When firms in an oligopoly collude without an explicit agreement, economists say they are involved in:

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Tacit collusion refers to when firms in an oligopoly indirectly coordinate their actions to avoid competing with each other, without actually making an explicit agreement. This can involve price signaling or other types of nonverbal communication. While tacit collusion may not be illegal, it can still lead to anti-competitive outcomes for consumers. Game theoretic collusion and marginal collusion are not commonly recognized economic terms, and predatory collusion refers to a specific type of illegal behavior in which firms work together to harm competitors.

When Firms in an Oligopoly Collude Without an Explicit Agreement