Deck 3: Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation

Question 1

Haplotypes are:

A) not likely to recombine during crossovers.
B) likely to recombine during crossovers.
C) genes that code for similar things.
D) genetic material that comes from one parent only.

Answer 1

not likely to recombine during crossovers.

Question 2

Meiosis results in the production of:

A) two gametes.
B) four gametes.
C) a single gamete.
D) none of the above

Answer 2

four gametes.

Question 3

Hox genes:

A) appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.
B) function only in fruit flies.
C) control which amino acids get plugged into polypeptide chains.
D) control the development of language in humans.

Answer 3

appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.

Question 4

Down syndrome can occur:

A) as a result of translocation during mitosis.
B) because of nondisjunction, which yields an extra chromosome.
C) most frequently in the offspring of women under the age of 40.
D) most frequently in the offspring of men under the age of 40.

Question 5

The gene responsible for lactose persistence among adults in Europe is a:

A) structural gene.
B) dominant gene.
C) regulatory gene.
D) Hox gene.

Question 6

Proteins consist of:

A) genes.
B) RNA plus mRNA.
C) chains of DNA nucleotides.
D) chains of amino acids.

Question 7

Homeotic (Hox) genes are:

A) structural genes.
B) responsible for the development and location of key body parts.
C) responsible for determining the sex of offspring.
D) not used during embryonic development.

Question 8

Transcription:

A) occurs in the nucleus.
B) occurs in the ribosome.
C) results in the production of proteins.
D) results in the transformation of mitochondria.

Question 9

In mammals, the male parent's gametes determine the sex of his offspring because:

A) the X chromosome originates only from females.
B) sperm are more powerful than eggs.
C) the Y chromosome is present in males only.
D) the X chromosome determines sex.

Question 10

The following are complementary bases in DNA:

A) adenine and thymine.
B) adenine and cytosine.
C) guanine and thymine.
D) guanine and uracil.

Question 11

In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding:

A) applies to genes on the same chromosome.
B) applies to the law of independent assortment.
C) explains gene linkage.
D) explains inheritance in simple organisms.

Question 12

Gametes are:

A) diploid.
B) haploid.
C) produced during mitosis.
D) somatic.

Question 13

DNA replication produces:

A) four identical daughter cells.
B) two identical daughter cells.
C) two single strands of DNA.
D) none of the above

Question 14

Nucleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) thymine.
B) adenine.
C) uracil.
D) cytosine.

Question 15

__________ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body.

A) Nuclear
B) All
C) Ribosomal
D) Mitochondrial

Question 16

Somatic cells include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) lung cells.
B) gametes.
C) skin cells.
D) neurons.

Question 17

RNA differs from DNA in that it uses:

A) uracil instead of adenine.
B) uracil instead of guanine.
C) guanine instead of uracil.
D) uracil instead of thymine.

Question 18

Transfer RNA:

A) seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons.
B) contains codons that correspond to specific amino acids.
C) brings amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.
D) all of the above

Question 19

Prokaryotes first appeared:

A) 10,000 years ago.
B) 1 mya.
C) 3.7 bya.
D) 65 mya.

Question 20

DNA is important for protein synthesis because:

A) it is biological code for the production of hormones and enzymes.
B) it serves as a template for protein production.
C) it provides the code to produce structural proteins.
D) all of the above

Question 21

In 2004, the Human Genome Project published a human genome map that indicated that:

A) 100,000 genes are responsible for the human body's proteins.
B) 50,000 genes are responsible for the human body's proteins.
C) 20,000-25,000 genes are responsible for the human body's proteins.
D) 200,000-250,000 genes are responsible for the human body's proteins.

Question 22

Somatic cells are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) each includes a nucleus.
B) they are used in multiple tissues throughout the body.
C) each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA.
D) each contains a complete copy of all of an organism's DNA.

Question 23

Baboons are commonly used in biomedical research. Which of the following is a major contribution to the Human Genome Project that has resulted from baboon research?

A) Baboons provide a model for HIV.
B) Baboons provide a model for osteoarthritis.
C) Baboons provide a model for understanding human obesity.
D) Baboons provide a model for osteoporosis.

Question 24

The presence of a recessive allele:

A) can always be determined from the phenotype.
B) is usually masked in the phenotype.
C) is expressed in the phenotype alongside a dominant allele.
D) can never be expressed in the phenotype.

Question 25

A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic cavity. This is likely:

A) the result of a mutation on the sex chromosomes.
B) the result of a mutation in a Hox gene.
C) the result of a mutation in HSV-1.
D) none of the above

Question 26

Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:

A) AA.
B) AO.
C) AB.
D) none of the above

Question 27

A trait's heritability:

A) is the proportion of its variation that is genetic.
B) is the proportion of its variation that cannot be explained.
C) is the proportion of its variation that is the product of genes and environment.
D) is the proportion of its variation that results from the environment alone.

Question 28

Human ABO blood types are:

A) determined by regulatory genes.
B) determined by multiple alleles.
C) determined by multiple genes.
D) determined by homeotic genes.

Question 29

Genetic analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native Americans indicates that:

A) Native Americans underwent a huge decline in genetic diversity after Columbus's arrival in the New World.
B) Native Americans living today appear to be as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago.
C) Native Americans have a genetic structure and haplogroups that are quite recent.
D) Native Americans living today appear to be more diverse genetically than their ancient ancestors.

Question 30

In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for:

A) Mendel's law of independent assortment.
B) Thomas Hunt Morgan's ideas of mutation.
C) Mendel's law of segregation.
D) Mendel's concept of nondisjunction.

Question 31

Chromosome number is reduced during:

A) mitosis.
B) recombination.
C) translation.
D) meiosis.

Question 32

DNA:

A) is single stranded.
B) contains six different nucleotide bases.
C) directs cellular function.
D) contains the base uracil.

Question 33

Use what you know about meiosis to explain Mendel's law of segregation and law of independent assortment.

Question 34

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that:

A) it was studied during Darwin's lifetime.
B) it is the "recipe" for all biological characteristics and functions.
C) it was discovered by Mendel.
D) it is stored in ribosomes.

Question 35

The two alleles that result in the expressed phenotype for hemoglobin are equally expressed. This is an example of:

A) polymorphism.
B) codominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) Mendelian inheritance.

Question 36

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

A) allows us to use genetic methods to explore the origins and movements of populations.
B) is used to amplify tiny sequences of DNA for study.
C) allows us to study small amounts of DNA available in ancient skeletons.
D) all of the above

Question 37

An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following EXCEPT:

A) type AB blood.
B) type O blood.
C) type A blood.
D) type B blood.

Question 38

Microsatellites are:

A) small satellite transmitters used in genetic research.
B) useful for determining group but not individual identification.
C) highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.
D) known from Watson and Crick's 1950s research.

Question 39

The expression of polygenic traits:

A) is never determined by the influence of environmental factors.
B) is determined by genes at several loci in conjunction with environmental factors.
C) is determined solely by genes at two or more loci.
D) is determined solely by the influence of environmental factors.

Question 40

Homologous chromosomes:

A) are genetically identical.
B) carry genetic information that influences the same trait.
C) are inherited only from the mother.
D) are members of different pairs.

Question 41

Define polygenic and pleiotropic traits and explain their significance for researchers' efforts to link human genotypes to phenotypes.

Question 42

Describe the steps involved in protein synthesis.

Question 43

Discuss some of the possible medical outcomes of the Human Genome Project.

Question 44

What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?