In the Japanese economy, the link between keiretsu, or industry groups, and their main banks

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The link between keiretsu and their main banks resulted in group firms paying higher loan interest rates than they would have in bond markets. This was because of the close relationship between the two, which created a form of mutual dependence. Firms within the keiretsu may have received preferential treatment in terms of access to credit, but they also had to adhere to certain expectations from the main bank, such as maintaining long-term business relationships with other group firms. This link was not declared illegal by the Japanese government or abolished by international agreement.

In the Japanese Economy, the Link Between Keiretsu, or Industry