feelings and thoughts,he/she is practising ________.

A)emotional adjustment
B)balanced processing
C)external processing
D)internalized moral perspective
E)relational transparency

Question 35

For reasons that were too complicated to explain to his employees,Louis had to figure out how long it would take to write a new computer program.He asked each employee individually,averaged their responses,and put this figure in his report.What leadership style is this?

A)AI
B)AII
C)CII
D)GI
E)GII

Question 36

Research on Fiedler's Cognitive Resource Theory found some support for the prediction that ________ leads to performance in low-stress situations.

A)experience
B)intelligence
C)status
D)expertise
E)education

Question 37

According to Path-Goal Theory,which of the following statements is true?

A)Employees who prefer being told what to do respond best to a supportive leadership style.
B)Employees who are high need achievers work best under achievement-oriented leadership.
C)When tasks are clear and routine,directive leadership is preferred.
D)Frustrating,dissatisfying jobs increase employee appreciation of directive leadership.
E)Employees who are high need achievers work best under participative-oriented leadership.

Question 38

According to recent research,the barriers to promotion that women encounter in organizations are vestiges of prejudice,resistance to women's leadership,issues of leadership style,demands of family life,and

A)lack of education.
B)greater emotionality.
C)underinvestment in social capital.
D)less interest in being promoted.
E)all of the above.

Question 39

If an authentic leader is participating in an objective analysis of a situation and considering others' different points of view before making his decision,he is engaging in ________.

A)relational transparency
B)balanced processing
C)self-serving bias
D)internalized moral perspective
E)cognitive restraint

Question 40

An extremely conscientious and experienced group of labourers is doing a hot,dirty,routine task.What leadership style does House's Path-Goal Theory suggest using here?

A)Participative
B)Directive
C)Supportive
D)Task
E)Achievement-oriented

Question 41

Which of the following best represents strategic leadership?

A)Open and honest interactions with the organization's stakeholders
B)Unbridled inquisitiveness
C)Personal character
D)Duality
E)Savvy

Question 42

An especially effective transactional leader probably

A)has charisma.
B)rewards employees for good performance.
C)provides individualized consideration.
D)uses leader punishment behaviour extensively.
E)uses intellectual stimulation extensively.

Question 43

What role does charisma play in transformational leadership?

A)An emotional role
B)An intellectual role
C)A task role
D)A legal role
E)No role

Question 44

Research on the leadership styles of men and women has found that

A)men leaders were more transformational than women,and women engaged in more of the contingent reward behaviours of transactional leadership.
B)women leaders were more transformational than men,and men engaged in more of the contingent reward behaviours of transactional leadership.
C)men leaders were more transformational than women and also engaged in more of the contingent reward behaviours of transactional leadership.
D)women leaders were more transformational than men and also engaged in more of the contingent reward behaviours of transactional leadership.
E)women leaders were more transformational than men and also engaged in more of a laissez-faire style of leadership.

Question 45

What is the most important component of transformational leadership?

A)Individualized consideration
B)Intellectual stimulation
C)Participation
D)Charisma
E)Inspirational motivation

Question 46

According to Vroom and Jago,the leader's goal should be to

A)use leader reward and punishment behaviour effectively.
B)seek the best match between the leader's personality and the group.
C)clarify the path to employee goal achievement.
D)use persuasion and negotiation rather than formal power to achieve commitment.
E)make high quality,acceptable decisions without undue delay.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is the most appropriate statement concerning leadership styles?

A)Men and women rely on exactly similar leadership styles.
B)Women tend towards a more participative leadership style than men.
C)Men have less freedom in choosing the leadership style appropriate to the situation.
D)Women tend towards a more autocratic leadership style than men.
E)None of the above.

Question 48

According to Bernard Bass's theory of transformational leadership,the distinctive qualities of transformational leaders are

A)leader reward behaviour,leader punishment behaviour,and charisma.
B)individualized consideration,inspirational motivation,charisma,and intellectual stimulation.
C)participation,initiating structure,and consideration.
D)leader reward behaviour,leader punishment behaviour,and task leadership.
E)honesty,dominance,and need for achievement.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about charismatic leaders is least accurate?

A)Their goals often have a moral or ideological character.
B)They express confidence in their follower's capabilities.
C)They tend to lack self-confidence and dominance.
D)They can emerge in business as well as politics.
E)They are usually good at transactional aspects of leadership as well.

Question 50

The experience of psychological empowerment that employees with empowering leaders experience includes all of the following except for

A)meaning.
B)competence.
C)self-leadership.
D)self-determination.
E)impact.

