Deck 13: Introduction to Landform Study

Question 1

An inner segment of the Earth which is rigid, dense, and solid and lies directly beneath the Moho is called the ________.

A) outer core
B) mantle
C) crust
D) inner core
E) magma

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Density ________ depth in the Earth's crust.

A) decreases with
B) remains largely the same with
C) increases with
D) is insignificant with
E) is not described by any of the above with respect to

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Earth's inner core is thought to consist of ________.

A) a rigid mass
B) hydrogen/helium gas
C) sulfur
D) magma
E) superheated water

Answer 3

A

Question 4

________ and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores.

A) Aluminum
B) Quartz
C) Basalt
D) Iron
E) Titanium

Question 5

The thickest of Earth's interior layers is the ________.

A) crust
B) mantle
C) outer core
D) inner core
E) Moho

Question 6

It has been deduced the mantle is composed of ________ concentric layers of various composition and density.

A) 3
B) 9
C) 27
D) 51
E) 153

Question 7

The outer and inner cores together make up approximately ________ of the mass of the Earth.

A) 1/30,000
B) 1/3,000
C) 1/300
D) 1/30
E) 1/3

Question 8

A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through all these methods EXCEPT ________.

A) drilling wells
B) digging mines
C) studying seismic waves
D) studying Earth's magnetism
E) sampling rocks from Earth's core

Question 9

The ________ is NOT a portion of Earth's interior.

A) outer core
B) asthenosphere
C) Moho
D) lithosphere
E) magnetosphere

Question 10

The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the ________.

A) mantle
B) ocean basins
C) continents
D) outer core
E) inner core

Question 11

The proof for the long-doubted idea of drifting continents came in the form of ________.

A) observation of coastlines
B) understanding of mountains
C) animal distributions
D) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns
E) glacial ice

Question 12

Compared to Earth's crust as a whole, the sedimentary rocks beneath the ocean bottoms are ________.

A) very thin
B) not commonly found
C) laid down vertically instead of horizontally
D) much sandier
E) found almost as deep as is the Moho

Question 13

The deepest drill core into the Earth's crust is approximately ________ kilometers deep.

A) 0.5
B) 12
C) 31
D) 360
E) 6,702

Question 14

Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center?

A) cust
B) mantle
C) Moho
D) outer core
E) inner core

Question 15

The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on ________.

A) magnet fields
B) magma intrusions
C) foliation
D) oxidation
E) Earth surface features

Question 16

The ________ is the thinnest layer.

A) crust
B) mantle
C) asthenosphere
D) outer core
E) inner core

Question 17

The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by ________.

A) computer modeling
B) seismic wave analysis
C) gravity studies
D) lunar cycles
E) astronomy

Question 18

Which of the following is thought to be liquid?

A) asthenosphere
B) mantle
C) crust
D) inner core
E) outer core

Question 19

The lithosphere is sometimes defined as the ________.

A) crust and upper mantle
B) upper and lower mantle
C) lower mantle and outer core
D) outer and inner core
E) asthenosphere and mesosphere

Question 20

The following is found at the base of Earth's crust:

A) the Moho
B) the outer core
C) the mesosophere
D) the inner core
E) the geosphere

Question 21

Igneous rocks deposited on the surface and then cooled are known as ________.

A) clastic
B) core
C) intrusive
D) extrusive
E) detrital

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals?

A) They can be human-made.
B) They are totally inorganic.
C) Each always has the same chemical composition.
D) Each has a regular pattern of atoms.
E) They all are composed of crystals.

Question 23

________ is an example of a native element.

A) Halite
B) Calcite
C) Lead
D) Iron
E) Gold

Question 24

Under most of the Earth's land surface, solid rock exists as a buried layer known as ________.

A) sediments
B) an outcrop
C) bedrock
D) regolith
E) soil

Question 25

The basic classification of rock types is based on their ________.

A) crystal structure
B) color
C) origin
D) petrology
E) pH

Question 26

The largest and most important mineral family consists of the ________.

A) sulfides
B) oxides
C) silicates
D) bromides
E) halides

Question 27

Within the Earth is molten mineral matter called ________.

A) extrusive material
B) bedrock
C) soil
D) magma
E) rock

Question 28

Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral?

