During insertion of a subclavian central venous catheter, the patient reports chest pain. Vital signs reveal hypotension and tachypnea. Upon inspection, the patient appears dyspneic and cyanotic. The nurse would assess for which conditions?. Select all that apply.

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The patient's symptoms suggest two possible complications of subclavian central venous catheter insertion: air embolism and pneumothorax. Air embolism can occur when air enters the bloodstream during insertion of the catheter, causing hypotension and potentially fatal consequences. Pneumothorax refers to the collapse of a lung due to air entering the pleural space, which can cause chest pain, dyspnea, and cyanosis. Perforation of the left ventricle is a rare complication that can occur during insertion of a central venous catheter, but it typically causes more severe symptoms such as cardiac arrest. Stroke and fluid volume overload are not directly related to complications of central venous catheter insertion.

During Insertion of a Subclavian Central Venous Catheter, the Patient