Question 51

The following are characteristics of global leaders except

A)unbridled inquisitiveness.
B)personal character.
C)emphasizing ethical practices.
D)duality.
E)savvy.

Question 52

Being able to manage uncertainty and balance global and local tensions is an example of

A)strategic leadership.
B)unbridled inquisitiveness.
C)personal character.
D)savvy.
E)duality.

Question 53

Transformational leadership is to transactional leadership as

A)intelligence is to emotional intelligence.
B)low LPC is to high LPC.
C)charm is to charisma.
D)change is to exchange.
E)boss centred is to subordinate centred.

Question 54

What is the most powerful strategy for developing global leaders?

A)Learning to speak foreign languages
B)Travel to foreign countries
C)Teamwork with members of diverse backgrounds
D)Transfers and overseas assignments
E)Formal training programs

Question 55

Canadian companies are way ahead of most organizations in big countries like the United States when it comes to

A)strategic leadership.
B)transformational leadership.
C)ethical leadership.
D)global leadership.
E)participative leadership.

Question 56

Sonya needed to find a transformational leader to deal with the failing division.To shorten her search,she began by looking for someone with

A)charisma.
B)low LPC.
C)an AI leadership style.
D)a GII leadership style.
E)low initiating structure.

Question 57

The personal character component of global leadership consists of which two components?

A)An emotional connection and unbridled inquisitiveness
B)An emotional connection and uncompromising integrity
C)Uncompromising integrity and unbridled inquisitiveness
D)An emotional connection and high ethical standards
E)Business savvy and organizational savvy

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of leader-member exchange theory?

A)A leader who is concerned with accomplishing a task by organizing others
B)A leader who is concerned with reducing tension and maintaining morale
C)A leader who consults with employees about work-related matters
D)A leader who is concerned about maintaining high-quality social exchange relationships
E)A leader who provides employees with a new vision that instills true commitment

Question 59

Which of the following is a characteristic of global leadership?

A)Determining the firm's purpose or vision
B)Developing human capital
C)Unbridled inquisitiveness
D)Establishing balanced organizational controls.
E)Exploiting and maintaining core competencies

Question 60

The focus of leader-member exchange theory is

A)the favourableness of the situation for influence.
B)the relationship between a leader and an employee.
C)involving employees in making work-related decisions.
D)forming a connection between employee goals and organizational goals.
E)the extent to which a leader is approachable and shows personal concern for employees.

Question 61

All of the following are global leadership dimensions except the

A)charismatic/value-based leadership dimension.
B)team-oriented leadership dimension.
C)participative leadership dimension.
D)task-oriented leadership dimension.
E)humane-oriented leadership dimension.

Question 62

What does transactional leadership involve?

A)Contingent reward and punishment behaviour
B)Contingent reward behaviour and management by exception
C)Management by exception and laissez-faire leadership
D)Contingent reward behaviour and management by exception
E)Contingent punishment behaviour and laissez-faire leadership

Question 63

What dimension of transformational leadership has been treated as a distinct theory of leadership?

A)Intellectual stimulation
B)Individualized consideration
C)Inspirational motivation
D)Charisma
E)Management by exception

Question 64

If you have a boss who provides you with compliments,tangible benefits,and special attention,then what kind of behaviour does your boss exhibit?

A)Considerate leader behaviour
B)Transactional leader behaviour
C)Transformational leader behaviour
D)Leader reward behaviour
E)Participative leader behaviour

Question 65

Which dimensions of the "Big Five" have been found to be related to leadership emergence and success?

A)Agreeableness,extraversion,and conscientiousness
B)Agreeableness,extraversion,conscientiousness,and openness to experience
C)Agreeableness,conscientiousness,emotional stability,and openness to experience
D)Agreeableness,conscientiousness,extraversion,and emotional stability
E)Agreeableness,conscientiousness,extraversion,openness to experience,and emotional stability

Question 66

Compared to other culture clusters,what global leadership dimensions does Canada and the United States score high on?

A)Charismatic/value-based,participative,and autonomous
B)Participative,autonomous,and self-protective
C)Participative,team-oriented,and humane-oriented
D)Charismatic/value-based,participative,and humane-oriented
E)Self-protective,team-oriented,and autonomous

Question 67

Co-operators president and CEO Kathy Bardswick is a good example of

A)leader initiating structure behaviour.
B)leader reward behaviour.
C)leader punishment behaviour.
D)transformational leadership.
E)leader consideration behaviour.

Question 68

One of the things Jack really likes about his boss is that he monitors his behaviour,anticipates problems,and takes corrective actions before the behaviour creates serious problems.What is this called?