A) It must be found in nature.
B) It must be made up of inorganic substances.
C) It must have economic value.
D) It must have the same chemical composition wherever found.
E) It must form a regular pattern of crystals.

Question 29

The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form ________.

A) last year
B) in the 1960s
C) in the 1910s
D) in the 1800s
E) in the 1700s

Question 30

Approximately 100 elements occur in nature. How many of them are widespread in making the minerals and rocks of the crust?

A) all of them
B) three quarters of them
C) half of them
D) a quarter of them
E) none of them

Question 31

Which of the following is the specific name given to the study of the characteristics of rocks?

A) Limnology
B) Opthamology
C) Radiology
D) Petrology
E) Epistomology

Question 32

Crustal movements of various kinds in the Earth's crust is collectively called ________ activity.

A) 1st order
B) tectonic
C) detrital
D) clastic
E) metamorphic

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal categories of rock-forming minerals?

A) native elements
B) halides
C) peptides
D) sulfides
E) oxides

Question 34

Which of the following represents the largest and most important group of rock-forming minerals? The bulk of the crust of the Earth is composed of these minerals.

A) oxides
B) silicates
C) carbonates
D) native elements
E) sulfates

Question 35

The "plates" in plate tectonics are in the ________.

A) crust
B) asthenosphere
C) lithosphere
D) outer core
E) inner core

Question 36

With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE?

A) All minerals have probably been discovered
B) Over 500,000 minerals exist
C) "Mineral" is a synonym for "rock"
D) All minerals crystals are too small to be seen
E) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust

Question 37

Approximately ________ different minerals are known.

A) 44
B) 440
C) 4,400
D) 440,000
E) 4,400,000

Question 38

The most widespread oxides are those that combine oxygen and ________.

A) water
B) calcite
C) native elements
D) silver
E) iron

Question 39

________ is the detailed knowledge of characteristics of different kinds of rock.

A) Geology
B) Tectonics
C) Metamorphism
D) Petrology
E) Seismology

Question 40

The concept of plate tectonics ________.

A) shows the astenosphere is floating on top of plates
B) is a theory with few proofs
C) was proven hundreds of years ago
D) is related to faulting and volcanic activity
E) would definitely be true if the Earth were far older

Question 41

Limestone is composed primarily of ________.

A) igneous material
B) calcite
C) tufa
D) cations
E) silt

Question 42

________ is a dark, fine-grained extrusive rock.

A) Tufa
B) Basalt
C) Granite
D) Conglomerate
E) Shale

Question 43

Some sedimentary rocks are formed chemically and known as ________.

A) magma
B) igneous intrusive rocks
C) granites
D) basalts
E) chemical sedimentary rocks

Question 44

When magma cools rapidly, it results in ________.

A) small crystals
B) large crystals
C) detritus
D) foliation
E) earthquakes

Question 45

________ are formed from skeletal remains of coral and other lime-secreting sea animals.

A) Schists
B) Shales
C) Limestones
D) Sandstones
E) Marbles

Question 46

Sedimentary deposits built into relatively regular layers are known as ________.

A) strata
B) detrital striations
C) granite
D) clastic inclusions
E) intrusive exfoliation

Question 47

The initial formation of Earth involved the solidification and cooling of ________.

A) sediments
B) magma
C) metamorphic rocks
D) ice
E) strata

Question 48

Rapid cooling in molten, extrusive materials makes the resulting materials ________.

A) soft
B) hard
C) fine-grained
D) large-grained
E) dense

Question 49

________ is NOT a direct cause of sedimentary deposits forming into rock.

A) Erosion
B) Pressure
C) Precipitation of materials from water
D) Chemical cementation
E) Weight of the overburden

Question 50

The chemical binder for many sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, is ________.

A) calcium carbonate
B) boron
C) nitrogen
D) basalt
E) phosphorous

Question 51

________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles.

A) Granite
B) Basalt
C) Limestone
D) Shale
E) Sandstone

Question 52

________ have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States?

A) Igneous rocks
B) Intrusive rocks
C) Sedimentary rocks
D) Basaltic rocks
E) Metamorphic rocks

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks?

A) fragmented parts of preexisting rocks
B) extrusion of magma
C) skeletal remains of coral
D) stratification
E) cementation

Question 54

Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and obsidian are all rocks that are classified as ________.