A)Contingent reward behaviour
B)cCntingent punishment behaviour
C)Management by exception
D)Laissez-faire leadership
E)Inspirational motivation

Question 69

If your leader works with others to initiate changes that will create a viable future for the organization,what kind of leader is he or she?

A)Transformational leader
B)Transactional leader
C)Participative leader
D)Strategic leader
E)Global leader

Question 70

Cory thought all bosses were alike until he began a new job and his manager was interested in his concerns and needs,and made himself available to coach him when necessary.What is Cory's boss displaying?

A)Consideration
B)Participation
C)Management by exception
D)Intellectual stimulation
E)Individualized consideration

Question 71

Comparisons between transformational leadership and contingent reward behaviour indicate that

A)transformational leadership is more strongly related to follower satisfaction with the leader,and contingent reward behaviour is more strongly related to leader effectiveness.
B)transformational leadership is more strongly related to follower satisfaction with the leader,and contingent reward behaviour is more strongly related to follower job satisfaction.
C)transformational leadership is more strongly related to follower satisfaction,and contingent reward behaviour is more strongly related to follower satisfaction with the leader.
D)transformational leadership is more strongly related to leader job performance,and contingent reward behaviour is more strongly related to leader effectiveness.
E)transformational leadership is more strongly related to follower job satisfaction,and contingent reward behaviour is more strongly related to leader job performance.

Question 72

What is an implicit leadership theory?

A)A theory of leadership that has its basis in one's actual work experiences
B)Individuals hold theories of leadership that are based on common sense and their own observations and perceptions.
C)Individuals hold a set of beliefs about the kinds of attributes,personality characteristics,skills,and behaviours that contribute to or impede outstanding leadership.
D)A theory of leadership that integrates aspects of the various theories of leadership
E)A theory of leadership based on common sense and people's own experience as leaders

Question 73

Compared to initiating structure,consideration is more strongly related to

A)leader satisfaction,job satisfaction,and motivation.
B)leader satisfaction,leader job performance,and group performance.
C)leader satisfaction,job satisfaction,and leader job performance.
D)leader job performance,job satisfaction,and motivation.
E)job satisfaction,leader job performance,and group performance.

Question 74

Research on consideration and initiating structure has found that

A)consideration is more strongly related to leader job performance,and initiating structure is more strongly related to group performance.
B)initiating structure is more strongly related to leader job performance,and consideration is more strongly related to group performance.
C)consideration is more strongly related to leader job performance and group performance.
D)initiating structure is more strongly related to leader job performance and group performance.
E)consideration and initiating structure are similarly related to leader job performance and group performance.

Question 75

What are the key dimensions of transformational leadership?

A)Intellectual stimulation,management by exception,individualized consideration,and charisma
B)Contingent reward behaviour,management by exception,individualized consideration,and charisma
C)Intellectual stimulation,individualized consideration,inspirational motivation,and charisma
D)Individualized consideration,charisma,management by exception,and inspirational motivation
E)Intellectual stimulation,individualized consideration,participation,and charisma

Question 76

What is the meaning of a culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory?

A)Theories of leadership that are acceptable in common cultures
B)Theories of leadership that are specific to common cultures
C)Belief systems about the characteristics associated with leadership that are shared among individuals in different cultures
D)Belief systems about the characteristics associated with leadership that are shared among individuals in common cultures
E)Belief systems about leadership theories that are shared among individuals in common cultures

Question 77

What do these leaders have in common? Herb Kelleher,Michael Eisner,and Steven Jobs.

A)They are transactional leaders.
B)They are transformational leaders.
C)They are global leaders.
D)They are ethical leaders.
E)They are strategic leaders.

Question 78

Leader reward and punishment behaviours are related to employee attitudes and behaviours because they

A)lead to more positive perceptions of justice and lower role conflict.
B)lead to more positive perceptions of justice and lower stress.
C)lead to more positive perceptions of justice and lower role ambiguity.
D)lead to more positive perceptions of the leader and lower stress.
E)lead to more positive perceptions of the leader and lower role ambiguity.

Question 79

Jack and Clarice have just begun work at ACME Insurance Co.They work for different managers and they have different ideas about what makes someone a good leader.Jack does not respond well to his manager and does not want to accept him as his leader.Clarice responds very well to her manager and believes she has the qualities of a good leader.What does this demonstrate?

A)Cultural differences in leadership
B)Implicit leadership theory
C)Ethical leadership
D)Gender differences in leadership
E)Situational theories of leadership

Question 80

What leadership theory emphasizes self-awareness?

A)Transformational leadership
B)Strategic leadership
C)Global leadership
D)Ethical leadership
E)Authentic leadership