A) metamorphic and foliated
B) metamorphic and unfoliated
C) igneous and intrusive
D) igneous and extrusive
E) sedimentary and clastic

Question 55

Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from ________.

A) magma
B) granite
C) pieces of other rocks
D) silt
E) oxygen

Question 56

The vast majority of all sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones and ________.

A) shales
B) schists
C) magmas
D) detritus
E) diamonds

Question 57

In the formation of igneous rocks, large crystal size is closely related to ________.

A) percentage of silica
B) percentage of oxygen
C) fast cooling
D) slow cooling
E) absence of light

Question 58

Erosion, compaction, and sedimentation are most closely associated with ________ rocks.

A) basaltic
B) metamorphic
C) igneous
D) intrusive
E) sedimentary

Question 59

Granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite are ________ rocks.

A) igneous extrusive
B) igneous intrusive
C) sedimentary clastic
D) metamorphic foliated
E) sedimentary chemical and organic

Question 60

Which material, accumulated from the remains of plants and animals, can produce limestone?

A) slate
B) carbon
C) calcium carbonate
D) carbon dioxide
E) clay

Question 61

Sandstone is usually metamorphosed into ________.

A) limestone
B) quartzite
C) magma
D) slate
E) chalcedony

Question 62

When subjected to metamorphism, limestone usually becomes ________.

A) gneiss
B) basalt
C) schist
D) marble
E) sandstone

Question 63

Shale, sandstone, breccia, and limestone are all rocks that are classified as ________.

A) metamorphic and foliated
B) metamorphic and unfoliated
C) igneous and intrusive
D) igneous and extrusive
E) sedimentary and clastic

Question 64

The most commonly occurring type of metamorphic rocks are gneiss and ________.

A) magma
B) shale
C) coal
D) schist
E) limestone

Question 65

Marble is metamorphosed ________.

A) gneiss
B) shale
C) limestone
D) schist
E) slate

Question 66

Sedimentary rocks are the most common bedrock on the continents and comprise about ________ percent of the surface.

A) 5
B) 25
C) 55
D) 75
E) 95

Question 67

The banding characteristic of metamorphic rocks is ________.

A) stratification
B) relief
C) foliation
D) magma
E) uniformitarianism

Question 68

Shale is usually metamorphosed into ________.

A) slate
B) marble
C) gneiss
D) basalt
E) tufa

Question 69

"Fracking" is associated with all but the ________.

A) most oil production from Saudi Arabia
B) making of small earthquakes
C) pollution of groundwater
D) fracturing of rocks
E) roc k formations known as plays

Question 70

The map of rock distribution in the United States clearly shows ________ rocks are the most extensive type.

A) igneous intrusive
B) sedimentary
C) metamorphic
D) igneous extrusive
E) big

Question 71

Foliation refers to this characteristic of rocks:

A) numerous joints
B) large crystals
C) small crystals
D) wavy, banded lines
E) hollow cores

Question 72

The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is ________.

A) quartz
B) marble
C) limestone
D) gneiss
E) slate

Question 73

These rock-forming minerals are light-colored or colorless. They are common components of sedimentary rock and frequently combine with oxygen.

A) halides
B) carbonates
C) sulfates
D) oxides
E) native elements

Question 74

"Fracking" is most closely associated with ________.

A) natural gas
B) oil
C) conventional extraction
D) fossil fuels in sandstones
E) an environmentally safe extraction method

Question 75

Which of the following describes the vast majority of rock exposed on Earth's land surface?

A) igneous
B) metamorphic
C) sedimentary
D) granite
E) foliated

Question 76

A strongly metamorphosed rock with narrow foliation is ________.

A) schist
B) basalt
C) gneiss
D) tufa
E) limestone

Question 77

The most common sedimentary rock is ________.

A) basalt
B) limestone
C) sandstone
D) marble
E) shale

Question 78

The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is ________.

A) schist
B) granite
C) opal
D) sandstone
E) quartz

Question 79

As they are created, sedimentary rock strata align ________.

A) horizontally
B) vertically
C) along faults
D) along folds
E) with Earth's magnetic field

Question 80

During sedimentation, materials are often sorted by ________.

A) color
B) atomic weight
C) porosity
D) shape
E) size